Radioastronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism: An ancient Greek astronomical computer

Transcript

1 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 1 Versatile, Integrated and Signal-aware Technologies for Antennas Radioastronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism: An ancient Greek astronomical computer John H. Seiradakis Department of Physics Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece

2 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 2 The radioastronomical window to the Universe Radio window Extends from 0.3 mm to ~ 20 m! (f = 15 MHz to 1300 GHz)

3 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 3 The radioastronomical window to the Universe O 2 H 2 O Transparency of the atmosphere up to 1000 GHz at Acatama, Chile ALMA Equivalent width of H 2 O Transparency of the atmosphere up to 1000 GHz at VLA, New Mexico, USA

4 Large radio telescopes D = 100 m Effelsberg, Bonn Thessaloniki, 24 May 2013 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 4

5 Large radio telescopes D = 305 m Arecibo, Puerto Rico Thessaloniki, 24 May 2013 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 5

6 Large radio telescopes VLA New Mexico, USA Thessaloniki, 24 May 2013 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 6

7 Large radio telescopes ALMA Atacama, Chile Thessaloniki, 24 May 2013 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 7

8 Large radio telescopes Dishes + wide-band single pixel feeds SKA Australia + S. Africa Aperture array 70 MHz to 25 GHz 2024: Full Operation Thessaloniki, 24 May 2013 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 8

9 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 9 SKA: Key Science Projects Probing the Dark Ages: investigating the formation of the first structures, as the Universe made the transition from largely neutral to its largely ionized state today. Galaxy Evolution, Cosmology and Dark Energy: probing the structure of the Universe and its fundamental constituent, galaxies, by carrying out all-sky surveys of continuum emission and of HI to a redshift z ~ 2. HI surveys can probe both cosmology (including dark energy) and the properties of galaxy assembly and evolution. The Origin and Evolution of Cosmic Magnetism: magnetic fields are an essential part of many astrophysical phenomena, but fundamental questions remain about their evolution, structure, and origin. The goal of this project is to trace magnetic field evolution and structure across cosmic time. Strong Field Tests of Gravity Using Pulsars and Black Holes: identifying a set of pulsars on which to conduct high precision timing measurements. The gravitational physics that can be extracted from these data can be used to probe the nature of space and time. The Cradle of Life: probing the full range of astrobiology, from the formation of prebiotic molecules in the interstellar medium to the emergence of technological civilisations on habitable planets.

10 What are the cross boundaries between Radioastronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism? Astronomy: Modern astrometry is directly linked to positional astronomy. Imaging: X-ray tomography is directly linked to imaging procedures used in synthesis radio telescopes. The mathematical foundations of of the two methods are identical. Surface imaging: The Polynomial Texture Mapping (PTM) technique used in the Antikythera Mechanism investigation has some relationship with photogrametry technique for measuring complex 3-dimentional shape of objects such as radio astronomy antennas. Computing: The Antikythera Mechanism is often described as the world s first computer. The SKA is considered to be one of the first software telescopes Thessaloniki, 24 May 2013 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 10

11 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 11 THE ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM: Astronomy and Technology from ancient Greece Gears from ancient Greece

12 Geared astronomical computer Calculated the position of the Sun and the Moon on the sky What was the Antikythera Mechanism? Olympic Games Had an extensive users manual Thessaloniki, 24 May 2013 Predict eclipses Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 12

13 The ship was loaded with works of art and other precious artifacts... Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 13 In 75 B.C. a large Roman ship (an OLKAS) was struggling with the waves at the rough seas between the main land of Greece and Crete Eventually, the boat sank at the shores of the small Greek island of Antikythera

14 Two thousand years later, around the Easter of 1900 A.D.... Elias Lykopantis Deep water Rocky shore... sponge-divers from Symi, by chance, discover the shipwreck Thessaloniki, 24 May 2013 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 14

15 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism : The courtyard of the National Archaeological Museum is congested by the findings of the Antikythera wreck From the Cousteau Encyclopedia

16 A year later... Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 16 Fragment A The precious artifacts are stored and later displayed at the National Museum Fragment B

