ΠΡΟΛΟΓΟΣ ΕΠΙΜΕΛΗΤΗ ARCH_RNT - Αρχαιολογική Έρευνα και Νέες Τεχνολογίες

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2 ΠΡΟΛΟΓΟΣ ΕΠΙΜΕΛΗΤΗ Τον Οκτώβριο του 2010, 65 εγγεγραμμένοι σύνεδροι παρουσίασαν 50 πρωτότυπες εργασίες στη διάρκεια του 2 ου Συμποσίου ARCH_RNT - Αρχαιολογική Έρευνα και Νέες Τεχνολογίες που διοργανώθηκε και φιλοξενήθηκε από το Εργαστήριο Αρχαιομετρίας του Τμήματος Ιστορίας, Αρχαιολογίας και Διαχείρισης Πολιτισμικών Αγαθών του Πανεπιστήμιο Πελοποννήσου, στη Σχολή Ανθρωπιστικών Επιστημών και Πολιτισμικών Σπουδών της Καλαμάτας.. Ο τόμος περιέχει 26 εργασίες οι οποίες υποβλήθηκαν για κρίση και έκδοση στα Πρακτικά του Συμποσίου. Οι εργασίες αναφέρονται στο σύνολο των θεματικών της σύγχρονης αρχαιολογικής έρευνας και συγκεκριμένα στις γεωφυσικές διασκοπήσεις, τις εφαρμογές των ΓΠΣ και υπολογιστικών συστημάτων, τις απόλυτες χρονολογήσεις, τον χαρακτηρισμό και τις αναλύσεις αντικειμένων και υλικών της πολιτιστικής κληρονομιάς, στις σύγχρονες προσεγγίσεις της επιστήμης της συντήρησης, ανάδειξης και προστασίας. Με αυτή την σειρά εμφανίζονται στα περιεχόμενα του τόμου. Από τη θέση αυτή θα ήθελα να ευχαριστήσω όλα τα μέλη της Επιστημονικής Επιτροπής για την συμβολή τους στην κρίση των εργασιών αλλά, και σημαντικά, τα μέλη της Γραμματειακής Υποστήριξης, Μ. Παπαγεωργίου και Μ. Καπαρού για την ενεργό και άοκνη συμβολή τους έως την τελική μορφοποίησή τους. Ο επιμελητής και πρόεδρος της Οργανωτικής Επιτροπής Επίκουρος Καθηγητής Νίκος Ζαχαριάς Καλαμάτα, 2012

3 ΠΙΝΑΚΑΣ ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΩΝ ΓΕΩΦΥΣΙΚΗ ΔΙΑΣΚΟΠΗΣΗ ΣΤΟ ΛΟΦΟ ΤΟΥ ΑΓΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΟΥ ΝΟΤΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΣΠΑΡΤΗΣ GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT AGIOS VASSILEIOS HILL SOUTH OF SPARTA G.N. TSOKAS, A. STAMPOLIDIS, BORIS DI FIORE, A. VASSILOGAMVROU...ΣΕΛ. 11 ΓΕΩΦΥΣΙΚΗ ΔΙΑΣΚΟΠΗΣΗ ΣΕ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΘΕΣΗ ΣΤΟ ΧΙΛΙΟΜΟΔΙ ΚΟΡΙΝΘΙΑΣ GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT AN ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE IN CHILIOMODI OF CORINTH PREFECTURE Γ.Ν. ΤΣΟΚΑΣ, Γ. ΒΑΡΓΕΜΕΖΗΣ, Α. ΣΤΑΜΠΟΛΙΔΗΣ, Η. ΦΙΚΟΣ, Π. ΤΣΟΥΡΛΟΣ, Ε. ΚΟΡΚΑ...ΣΕΛ.27 ΨΗΦΙΑΚΗ ΤΕΧΝΟΛΟΓΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΑΝΑΣΚΑΦΙΚΗ ΕΡΕΥΝΑ: ΜΙΑ ΝΕΑ ΠΡΟΣΕΓΓΙΣΗ ΣΤΗΝ ΤΕΚΜΗΡΙΩΣΗ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΝ ΕΡΜΗΝΕΙΑ ΤΩΝ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΩΝ ΔΕΔΟΜΕΝΩΝ ΜΕ ΤΗ ΧΡΗ- ΣΗ ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑΤΩΝ ΓΕΩΓΡΑΦΙΚΩΝ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΩΝ Σ. ΤΣΙΠΙΔΗΣ, Μ. ΚΑΤΣΙΑΝΗΣ, Κ. ΚΩΤΣΑΚΗΣ, Α. ΚΟΥΣΟΥΛΑΚΟΥ... ΣΕΛ.49 ΕΦΑΡΜΟΓΕΣ ΨΗΦΙΟΠΟΙΗΣΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΓΕΩΓΡΑΦΙΚΑ ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑΤΑ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΩΝ ΓΙΑ ΤΗ ΔΙΑΧΕΙΡΙΣΗ ΤΩΝ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΏΝ ΧΩΡΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΩΝ ΤΟΥ ΝΟΜΟΥ ΑΙ- ΤΩΛΟΑΚΑΡΝΑΝΙΑΣ Γ. ΣΤΑΜΑΤΗΣ...ΣΕΛ.57 ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΚΟΝΙΚΗ ΠΡΑΓΜΑΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑ ΣΤΗΝ ΑΡΧΑΙΑ ΜΕΣΣΗΝΗ: ΟΙ ΠΕΡΙΠΤΩΣΕΙΣ ΤΟΥ ΑΣΚΛΗΠΙΕΙΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥ ΑΝΑΚΤΟΡΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΝΕΣΤΟΡΑ Μ. ΜΠΑΡΔΑΝΗ, Ι. ΓΙΑΝΝΑΚΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ...