Color Key. Hydrogen Iodine Gold. Oxygen Sulfur Copper. Nitrogen Phosphorus Electron. Chlorine Silicon Proton. Fluorine Helium Neutron

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Ιώ Χλόη Βουρδουμπάς
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1 APPENDIX APPENDIX C C Table C-1 Color Key Carbon Bromine Sodium/ Other metals Hydrogen Iodine Gold Oxygen Sulfur Copper Nitrogen Phosphorus Electron Chlorine Silicon Proton Fluorine Helium Neutron Table C-2 Symbols and Abbreviations rays from radioactive materials, helium nuclei rays from radioactive materials, electrons rays from radioactive materials, high-energy quanta change in wavelength frequency A ampere (electric current) amu atomic mass unit Bq becquerel (nuclear disintegration) C Celsius degree (temperature) C coulomb (quantity of electricity) c speed of light cd candela (luminous intensity) c specific heat D density E F G g Gy H Hz h h J K K a K b K eq K sp kg M m m mol energy, electromotive force force free energy gram (mass) gray (radiation) enthalpy hertz (frequency) Planck s constant hour (time) joule (energy) kelvin (temperature) ionization constant (acid) ionization constant (base) equilibrium constant solubility product constant kilogram (mass) molarity mass, molality meter (length) mole (amount) min N N A n P Pa q R S s Sv T V V v W w X minute (time) newton (force) Avogadro s number number of moles pressure, power pascal (pressure) heat ideal gas constant entropy second (time) sievert (absorbed radiation) temperature volume volt (electric potential) velocity watt (power) work mole fraction 912 Chemistry: Matter and Change

2 Table C- SI Prefixes Prefix Symbol Scientific notation femto f pico p nano n 10 9 micro 10 6 milli m 10 centi c 10 2 deci d 10 1 deka da 10 1 hecto h 10 2 kilo k 10 mega M 10 6 giga G 10 9 tera T peta P Table C- The Greek Alphabet Alpha Α Nu Ν Beta Β Xi Ξ Gamma Γ Omicron Ο Delta Pi Π Epsilon Ε Rho Ρ Zeta Ζ Sigma Σ Eta Η Tau Τ Theta Θ Upsilon ϒ Iota Ι Phi Φ Kappa Κ Chi Χ Lambda Λ Psi Ψ Mu Μ Omega Ω Table C-5 Physical Constants Quantity Symbol Value Atomic mass unit amu kg Avogadro s number N particles/mole Ideal gas constant R 8.1 LkPa/molK Latm/molK 62. mm HgL/molK 62. torrl/molk Mass of an electron m e kg amu Mass of a neutron m n kg amu Mass of a proton m p kg amu Molar volume of ideal gas at STP V 22.1 L/mol Normal boiling point of water T b 7.15 K 100.0C Normal freezing point of water T f K 0.00C Planck s constant h Js Speed of light in a vacuum c m/s 91

3 Table C-6 Properties of Elements Element Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Mass* (amu) Melting Point Boiling Point Density (g/cm ) (gases measured at STP) Atomic Radius (pm) First Ionization Energy (kj/mol) Standard Reduction Potential (V) (for elements from or to oxidation state indicated) Enthalpy of Fusion (kj/mol) Specific Heat (J/g C ) Enthalpy of Vaporization (kj/mol) Abundance in Earth s Crust (%) Major Oxidation States Actinium Ac 89 [227] () trace Aluminum Al () Americium Am 95 [2] () ,, Antimony Sb () ,5 Argon Ar Arsenic As () ,5 (280 kpa) (sublimes) (sublimes) Astatine At 85 [210] (1) trace 1,5 Barium Ba (2) Berkelium Bk 97 [27] ()2.01, Beryllium Be (2) Bismuth Bi () ,5 Bohrium Bh 107 [26] Boron B () Bromine Br (1) ,1,,5 Cadmium Cd (2) Calcium Ca (2) Californium Cf 98 [251] ()2, Carbon C () ,2, Cerium Ce () , Cesium Cs (1) Chlorine Cl (1) ,1,,5 Chromium Cr () ,,6 Cobalt Co (2) , Copper Cu (2) ,2 Curium Cm 96 [27] ()2.06, Dubnium Db 105 [262] Dysprosium Dy () , Einsteinium Es 99 [252] ()2 Erbium Er () Europium Eu () , Fermium Fm 100 [257] 627 ()1.96 2, Fluorine F (1) Francium Fr 87 [22] trace 1 Gadolinium Gd () Gallium Ga () , Germanium Ge () , * [ ] indicates mass of longest-lived isotope. 91 Chemistry: Matter and Change