17 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 17 By 1902, the press was full of stories about the Antikythera wreck

18 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism : Derek de Solla Price Photo Malcolm Kirk

19 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 19 X-rays from Charalambos Karakalos

20 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 20 Price s model: Gears from the Greeks

21 Reconstruction of the Price model Homocentric circles National Archaeological Museum, Athens Thessaloniki, 24 May 2013 Science and Technology Museum, Thessaloniki Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 21

22 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism : Alan Bromley and Michael Wright Extensive studies Alan Bromley Back side Front side Spiral scales Michael Wright

23 2001 After 2006: The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project With the generous support of the: Leverhulme Trust, the Walter Hudson Bequest, the Research Council of the University of Athens, the Cultural Centre of the National Bank of Greece Bank of Greece and the Costopoulos Foundation Helen Magkou Tony Freeth Yanis Bitsakis Mike Edmunds Xenophon Moussas John H. Seiradakis Maria Zafeiropoulou Agamemnon Tselikas Thessaloniki, 24 May 2013 Alexander Jones John Steele Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 23

24 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 24 The fragments A B C D Photos by Costas Xenikakis

25 The fragments A B C D E F G Thessaloniki, 24 May 2013 Stylistically dated: BC Photos by Costas Xenikakis Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 25

26 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 26 Hewlett Packard s PTM Dome technique September 2005 Tom Malzbender and Dan Gelb

27 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 27 Fragment April 2001: New Scientist: TOM MALZBENDER: master of illusion

28 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 28 Installation of the X-Tek Systems high power X-rays scanner October tn

29 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 29 The micro-focus X-ray scanner has been installed Roger Hadland

30 Sample tomography results Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 30 Fragment D Fragment A

31 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 31 sin ' arctan cos n n' / 2 / 2 r r r r 1 Tooth count sin cos r cos r / 2 / 2 d For a small Δr Differentiate in order to find by how much the angle Θ changes if we move the centre of the gear by Δr. Then applying the relation: d r 2 r ' r sin r r ' 1 cos r Mike Edmunds one can find the number of teeth needed in order to complete a full 360 circle

32 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 32 The front dials Fragment C The Moon phase

33 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 33 The front dials Fragment C-1 Two concentric dials... Notice the pin! Detail... and at least 3 or 4 pointers

34 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 34 The front dials 365 holes Η κάτω κλίμακα

35 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 35 The front dials Detail Detachable dial 155 mm 365 holes, each with diameter D = 0.8 mm Leap Years!

36 The upper back dial A 5-turn spiral with 235 (5 47) divisions Fragment Β... and a pointer Meton s period! Thessaloniki, 24 May 2013 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 36

37 The upper back dial pointer Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 37 Fragment B

38 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 38 The design of the pointer of the upper back plate Efstathiou Kyriakos Zacharopoulou Theodora Basiakoulis Alexandros Efstathiou Marianna

39 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 39 Let s investigate the lower back dial Upper back dial Fragment B Fragment A Lower back dial Fragment E Fragment F

40 The lower back dial Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 40 Fragment E Fragment Α The Saros period! A 4-turn spiral with 223 divisions 18 years and 11 days. Repetition of eclipses Fragment F

41 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 41 The lower back dial Fragment Α Lets study Fragment A and Fragment F Fragment F

42 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 42 The lower back dial Mary Zafeiropoulou 0 1 Fragment F cm

43 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 43 The lower back dial Fragment F

44 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 44 The lower back dial There are marked divisions... Fragment F... and engraved symbols

45 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 45 The lower back dial Fragment A-2

46 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 46 The lower back dial There are marked divisions... Fragment A-2... and engraved symbols

47 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 47 The lower back dial Which divisions bear engraved symbols?

48 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 48 The lower back dial Decoding the engraved symbols

49 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 49 The lower back dial Σ: ΣΕΛΗΝΗ, Η: ΗΛΙΟΣ, Decoding : ΩΡΑ, the engraved : ΗΜΕΡΑ, symbols : Numerical value: [Θ]

50 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 50 The lower back dial Saros and Exeligmos pointers Prediction of eclipses!