ΣΕΛ.67 ΠΕΡΙΒΑΛΛΟΝΤΙΚΗ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΑ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΛΛΑΔΑ: ΤΑ ΝΕΩΤΕΡΑ ΔΕΔΟΜΕΝΑ Λ. ΚΑΡΑΛΗ...ΣΕΛ. 79 APPLICATION OF ARCHAEO-ENVIRONMENTAL METHODS FOR THE DETECTION OF NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC CHANGES IN MESSENIA L. KARALI, C. SALIARI, E. SPYROPOULOU... ΣΕΛ.85 THE CONTRIBUTION OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN ARCHAEOLOGY: GOALS & ISSUES D. TSIAFAKI...ΣΕΛ.93 Η ΨΗΦΙΑΚΗ ΑΝΑΛΥΣΗ ΕΝΑ ΧΡΗΣΙΜΟ ΕΡΓΑΛΕΙΟ ΣΤΗΝ ΤΕΚΜΗΡΙΩΣΗ ΤΩΝ ΕΡΓΩΝ ΤΕΧΝΗΣ Β. ΚΟΚΛΑ, Α. ΨΑΡΡΟΥ, Β. ΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΝΟΥ...ΣΕΛ.99 METHODS AND TOOLS FOR THE STUDY OF ARTIFICIAL ILLUMINATION IN ANTIQUI- TY D. MOULOU, N. BISKETZIS, CH. TSELONIS, D. EGGLEZOS, O. FILIPPOPOULOU, F.V.TOPALIS... ΣΕΛ.107 MIA ΑΠΛΗ ΜΕΘΟΔΟΣ ΜΕΤΡΗΣΗΣ ΤHΣ ΘΕΡΜΟΦΩΤΑΥΓΕΙΑΣ ΜΕΤΑΞΥ 77 Ο Κ ΚΑΙ 300 Ο Κ Γ. ΚΙΤΗΣ... ΣΕΛ. 115

4 ΑNΩΝΥΜΟ ΣΠΗΛΑΙΟ ΣΧΙΣΤΟΥ ΚΕΡΑΤΣΙΝΙΟΥ: XΡΟΝΟΛΟΓΗΣΗ ΔΕΙΓΜΑΤΩΝ ΟΨΙΑΝΟΥ ΑΠΟ ΣΤΡΩΜΑΤΑ ΤΟΥ ΑΝΩΤΕΡΟΥ ΠΛΕΙΣΤΟΚΑΙΝΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΤΩΝ ΑΡΧΩΝ ΤΟΥ ΟΛΟΚΑΙΝΟΥ ΜΕ ΤΗ ΜΕΘΟΔΟ SIMS-SS ANONYMOUS CAVE OF SCHISTO AT KERATSINI: DATING OF OBSIDIAN SAMPLES ORI- ENTED FROM LATE PLEISTOCENE-EARLY HOLOCENE DEPOSITS WITH THE SIMS-SS METHOD F. ΜAVRIDIS, Ν. LASKARIS, Α. PAPADEA, Ο. ΑPOSTOLIKAS, Κ. ΤRANTALIDOU, G. ΚOTZAMANI, P. KARKANAS, Υ. MANIATIS, Ι. LIRITZIS, L. ΚORMAZOPOULOU... ΣΕΛ.121 ΠΡΟΣΔΙΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ ΠΡΟΕΛΕΥΣΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΕΧΝΟΛΟΓΙΑ ΓΥΑΛΙΝΩΝ ΧΑΝΤΡΩΝ ΑΠΟ ΤΟ ΠΑΛΑΤΙ ΤΟΥ ΝΕΣΤΟΡΑ ΣΤΗΝ ΠΥΛΟ ΜΕ ΦΘΟΡΙΣΜΟΜΕΤΡΙΑ ΑΚΤΙΝΩΝ-Χ J.M. MURPHY, K. ΠΟΛΥΚΡΕΤΗ, Β. ΚΑΝΤΑΡΕΛΟΥ, A.Γ. ΚΑΡΥΔΑΣ... ΣΕΛ. 133 BIOARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION IN THE HEALTH AND DIET OF MYCENAEAN PYLOS A. PAPATHANASIOU, L.A. SCHEPARTZ, M.P. RICHARDS, E. MALAPANI... ΣΕΛ.143 ΤΕΧΝΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΜΕΛΕΤΗ ΥΑΛΩΔΩΝ ANTIKEΙΜΕΝΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΜΥΚΗΝΑΪΚΗΣ ΠΕΡΙΟΔΟΥ ΑΠΟ ΤΗΝ ΑΡΓΟΛΙΔΑ: ΠΡΩΤΕΣ ΠΑΡΑΤΗΡΗΣΕΙΣ Μ. ΚΑΠΑΡΟΥ, Ν. ΖΑΧΑΡΙΑΣ... ΣΕΛ. 153 ΣΥΓΚΡΙΤΙΚΗ ΑΝΑΛΥΤΙΚΗ ΜΕΛΕΤΗ ΓΥΑΛΙΝΩΝ ΑΓΓΕΙΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΥΣΤΕΡΗΣ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΤΗΤΑΣ: ΣΥΛΛΟΓΕΣ ΠΕΛΟΠΟΝΝΗΣΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΜΑΓΝΗΣΙΑΣ M. ΠΑΠΑΓΕΩΡΓΙΟΥ, Ν. ΖΑΧΑΡΙΑΣ... ΣΕΛ.163 ΜΕΛΕΤΗ ΔΙΑΚΟΣΜΗΤΙΚΩΝ ΧΡΩΣΤΙΚΩΝ ΑΡΧΑΪΚΗΣ ΚΕΡΑΜΙΚΗΣ ΑΠΟ ΤΗ ΘΗΒΑ. ΣΥΜΒΟΛΗ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΞΑΚΡΙΒΩΣΗ ΤΗΣ ΠΡΟΕΛΕΥΣΗΣ Γ. ΜΑΣΤΡΟΘΕΟΔΩΡΟΣ, Ν. ΖΑΧΑΡΙΑΣ, Κ.Γ. ΜΠΕΛΤΣΙΟΣ, Β. ΑΡΑΒΑΝΤΙΝΟΣ, Κ. ΚΑΛΛΙΓΑ, Δ. ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΟΥ... ΣΕΛ. 171 NEW EVIDENCE ON ANCIENT MINING FROM LEKANI AND METAL PRODUCTION FROM AGHIOS ANTONIOS, THASOS S. PAPADOPOULOS, N. NERANTZIS... ΣΕΛ. 177 A STUDY OF ARTIFACTS OF SEMIPRECIUS STONES USING RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY TH. KATSAROS, E. MERAMVELIOTAKI, TH. GANETSOS, N. LASKARIS... ΣΕΛ. 183 ASSESSMENT OF CLEANING INTERVENTIONS ON MARBLE SURFACES USING A FUZZY MODEL E.T. DELEGOU, M. KONSTANTINIDOY, C. KIRANOUDIS, A. MOROPOULOU... ΣΕΛ. 189 ΣΥΓΚΡΙΤΙΚΗ ΑΝΑΛΥΣΗ ΥΠΟΣΤΡΩΜΑΤΩΝ ΕΠΙΔΑΠΕΔΙΩΝ ΨΗΦΙΔΩΤΩΝ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΤΙΚΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΡΩΜΑΙΚΗΣ ΠΕΡΙΟΔΟΥ Ι. ΠΑΠΑΓΙΑΝΝH, Β. ΠΑΧΤΑ... ΣΕΛ. 199 WORKING WITH EXCAVATED ORGANIC MATERIALS IN GREECE: PROBLEMS, APPROACHES, STRATEGIES M. MERTZANI... ΣΕΛ. 207 ΑΝΑΛΥΣΗ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΤΙΚΟΥ ΥΦΑΣΜΑΤΟΣ ΑΠΟ ΤΟ ΘΥΡΡΕΙΟ ΑΙΤΩΛΟ-ΑΚΑΡΝΑΝΙΑΣ ΜΕ SEM-EDX B. ΣΤΑΙΚΟΥ, Γ. ΦΑΚΟΡΕΛΛΗΣ... ΣΕΛ. 213