4 Table C-6 Properties of Elements (continued) Element Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Mass* (amu) Melting Point Boiling Point Density (g/cm ) (gases measured at STP) Atomic Radius (pm) First Ionization Energy (kj/mol) Standard Reduction Potential (V) (for elements from or to oxidation state indicated) Enthalpy of Fusion (kj/mol) Specific Heat (J/g C ) Enthalpy of Vaporization (kj/mol) Abundance in Earth s Crust (%) Major Oxidation States Gold Au () , Hafnium Hf () Hassium Hs 108 [277] Helium He (256 kpa) Holmium Ho () Hydrogen H (1) ,1 Indium In () , lodine I (1) ,1,5,7 Iridium Ir () ,,5 Iron Fe () , Krypton Kr Lanthanum La () Lawrencium Lr 10 [262] ()2.06 Lead Pb (2) , Lithium Li (1) Lutetium Lu () Magnesium Mg (2) Manganese Mn (2) ,,,6,7 Meitnerium Mt 109 [268] Mendelevium Md 101 [258] 65 2, Mercury Hg (2) ,2 Molybdenum Mo (6) ,5,6 Neodymium Nd () , Neon Ne Neptunium Np 9 [27] (5) ,,,5,6 Nickel Ni (2) ,, Niobium Nb (5) ,5 Nitrogen N () ,2,1,1,2,,, 5 Nobelium No 102 [259] 62 (2)2.5 2, Osmium Os () ,6,8 Oxygen O (2) ,1 Palladium Pd (2) , Phosphorus P () ,,5 Platinum Pt () l0 6 2, Plutonium Pu 9 [2] () ,,5,6 Polonium Po 8 [209] () ,2,,6 Potassium K (1) Praseodymium Pr () , Promethium Pm 61 [15] () * [ ] indicates mass of longest-lived isotope. 915

5 Table C-6 Properties of Elements (continued) Element Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Mass* (amu) Melting Point Boiling Point Density (g/cm ) (gases measured at STP) Atomic Radius (pm) First Ionization Energy (kj/mol) Standard Reduction Potential (V) (for elements from or to oxidation state indicated) Enthalpy of Fusion (kj/mol) Specific Heat (J/g C ) Enthalpy of Vaporization (kj/mol) Abundance in Earth s Crust (%) Major Oxidation States Protactinium Pa (5) trace,,5 Radium Ra 88 [226] (2) Radon Rn 86 [222] Rhenium Re (7) ,,6,7 Rhodium Rh () ,,5 Rubidium Rb (1) Ruthenium Ru () ,,,5 Rutherfordium Rf 10 [261] Samarium Sm () , Scandium Sc () Seaborgium Sg 106 [266] Selenium Se (2) ,2,,6 Silicon Si () , Silver Ag (1) Sodium Na (1) Strontium Sr (2) Sulfur S (2) ,,6 Tantalum Ta (5) ,5 Technetium Tc [98] (6) ,,6,7 Tellurium Te (2) ,2,,6 Terbium Tb () , Thallium Tl (1) , Thorium Th () Thulium Tm () Tin Sn () , Titanium Ti () ,, Tungsten W (6) ,5,6 Ununbium Uub 112 [285] Ununhexium Uuh 116 [289] Ununnilium Uun 110 [281] Ununoctium Uuo 118 [29] Ununquadium Uuq 11 [289] Unununium Uuu 111 [272] Uranium U (6) ,,5,6 Vanadium V () ,,,5 Xenon Xe Ytterbium Yb () , Yttrium Y () Zinc Zn (2) Zirconium Zr () * [ ] indicates mass of longest-lived isotope. 916 Chemistry: Matter and Change

6 Table C-7 Electron Configurations of Elements Sublevels Elements 1s 2s 2p s p d s p d f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 1 Hydrogen 1 2 Helium 2 Lithium 2 1 Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon

7 Table C-7 Electron Configurations of Elements (continued) Sublevels Elements 1s 2s 2p s p d s p d f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 55 Cesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium ? 105 Dubnium ? 106 Seaborgium ? 107 Bohrium ? 108 Hassium ? 109 Meitnerium ? 110 Ununnilium ? 111 Unununium ? 112 Unumbium ? 11 Ununquadium ? 2? 116 Ununhexium ?? 118 Ununodium ? 6? 918 Chemistry: Matter and Change

8 Table C-8 Names and Charges of Polyatomic Ions 1 2 Acetate, CH COO Carbonate, CO 2 Arsenate, AsO Hexacyanoferrate(II), Amide, NH 2 Chromate, CrO 2 Arsenite, AsO Fe(CN) 6 Astatate, AtO Dichromate, Cr 2 O 2 7 Borate, BO Orthosilicate, SiO Azide, N Hexachloroplatinate, Citrate, C 6 H 5 O 7 Diphosphate, P 2 O 7 Benzoate, C 6 H 5 COO PtCl 2 6 Hexacyanoferrate(III), Bismuthate, BiO Hexafluorosilicate, SiF 2 6 Fe(CN) 6 Bromate, BrO Molybdate, MoO 2 Phosphate, PO Chlorate, ClO Oxalate, C 2 O 2 Chlorite, ClO 2 Peroxide, O Cyanide, CN Peroxydisulfate, S 2 O 2 8 Ammonium, NH Mercury(I), Hg 2 2 Formate, HCOO Phosphite, HPO 2 Neptunyl(V), NpO 2 Neptunyl(VI), NpO 2 2 Hydroxide, OH Ruthenate, RuO 2 Plutonyl(V), PuO 2 Plutonyl(VI), PuO 2 2 Hypobromite, BrO Selenate, SeO 2 Uranyl(V), UO 2 Uranyl(VI), UO 2 2 Hypochlorite, ClO Selenite, SeO 2 Vanadyl(V), VO 2 Vanadyl(IV), VO 2 Hypophosphite, H 2 PO 2 Silicate, SiO 2 Iodate, IO Sulfate, SO 2 Nitrate, NO Sulfite, SO 2 Nitrite, NO 2 Tartrate, C H O 2 6 Perbromate, BrO Tellurate, TeO 2 Perchlorate, ClO Tellurite, TeO 2 Periodate, IO Tetraborate, B O 2 7 Permanganate, MnO Thiosulfate, S 2 O 2 Perrhenate, ReO Tungstate, WO 2 Thiocyanate, SCN Vanadate, VO Table C-9 Ionization Constants Ionization Constant Ionization Constant Ionization Constant HCOOH CH COOH CH 2 ClCOOH CHCl 2 COOH CCl COOH HOOCCOOH HOOCCOO CH CH 2 COOH C 6 H 5 COOH H AsO H 2 AsO H BO H 2 BO HBO 2 H 2 CO HCO HCN HF HNO 2 H PO H 2 PO HPO 2 H PO H 2 PO H PO 2 H 2 S HS HSO H 2 SO HSO HSeO H 2 Se0 HSeO HBrO HClO HIO NH H 2 NNH 2 H 2 NOH

9 Table C-10 Solubility Guidelines A substance is considered soluble if more than three grams of the substance dissolves in 100 ml of water. The more common rules are listed below. 1. All common salts of the group 1A elements and ammonium ions are soluble. 2. All common acetates and nitrates are soluble.. All binary compounds of group 7A elements (other than F) with metals are soluble except those of silver, mercury(i), and lead.. All sulfates are soluble except those of barium, strontium, lead, calcium, silver, and mercury(i). 5. Except for those in Rule 1, carbonates, hydroxides, oxides, sulfides, and phosphates are insoluble. Solubility of Compounds in Water Acetate Bromide Carbonate Chlorate Chloride Chromate Hydroxide Iodide Nitrate Oxide Perchlorate Phosphate Sulfate Sufide Aluminum S S S S I S S I S I S D Ammonium S S S S S S S S S S S S S Barium S S P S S I S S S S S I I D Calcium S S P S S S S S S P S P P P Copper (II) S S S S I S I S I S I Hydrogen S S S S S S S S S S S Iron(II) S P S S I S S I S I S I Iron(III) S S S I I S S I S P P D Lead(II) S S S S I P P S P S I P I Lithium S S S S S? S S S S S P S S Magnesium S S P S S S I S S I S P S D Manganese(II) S S P S S I S S I S P S I Mercury(I) P I I S I P I S I S I P I Mercury(II) S S S S P I P S P S I D I Potassium S S S S S S S S S S S S S S Silver P I I S I P I S P S I P I Sodium S S S S S S S S S D S S S S Strontium S S P S S P S S S S S I P S Tin(II) D S S S I S D I S I S I Tin(IV) S S S S I D I S S I Zinc S S P S S P P S S P S I S I S soluble P partially soluble I insoluble D decomposes 920 Chemistry: Matter and Change