51 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 51 How were the Saros and Exeligmos pointers driven? Fragment A-2 The gear with 223 teeth

52 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 52 The eccentric orbit of the Moon Nearby there are two gears with 50 teeth each. What was their use? Photo by Costas Xenikakis

53 The eccentric orbit of the Moon Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 53 e5 50 teeth k1 CT by X-Tek Systems Analysis by VGStudio Max Photo by Costas Xenikakis

54 The eccentric orbit of the Moon Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 54 e6 50 teeth k2 CT by X-Tek Systems Analysis by VGStudio Max Photo by Costas Xenikakis

55 The eccentric orbit of the Moon Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 55 The early observation of Pericles Rediadis, elaborated by Michael Wright 0 5 mm

56 The eccentric orbit of the Moon Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism mm The pin and the slot

57 The eccentric orbit of the Moon Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 57 Ευσταθίου Κυριάκος Ευσταθίου Μαριάννα Kepler s 2 nd Law Μπασιακούλη ς Αλέξανδρος

58 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 58 The new schematic model involving 39 gears - new

59 Meton s dial: An accurate calendar Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism months. ~19 years Start End It contains a full scale calendar with all 12 month names

60 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 60 The calendar on the Metonic dial ΦΟΙΝΙΚΑΙΟΣ ΚΡΑΝΕΙΟΣ ΛΑΝΟΤΡΟΠΙΟΣ ΜΑΧΑΝΕΥΣ ΔΩΔΕΚΑΤΕΥΣ ΕΥΚΛΕΙΟΣ ΑΡΤΕΜΙΣΙΟΣ ΨΥΔΡΕΥΣ ΓΑΜΕΛΙΟΣ ΑΓΡΙΑΝΙΟΣ ΠΑΝΑΜΟΣ ΑΠΕΛΑΙΟΣ Antikythera Mechanism Kerkyra Dodona Vouthrotos Tauromenion Athens Rhodes ΦΟΙΝΙΚΑΙΟΣ ΦΟΙΝΙΚΑΙΟΣ ΦΟΙΝΙΚΑΙΟΣ ΦΟΙΝΙΚΑΙΟΣ ΙΤΩΝΙΟΣ ΜΕΤΑΓΕΙΤΝΙΩΝ ΚΑΡΝΕΙΟΣ ΚΡΑΝΕΙΟΣ ΚΡΑΝΕΙΟΣ ΚΑΡΝΕΙΟΣ ΒΟΗΔΡΟΜΙΩΝ ΔΑΛΙΟΣ ΛΑΝΟΤΡΟΠΙΟΣ ΛΑΝΟΤΡΟΠΙΟΣ ΑΛΟΤΡΟΠΙΟΣ ΛΑΝΟΤΡΟΣ ΠΥΑΝΟΨΙΩΝ ΘΕΣΜΟΦΟΡΙΟΣ ΜΑΧΑΝΕΥΣ ΜΑΧΑΝΕΥΣ ΔΑΤΥΙΟΣ ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝΙΟΣ ΜΑΙΜΑΚΤΗΡΙΩΝ ΔΙΟΣΘΥΟΣ ΔΩΔΕΚΑΤΕΥΣ ΔΩΔΕΚΑΤΕΥΣ ΔΥΩ/ΟΔΕΚΑΤΕΥΣ ΠΟΣΙΔΕΩΝ ΘΕΥΔΑΙΣΙΟΣ ΕΥΚΛΕΙΟΣ ΕΥΚΛΕΙΟΣ ΕΥΚΛΕΙΟΣ ΕΥΚΛΕΙΟΣ ΓΑΜΗΛΙΩΝ ΠΕΔΑΓΕΙΤΝΙΟΣ ΑΡΤΕΜΙΣΙΟΣ ΑΡΤΕΜΙΤΙΟΣ ΑΡΤΕΜΙΤ/ΣΙΟΣ ΑΝΘΕΣΤΗΡΙΩΝ ΒΑΔΡΟΜΙΟΣ ΨΥΔΡΕΥΣ ΨΥΔΡΕΥΣ ΨΥΔΡΕΥΣ ΔΙΟΝΥΣΙΟΣ ΕΛΑΦΗΒΟΛΙΩΝ ΣΜΙΝΘΙΟΣ ΓΑΜΕΛΙΟΣ ΓΑΜΙΛΙΟΣ ΓΑΜΙΛΙΟΣ ΕΛΛΟΚΙΟΣ ΜΟΥΝΥΧΙΩΝ ΑΡΤΑΜΙΤΙΟΣ ΑΓΡΙΑΝΙΟΣ ΑΓΡΙΑΝΙΟΣ ΔΑΜΑΤΡΙΟΣ ΘΑΡΓΗΛΙΩΝ ΑΓΡΙΑΝΙΟΣ ΠΑΝΑΜΟΣ ΠΑΝΑΜΟΣ ΠΑΝΑΜΟΣ ΠΑΝΑΜΟΣ ΠΑΝΑΜΟΣ ΣΚΙΡΟΦΟΡΙΩΝ ΥΑΚΙΝΘΙΟΣ ΑΠΕΛΛΑΙΟΣ ΑΠΕΛΛΑΙΟΣ ΑΠΕΛΛΑΙΟΣ ΕΚΑΤΟΜΒΑΙΩΝ ΠΑΝΑΜΟΣ Coincidence 100% 86% 100% 58% 17% 33%