5 ΦΥΣΙΚΟ-ΧΗΜΙΚΟΣ ΧΑΡΑΚΤΗΡΙΣΜΟΣ ΘΡΑΥΣΜΑΤΩΝ ΕΛΕΦΑΝΤΟΔΟΝΤΟΥ ΤΗΣ ΕΞΩΤΕΡΙΚΗΣ ΕΠΕΝΔΥΣΗΣ ΕΝΟΣ ΥΣΤΕΡΟΡΩΜΑΪΚΟΥ ΑΠΟΘΗΚΕΥΤΙΚΟΥ ΚΙΒΩΤΙΔΙΟΥ ΑΠΟ ΤΗΝ ΑΝΑΣΚΑΦΗ ΤΗΣ ΑΡΧΑΙΑΣ ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΝΑΣ ΣΤΗΝ ΚΡΗΤΗ Π. ΜΑΡΙΝΟΥ, Γ. ΦΑΚΟΡΕΛΛΗΣ, Σ. ΜΠΟΓΙΑΤΖΗΣ, ΑΙΚ. ΜΑΛΕΑ... ΣΕΛ. 219 ΜΕΘΟΔΟΙ ΑΝΑΓΝΩΡΙΣΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΝΑΛΥΣΗΣ ΟΡΓΑΝΙΚΩΝ ΥΛΙΚΩΝ ΦΥΤΙΚΗΣ ΠΡΟΕΛΕΥΣΗΣ: ΚΑΛΑΘΙΑ, ΨΑΘΕΣ, ΣΧΟΙΝΙΑ A. ΠΑΓΑΝΟΥ, Μ. ΠΕΤΡΟΥ... ΣΕΛ. 225 Η ΧΡΗΣΗ ΜΙΚΡΟΣΚΟΠΙΚΩΝ ΤΕΧΝΙΚΩΝ ΣΤΗ ΜΕΛΕΤΗ ΤΗΣ ΠΑΘΟΛΟΓΙΑΣ ΕΝΥΔΡΟΥ ΠΑΛΑΙΟΝΤΟΛΟΓΙΚΟΥ ΞΥΛΟΥ ΕΤΩΝ Μ. ΠΕΤΡΟΥ, Α. ΠΟΥΡΝΟΥ... ΣΕΛ. 231

6 ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΠΕΛΟΠΟΝΝΗΣΟΥ 2 nd ARCH_RNT Archaeological Research and New Technologies APPLICATION OF ARCHAEO- ENVIRONMENTAL METHODS FOR THE DETECTION OF NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC CHANGES IN MESSENIA L. Karali 1*, C. Saliari 2, E. Spyropoulou 3 1 Laboratory of Environmental Archaeology, Department of History and Archaeology, Zografou University Campus, Athens (ikarali@arch.uoa.gr) * to Whom all correspondence should be addressed INTRODUCTION This paper focuses on the application of archaeo- environmental methods for detecting long term landscape, social, cultural and historical transformations in Messenia. These changes are better understood when considered as the result of both natural and anthropogenic factors. Methodology Concerning the human impact, two main categories will be examined. They depict the consequences for the environment and landscape of both hostile, martial activities (such as war) and apparently peaceful activities (as for example the exploitation of a mine, construction works, drainage of lakes, deforestation, foundation of new settlements etc.). The above mentioned environmental changes can be detected either during field work, excavation or analysis and review of existing research literature. Stratigraphy is a very useful reference book to locate what are widely considered to be important (such as architectural remains) and unimportant (such as shells, bones, seeds etc.). Nowadays it is well known that even what are all too often judged to be unimportant finds, archaeobotanological and zooarchaeological remains, may provide archaeologists with a wide range of information concerning not only general but also local environmental and climatic conditions together with human activities and choices. The general way of life and also minor choices closely connected to ideologies dietary habits, agricultural activities, and health etc can be detected through specialized studies (Table 1). Based on this kind of multidisciplinary information the environmental changes which took place in Messene can be better understood. Finally, it should be underlined that the preserved palaeoenvironmental material represents just a part of the whole. This