10 Table C-11 Specific Heat Values (J/gK) AlF BaTiO BeO CaC CaSO CCl CH OH 2.55 CH 2 OHCH 2 OH 2.1 CH CH 2 OH 2.19 CdO 0.82 CuSO 5H 2 O 1.12 c Fe C FeWO HI K 2 CO MgCO Mg(OH) MgSO MnS Na 2 CO NaF c NaVO 1.50 Ni(CO) PbI SF SiC SiO SrCl Tb 2 O TiCl Y 2 O c Table C-12 Molal Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation Constants K fp Freezing Point K bp Boiling Point (C kg/mol) (C kg/mol) Acetic acid Benzene Camphor Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Nitrobenzene Phenol Water Table C-1 Heat of Formation Values H f (kj/mol) (concentration of aqueous solutions is 1M) H f Ag(s) 0 AgCl(s) AgCN(s) 16.0 Al 2 O BaCl 2 (aq) BaSO 17.2 BeO(s) BiCl (s) 79.1 Bi 2 S (s) 1.1 Br 2 0 CCI (l) CH (g) 7.81 C 2 H 2 (g) C 2 H (g) C 2 H 6 (g) 8.68 CO(g) CO 2 (g) CS 2 (l) Ca(s) 0 CaCO (s) CaO(s) 65.1 Ca(OH) 2 (s) Cl 2 (g) 0 Co O (s) 891 CoO(s) 27.9 Cr 2 O (s) H f CsCl(s).0 Cs 2 SO (s) 1.02 CuI(s) 67.8 CuS(s) 5.1 Cu 2 S(s) 79.5 CuSO (s) F 2 (g) 0 FeCl (s) 99.9 FeO(s) FeS(s) Fe 2 O (s) 82.2 Fe O (s) H(g) H 2 (g) 0 HBr(g) 6.0 HCl(g) HCl(aq) HCN(aq) HCHO HCOOH(l) 2.72 HF(g) HI(g) 26.8 H 2 O(l) H 2 O(g) H 2 O 2 (l) H PO (l) 595. H f H PO (aq) H 2 S(g) 20.6 H 2 SO (aq) H 2 SO (aq) 81.0 HgCl 2 (s) 22. Hg 2 Cl 2 (s) Hg 2 SO (s) 7.12 I 2 (s) 0 K(s) 0 KBr(s) KMnO (s) 87.2 KOH 2.76 LiBr(s) LiOH(s) 8.9 Mn(s) 0 MnCl 2 (aq) Mn(NO ) 2 (aq) 65.5 MnO 2 (s) MnS(s) 21.2 N 2 (g) 0 NH (g) 6.11 NH Br(s) NO(g) NO 2 (g).18 N 2 O(g) Na(s) 0 H f NaBr(s) NaCl(s) NaHCO (s) NaNO (aq) 7.8 NaOH(s) Na 2 CO (s) Na 2 S(aq) 7. Na 2 SO (s) NH CI(s) 1. O 2 (g) 0 P O 6 (s) P O 10 (s) PbBr 2 (s) PbCl 2 (s) 59.1 SF 6 (g) SO 2 (g) SO (g) 5.51 SrO(s) TiO (s) 99.7 TlI(s) 12.5 UCl (s) UCl 5 (s) 1059 Zn(s) 0 ZnCl 2 (aq) ZnO(s) 8.28 ZnSO (aq)

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