61 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 61 The calendar on the Metonic dial ΦΟΙΝΙΚΑΙΟΣ ΚΡΑΝΕΙΟΣ ΛΑΝΟΤΡΟΠΙΟΣ ΜΑΧΑΝΕΥΣ ΔΩΔΕΚΑΤΕΥΣ ΕΥΚΛΕΙΟΣ ΑΡΤΕΜΙΣΙΟΣ ΨΥΔΡΕΥΣ ΓΑΜΕΛΙΟΣ ΑΓΡΙΑΝΙΟΣ ΠΑΝΑΜΟΣ ΑΠΕΛΑΙΟΣ

62 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 62 The back plate: The Meton cycle, the crown games The crown games

63 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 63 The two cover plates Mainly fragment G Several fragments 32 cm Front cover plate Back cover plate

64 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 64 Το εγχειρίδιο χρήσης 1 2 Ο 3 Ο Δ Ε Η Ο Σ 4 Ο Σ Α Π Ο Σ Τ Η Μ Α 5 Δ Ο Ν Ε Ξ Α Ρ Χ Η Σ Α 6 Ε Σ Π Ο Μ Ε Ν Α Ο Δ Ε 7 Μέμος Ο Υ Ο Ε Σ Π Ο Α Π Ο Κ Α Τ Α Σ Τ Α Σ 8 Π Α Σ Τ Ο Υ Δ Α Π Ο Κ Ο Τ Α Σ Ν Ν Α Τ Α Ι Σ Ο Τσελίκας Συχνότητα εμφάνισης αστρονομικών όρων 9 Λ Ο Π Ρ Ο Σ Τ Ο Ν Η Λ Ι Ο Ν Σ Ο Π Ο Δ Ε 10 ΙΑ Ξ Ι Α Λ Ι Σ Α Σ Κ [Α Ι] Π Ρ Ο Σ Α Γ Ε Ι Ν Ε Π [Ι] Σ Η Σ Τ Ο Ν Η Λ [Ι Ο Ν] 11 [Π Ρ] Ο Σ Α Γ Ε Τ Α Ι Ε Π Ι Τ Ο Ν [Η Λ] Ι Ο Ν Ε Λ Α Σ Σ Ο Ν Α Σ Τ Η Ρ Ι Γ Μ Ο Ι Σ Τ Υ Γ Χ Α Ν Η Α Π Ο Σ 12 [Π Ρ] Ο Σ Α Γ Ε Ι Π Ρ Ο Σ Τ Ο Ν [Η] Λ Ι Ο Ν Ε Ω Σ Η Σ Ε Ι Ο Ν Κ Α Ι Σ Υ Ν Ο Δ Ο Ν Α ΗΛΙΟΣ [SUN]: 13 Ε Π Ι Τ Ο Μ Ε Γ Ι Σ Τ Ο Ν Ε Π Ο Μ Ε Ν Ο Ο Ε Ν Α Λ Λ Α Ι Σ Η Μ Ε Ρ Α Ι [Σ] 14 [Σ Τ Η Ρ Ι Γ] Μ Ο Ν [Ω Σ] Ο Π Ρ Ο Η Γ [Ο ]Υ Μ Ε Ν Ο Σ Α Π Ο Σ Τ Α Λ Θ 15 Α Σ Ε Ν Η Μ Ε Ρ Α [Ν ] Π Ο Ι Ε Ι Π [Ρ Ο ]Ε Ν Ο Σ Ε Ι Σ Τ Η [Ν ]Κ Ε Π ΕΡΜΗΣ [MERCURY]: 16 [Δ Ι] Α Σ Τ Η Μ Α Τ Ο Σ Π [Ρ ]Ο Σ Α [Ο ] Π Ρ Ο Σ Τ 17 Κ Η Σ Ε Ι Ο Σ Χ [Ε ]Π Ι Τ Ε Μ Χ Α 18 ΟΑΦΡΟΔΙΤΗ Σ Ι