parameter should always be seriously taken into consideration in order to avoid generalisations. Natural Disasters Natural disasters are in many cases considered to be the [tragic] causes of the destruction of ancient constructions and the collapse of great civilizations. Natural phenomena such as earthquakes, fires, changes in sea level and shoreline, as well as their secondary effects, played important roles in the birth evolution and death of ancient societies. In antiquity earthquakes were perceived as supernatural phenomena. The almighty god Poseidon dominated the bowels of the earth, as shown by his names of Enosicthon and Enosigaios. The cradle of his cult in historic times, as a cthonic and not as a

7 86 Archaeological Research and New Technologies sea deity, was in the Peloponnese, which historians call Oikitirion of Poseidon, Iera of Poseidon. There are many cases where the archaeological and the archaeoenvironmental data, architectural, anthropological and also geomorphologic changes, reveal seismic activity. This activity is detectable in ancient and modern findings, providing archaeologists with a list of criteria useful to the identification of earthquakes. Some of them are described below. Concerning ancient constructions, seismic surface faults are observed in correlation to sudden abandonment of houses and settlements. Excavation data from the Early Bronze Age site of Voidokoilia, for instance, indicate a violent destruction. The inhabitants had no time to save their valuable items. Reliable evidence was provided when excavating the destruction layer of a room. Many artefacts and vessels were discovered, indicating sudden and unanticipated abandonment. Monuments such as sanctuaries suffered toο, as indicated by their columns that had collapsed in a domino-style arrangement. These kinds of monumental buildings suffered a great deal during periods of high seismic activity. According to some theories the many destructive earthquakes which occurred during the first centuries of the establishment of Christianity are considered to be a major factor in the demise of pagan cults. Classical pagan cults could not function without temples, and the devastation of these monuments must have had an impact on the destruction of pagan public worship. Written sources reveal ancient destructions and can be used to date them precisely. Moreover, the immediate reconstruction of sites, with the introduction of what can be regarded as anti-seismic buildings, reveal certain kinds of on-going seismic activity. Sometimes earthquakes are the only reasonable explanations available whenever it is not otherwise possible to understand the reasons for the destruction of isolated buildings or whole sites. In some cases earthquakes may result in serious historical consequences. They should not be regarded as an easy solution for the explanation of civilization and cultural gaps observed in certain regions, but it is well known that under certain circumstances earthquakes played an unforeseen historical role. For instance, the earthquake that destroyed Sparta triggered a slave revolt. This war could have meant the disappearance of Sparta. Certainly, any region of strategic importance in antiquity that was prone to natural disasters, such as fires, floods etc, would by that token have been more vulnerable to external attacks. Of course, the recovery of a town or province from seismic destruction should not be examined without reference to the social, political and economic context of the period and the region. Among the most important archaeoenvironmental remains that have been found include indications of fire and skeletons of animals and humans killed in situ, buried under the debris of fallen buildings. Earthquake victims were numerous in the past, and at least in the ancient Greek vocabulary there was a term to describe those seismatias. Sometimes, seismic destructions were on such a scale that survivors were forced to abandon victims trapped under the ruins. This may indicate ideological and cultural disorganisation, since the formal burial of the dead was a fundamental ritual in most ancient societies. Additionally, geomorphologic changes may follow a natural catastrophe. For instance in the region of Pylia many important discoveries have greatly advanced our knowledge of the history of the site. Archaeological evidence shows that in spite of the undoubted fact of rapid erosion that occurred along the shoreline, seismic activity played an important role in the formation of the present-day map of the region. Decisive factors in the formation of the shoreline were the gradual rise of the sea level caused by progressive ice melt, together with the secondary consequences of this process. The coastline in the area of Methoni-Sapienza suffered from isostatic and eustatic movements. Recent archaeological finds suggest that both geomorphologic mechanisms and

8 Archaeological Research and New Technologies 87 rapid erosion resulted in repeated changes to the shoreline. (Table II). According to written sources and to the testimonies procured though archaeological and archaeoenvironmental remains, many violent natural destructions occurred in the past. High tectonic activity is recorded in western Peloponnese and the Ionian islands from classical antiquity to the present. Violent and tragic earthquakes in Kalamata (1986) and in Pyrgos (1993) occurred in modern times. However, the scholarly literature indicates tectonic phenomena at only a small number of prehistoric sites (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age). Using more diachronically oriented archaeoenvironmental-archaeological investigation the detection of these major natural environmental and cultural changes could be better exposed. Human Activities It is not nature alone that is responsible for destructions. Human beings and their hostile or peaceful activities may influence and alter the landscape of a region as well. The worst hostile human activity is war. Messenian populations took part in many devastating wars which resulted in human and environmental catastrophes. These catastrophes are responsible for the diminution of local populations and the limited socio-cultural involvement of South-western Greece during the historical and ongoing periods in the past. After every war nature is degraded and the biological balance disrupted, leading to environmental pollution of the soil and the air. Soil pollution results from soil compaction. The affected soil becomes less able to absorb rainfall and thus erosion is increased. This