Η Τ Ο Ν Η Λ Ι Ο[VENUS]: Ν Η Α Φ Ρ Ο [Δ Ι Τ Η] Η Ν Ο Ι Σ Ν 1 times 19 Σ Τ Η Π Ρ Ο Σ Α Γ Ε Ι Π Α Σ Ι Ν Γ Ω Ν Ι Α Ι Σ 20 Ο Ι [Η Μ Ε Ρ Α Σ] Π Ρ Ο Σ Α Γ Ε Ι Τ Η Ν Π Ι Π Ε Τ Α Ν Α Κ Α Σ Α Ε 21 Ε Σ Π ΑΡΗΣ Η Μ Ε[MARS]: Ρ Α Σ Κ Α Ι Υ Π Ο Λ Ε Ι Π Ε Τ Α Ι Μ Ε Χ Ρ Ι Τ Η Σ Ε Ω Ι 4 Α Σtimes Σ Τ 22 Η [Μ Ε Ρ] Α Ι Τ Μ Η Μ Ε Ρ Α Σ Σ Ο Ν Ο Η Ο Ν Ο Τ Ο Υ Λ Α Κ Μ Η 23 Α Ν Ι Σ Α Τ Ο Ν Ε Π Ι Σ Ο Ν Ε Χ Ω Ν Σ Τ Η Ρ Ι Γ Μ Ο Ν Ε Π Ι Σ Χ Ω Ν Α Π Ο Τ Ο Υ Η Λ Ι Ο Υ Ν Ε Σ Λ Ι 24 Α Ε Σ Α ΙΗΜΕΡΕΣ Π Ι Σ Ξ Ε Η Λ [DAYS] [Ι Α] Κ Η Ν Π Α Ρ Α Τ Ε Ι Ν Ε Τ [Η Ν] Α Π Ο Σ Τ Α17 Σ Ι times Ν Ε Σ Α Π Ο 25 Ρ Ε Σ Α Σ Ξ Ε Η Λ Ι Α Κ Η Ν Ε Π Ε Τ Ε Ι Ν Ε Ν Τ Ε Σ Σ Α Ρ Α Κ / Ε Ν Α Ε Υ Δ Ο Μ Ο Ν Κ Α 26 Ν Ε Ξ Η Μ Ε Ρ Α Σ Η Γ Ε Ν [Ε] Σ Ε Ω Σ Ε Ν Ε Ν Ε Χ Ε Ω Α Ν Κ Α Τ Α Λ Ο 27 Ε Α ΕΣΞΕ Ι Ν [365]: Π Δ Ι Α Σ Τ Α Σ Ι Ν Σ Η Μ Ε Ρ Α Ι Σ Μ Ε Ν Μ Ε Γ Α6 Λtimes Α Ι Σ 28 Α Κ Α Ι Δ Ω Δ Ε K Α Τ Η Μ Ο Ρ Ι Ο Σ Κ Α Α Φ Α Ι Λ Ε Τ Η Ν Υ Π Ο Λ Ο Ι Π Ο [Ν] 29 Α Μ Ο Ν Ε Ξ Α Π Ο Τ Ο Υ Ε Σ Π Ε Ρ Ι Ν Ο Υ Ε Ε Χ Σ Κ Α Ι Υ Π Ο Λ Ο Ι Π Ο Ν ΣΤΗΡΙΓΜΟΣ [REVERSE DIRECTION]: 30 Α Ν Τ Μ Η Μ Ε Ν Χ Ρ Ο Ν Ω Α Π Α Ν Α Ι Ο Ν Η Μ Ε Ρ Α Ι Σ Τ Ο 31 Ε Α Σ Ε Π Α Γ Ε Ι Σ Ρ Λ Θ Ε Π Ι Τ Ο Ν Η Λ Ι Ο Ν Τ Ο Ν Σ Τ Η Ρ Ι Γ Μ Ο Ν [Ε] 32 Ο Ο Ν Ο Μ Α Η Μ Ε Ρ Α Σ Λ Α Π Ρ Ο Η Γ Ε Ι Τ Α Ι Η Μ Ε Ρ Α Ι Σ Τ Ο ΩΡΟΣΚΟΠΟΣ [HOROSCOPE]: 33 Ν Α Ν Α Τ Ο Λ Η Σ Ε Ι Ν Α Ι Ο Η Λ Ι Ο Σ Μ Η Μ Ε Ρ Α Σ Π Α Λ Ο Ν 34 Α Ν Α Η Μ Ε Ρ Α Ν Γ Ι Ν Ε Τ Α Ι Η Π Ε Ρ Α Ι Ε Ι Σ 35 [Η Μ] Ε Ρ Α Σ Σ Ε Ι Σ Α Η Μ Ε Ρ Α Ι Α Π Ο Ο Ε 36 Ρ Α Σ Ι Ν Ε Μ 37 T H 10 times 4 times 4 times 1 time Γιάννης Μπιτσάκης