phenomenon has tragic consequences for living creatures. The roots of plants and trees suffer as the mineral grains are pressed together, leaving little space for air and water to penetrate. Animals are affected too, as many of them live on or in the soil. Moreover reduction of soil filtration and of organic substances may be observed. The reduction of these two parameters has a great impact on the structure of the soil, its absorbency in water, the soil s biodiversity, the availability of nutritious elements and the increase of territorial deformity (figure 1). Atmospheric pollution is caused by various factors. In the case of war it could result after a catastrophic fire. Fire may influence water basins, and may cause soil erosion, climatic change, major natural disasters, such as floods and hydrophobia. A case study will be presented, in order to realise how environmental catastrophes can influence peoples lives (Table III). During the Greek Revolution, Ibrahim Pasha ordered the deforestation of Messenia by cutting down trees. This caused for many plants and animals, the loss of their habitat, the destruction of archaeological sites, monuments and artifacts, and finally climatic and temperature changes. Trees offered sun protection, wind filtration, deflection and obstruction. There were no more trees providing cooler climatic conditions in summer and warmer in winter. The above catastrophe proves indisputably the degree to which the human factor is often responsible for serious natural disasters not only in the present but also in the future. Figure 1: An example of soil erosion (Source: Hostile martial activities are followed by apparently peaceful activities, which may affect the microclimatic conditions and result in environmental changes. As soon as people gathered together in permanent settlements certain new environmental damages occurred. The urban microclimate depends on the struc-

9 88 Archaeological Research and New Technologies tural characteristics of a region and the specific local climate. It is influenced by various parameters, such as demographic development, density of buildings, existence of aquatic resources, etc. The main factors that influence the microclimate of an area are the building materials, the dimensions of the buildings and the existence of open spaces and road networks. The urban development of ancient Messene (3rd cent. B.C.) and the urban development of modern Kalamata prove the importance of these parameters in human life and history. As already stated the microclimate of Messene depended on its natural environment and on urban development. The city surrounded by Mount Ithomi had cool north winds. On the other hand its urban planning according to the Hippodamian system provided the inhabitants with bioclimatic conditions due to the orientation of the houses and the harmony of their dimensions, which allowed for the smooth circulation of the wind and the movement of the sun through them. So the ancient city presents an example of prosperity and well-being. Concerning the city of Kalamata, as it is located more to the south, the microclimate is influenced by the sea and by Mount Taygetos. As a result, the winds are warmer than in ancient Messene. Although in modern Kalamata there are some parks and squares, modern negative factors such as the demographic development, polluted atmosphere and environmentally unfriendly then as now, materials which are used and the lack of homogenous building dimensions, cause serious damage to the natural landscape. Materials such as cement capture and absorb sunlight, causing an increase in temperature and therefore local climatic change. In addition to the unfriendly materials, the dimensions of the buildings, large or small, encourage the creation of complex phenomena, altering the natural qualities by creating heat island. In this brief paper we tried to present the two major factors, either nature and human beings, that can cause disasters. Using various new and multidisciplinary scientific methods together with the traditional ones, one can better interpret the past. These methods must be applied at excavations or on field surveys, during laboratory analysis of the archaeological and archaeoenvironmental materials and while studying the written sources. The results of the case studies briefly presented above are very instructive, teaching us today how the difficulties of the past can serve as a «guide book» to present and future wellbeing. Although the end of our story is not yet written, our irresponsibility can cause irreversible disasters and discontinuities that will not be local but global. To conclude, we strongly believe that by studying past environmental crises one can find solutions for the present environmental crisis, which careless human activities can provoke and that human beings can still possibly deal with. Acknowledgements We are grateful to the University of Kalamata, the Organizing Committee, the Scientific Committee and Ass. Professor N. Zacharias for inviting us to participate in this successful Scientific Conference. Finally, C.S. and E. S owe special thanks to Professor Lilian Karali for her support and guidance in our first steps to a new world. PROPOSED LITERATURE Aitken M. J., Physics and Archaeology, New York 1961 Angel J.L., «Ecology and population in the Eastern Mediterranean», WA 4, , Archaeoseismology, Ed. By S. Stiros and R. E. Jones, British Shool at Athens 1996 Austin J.E., The Environmental Consequences of War, Cambridge 2000 Branch N., Canti M., Clark P., Turney C.Environmental archaeology : Theoretical and practical approaches, London 2005 CONCLUSIONS

10 Archaeological Research and New Technologies 89 Darvill and Gojda M., British Archaeological Reports International Series 987, Oxford, pp Dincauze D.F., Environmental Archaeology, Principle and Practice, Cambridge 2000 Dumasy F., Queyrel F., Archéologie et environnement dans la Méditerranée antique, Genève 2009 Hall A.R. and Kenward H.K., Urban-Rural Connexions: Perspectives from Environmental Archaeology, Oxford 1995 Karali L., Environmental Archaeology, Athens 2005 Καραλή Λ., Λεξικό Αρχαιολογικών- Περιβαλλοντικών Όρων, Αθήνα 1998 Καραλή Λ., Μυλωνά Δ., Κουτσούμπα Δ., Ευθυμιόπουλος Η., Καρύδης Μ., Ζερβάκης Β., Σιακαβάρα Κ., Τσελεπίδης Τ., Μαριολάκος Η., Σακιώτης Ι., Βελεγράκης Α., Περιβολιώτης Λ., Νίττης Κ., Καλλανιώτης Α., Σαρηγιάννης Δ., Αλεξόπουλος Α., Αναγνώστου Χ., Μαρκάτος Δ., Κούτσης Κ., Το θαλάσσιο περιβάλλον, Αθήνα 2008 Kassim A.T., Barceló D., Environmental Consequences of War and Aftermath, Heidelberg 2009 Kassim A.T., D. Barceló, Contaminated Sediments, Heidelberg 2009 Lillie M., Ellis S. (ed), Wetland archaeology & environments : regional issues, global perspectives, Oxford 2007 Mays S., The Archaeology of Human Bones, London 2002 Meighan C. W., Mollusks as food remains in 89rchaeologycal sites, σε Science in Archaeology, Leipzig 1971 Μηλίτση-Νίκα Α., Θεοφιλοπούλου- Στεφανούρη Χ., «Καλαμάτα : οδοιπορικό σε πλατείες και δρόμους της πόλης μέσα από τα τεκμήρια δημόσιων και ιδιωτικών αρχείων », Γ.