65 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 65 Schematic representation of the gears trains

66 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 66 Design of a the shafts and axles of the gears Axle b in Reconstruction of the axles b in b out Axle b out Axle k Axle m

67 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 67 The gear train for the pointer of the Moon and the Moon phases

68 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 68 The gears of the Antikythera Mechanism

69 External diameter : 130 mm Tooth count : 224 The largest and the smallest gear Thessaloniki, 24 May 2013 External diameter : 7,62 mm Tooth count : 12 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 69

70 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 70 Reconstructing the Antikythera Mechanism

71 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 71 Reconstructing the Antikythera Mechanism

72 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 72 Our first model of the Antikythera Mechanism

73 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 73 Our second model of the Antikythera Mechanism Μελέτη Κατασκευή Ευσταθίου, Σειραδάκης, Αναστασίου, Ζαχαροπούλου, Τσορλίνης

74 1 st publication in Nature 30 November 2006 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 74

75 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 75 PhD scholarship at the University of Thessaloniki on: The Antikythera Mecahnism: Astronomy and Technology in ancient Greece Advisory Committee John Seiradakis, Department of Physics Stella Drougou, Department of History and Archaeology Kyriakos Efstathiou, Department of Engineering PhD Student: Lina Anastasiou, Department of Physics BSc in History-Archaeology BSc in Physics Major in Astronomy) MSc in Computational Physics

76 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 76

77 Radio Astronomy and the Antikythera Mechanism 77 Some basic questions Thank you When was it made? Where was it made? Who constructed the Antikythera Mechanism? Why did he make it? How was it used? Were any other such devices constructed? Was it a see-faring device, used for navigation? Was it a calendar? Are we going to make a bronze replica? Are we going to offer our data free for use by other researchers? FIN