Α.Κ., Αρχεία Νομού Μεσσηνίας, 2010 Reese D.S. (1987): «Marine and Fresh Water Molluscs in Hellström», P. (ed.), Paradeisos. A Late Neolithic Settlement in Aegean Thrace, Medelhavsmuseet, Reitz E., Scarry C.M., Scudder S.J., Case Studies in Environmental Archaeology, New York, 2008 Renfrew C., Bahn P., Αρχαιολογία: Θεωρίες, Μεθοδολογία και Πρακτικές Εφαρμογές, Α- θήνα 2001 Shakleton N. J., Marine Mollusca in Archaeology, σε Science in Archaeology, Leipzig 1971 Shackley M.L., Using Environmental Archaeology, London 1985 Shackley M.L., Environmental Archaeology, London 1982 White T.D., Folkens P.A., The Human Bone Manual, London 2005 Shulenberger E., Marzluff J., Endlicher W., Alberti M., Urban Ecology: An International Perspective on the Interaction Between Humans and Nature, Heidelberg 2008 Wilkinson, K.N. and Bond, C.J. (2001) Interpreting archaeological site distribution in dynamic sedimentary environments. One land, many landscapes: papers from a session held at the European Association of Archaeologists fifth annual meeting in Bournemouth 1999 (ed. By T.C. )

11 90 Archaeological Research and New Technologies Environmental Material Information Available Human body Bones of big and small marine mammals Fish bones Dietary habits, disease, injuries, height, sex, way of life Dietary habits, disease, biotopes, ecology Fishing activities and techniques, environment, dietary habits, economy Mollusks Dietary habits, economy, ecology, climate, temperature, hydrology, raw and ritual material, soil, deposits, dating Marine plant remains Marine flora, dietary habits, raw material, arts, technology Phytoliths Dating, flora, raw material, arts Diatoms Water salinity, deposits, pollution, environment, climate conditions Foraminifera Amphibia Insects Botanological remains Tree rings Soil/ sediments Climatic changes Climatic conditions, ecology Humidity, vegetation, Climate, Agricultural Activities, Temperature etc Vegetation, Dietary Habits, Disease, Biotope, Ecology, Archaeoenvironment, Archaeoclimate, Agriculture, Food, Ideology Deposits, ecology, climatic conditions Table 1: Information that could be gained through the study of Archaeoenvironmental material (Saliari C.). Earthquake s Consequences Architectural Finds Bioarchaeological remains (skeletons) Geomorphological Changes Seismic surface vaults Abandonment of houses and settlements Columns dominostyle Killed in situ Buried under the debris Shoreline changes Table II: The effects of earthquakes (Spyropoulou E.)

12 Archaeological Research and New Technologies 91 Fire Basin Ground Erosion Climatic change Atmospheric pollution Hydrophobia Flora and Fauna Environmental Refugees Floods Reduction of Water sources Desertification Reduction Of Archaeological Sites Table III. The consequences of fire on the environment (Saliari C.)