chromate CH 3 COO dichromate NH 4 H 5 C 6 COO cyanide hydroxide BO 3 C 2 iodate nitrate CO 3 nitrite HCO 3 oxalate CIO 4 hydrogen oxalate CIO 3

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1 Data Booklet

2 Table of Common Polyatomic Ions , acetate (ethanoate) ammonium benzoate CH 3 COO NH 4 + C 6 H 5 COO chromate dichromate cyanide CrO 4 2 Cr 2 O 7 2 CN phosphate hydrogen phosphate dihydrogen phosphate PO 4 3 HPO 4 2 H 2 PO 4 hydrogen Li lithium Na sodium Be beryllium Mg magnesium borate carbide carbonate hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) perchlorate chlorate chlorite hypochlorite BO 3 3 C 2 2 CO 3 2 HCO 3 CIO 4 CIO 3 CIO 2 CIO or OCl hydroxide iodate nitrate nitrite oxalate hydrogen oxalate permanganate peroxide persulfide OH IO 3 NO 3 NO 2 OOCCOO 2 HOOCCOO MnO 4 O 2 2 S 2 2 silicate sulfate hydrogen sulfate sulfite hydrogen sulfite hydrogen sulfide thiocyanate thiosulfate SiO 3 2 SO 4 2 HSO 4 SO 3 2 HSO 3 HS SCN S 2 O K potassium Ca calcium Sc scandium Ti titanium 4+, V 5+, 4+ vanadium Cr, chromium Mn, manganese Fe iron, Co cobalt, Rb rubidium Cs cesium 87 (223) Fr francium Sr strontium Ba barium 88 (226) 0.9 Ra radium Y yttrium Zr zirconium Hf hafnium 104 (261) Rf rutherfordium Nb niobium 5+, Ta tantalum 105 (262) Db dubnium Mo molybdenum W tungsten 106 (266) Sg seaborgium 43 (98) 2.1 Tc technetium Re rhenium 107 (264) Bh bohrium Ru ruthenium Os, osmium 108 (277) Hs hassium Rh rhodium Ir iridium 109 (268) Mt meitnerium References Lide, D.R CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 82 nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Dean, John A Lange s Handbook of Chemistry. 15 th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. IUPAC commision on atomic weights and isotopic abundances qmw.ac.uk/iupac/atwt/index.html La lanthanum 89 (227) 1.1 Ac actinium Ce cerium Th thorium Pr praseodymium protactinium Nd neodymium (145) Pm promethium 5+, 4+ 6+, Pa U uranium 93 (237) Np neptunium Sm, samarium plutonium (244) 1.3 Pu 4+,

3 Legend for Elements Atomic number Electronegativity Symbol Name Key , Fe iron Atomic molar mass (g/mol)* Common ion charges (most common first) Boiling point ( C) Melting point ( C) (measured at a non-standard pressure) Solid Natural Liquid Synthetic Gas Note: The legend denotes the physical state of the elements at exactly kpa and K B boron C carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine helium neon Ni nickel , 4+ Pd * Based on 12 6 C ( ) Indicates mass of the most stable isotope, palladium , Pt platinum Cu copper Ag, silver , Au gold Zn zinc Cd cadmium , Hg mercury Al aluminum Ga gallium In indium , 1.8 Tl thallium Si silicon Ge germanium , 2.0 Sn tin , Pb lead P phosphorus As arsenic Sb antimony , Bi bismuth, S sulfur Se selenium Te tellurium (209), Po polonium chlorine Br bromine I iodine 85 (210) 1 At astatine argon krypton xenon 86 (222) radon (281) Uun ununnilium 111 (272) Uuu unununium 112 (285) Uub ununbium 114 (289) Uuq ununquadium Eu europium, Gd gadolinium Tb terbium Dy dysprosium Ho holmium Er erbium Tm thulium Yb ytterbium, Lu lutetium (243) Am, americium 96 (247) Cm curium (247) Bk, berkelium 98 (251) Cf californium (252) Es 860 einsteinium 100 (257) Fm fermium (258) Md, 827 mendelevium 102 (259) No nobelium, (262) Lr 1627 lawrencium

4 Chemistry Notation Symbol Term Unit(s) [ ] molar concentration mol/l c specific heat capacity J/(g C) or J/(g K) C heat capacity J/ C orj/k c speed of light m/s E electrical potential V or J/C E k kinetic energy kj E p potential energy kj H, H molar enthalpy (heat) kj/mol H H standard molar enthalpy of formation kj/mol f, f I current A or C/s K eq equilibrium constant K a acid ionization (dissociation) constant K b base ionization (dissociation) constant M molar mass g/mol m mass g n amount mol P pressure kpa Q charge C T temperature (absolute) K t temperature (Celsius) C t time s V volume L Symbol Term delta (change in) standard 2

5 Miscellaneous 25 C... equivalent to K Specific heat capacity... (at K and kpa) c air c wood c glass c Styrofoam = 1.01J/(g C) = 1.26J/(g C) = 0.84J/(g C) = 0.30J/(g C) Speed of light... Mass of 1.00 mol of dry air... Avogadro constant... Water autoionization constant... (Dissociation constant) Faraday constant... c = m/s m air = g (at K and kpa) N A = particles/mol K w = at K (for ion concentrations in mol/l) F = C/mol 1 volt (V)... = 1 joule/coulomb (1 J/C) 1 ampere (A)... = 1 coulomb/second (1 C/s) Quadratic formula... x = 2 b± b 4ac 2a Gas constant... Ideal gas law... R =8.314(L kpa)/(k mol) or R =8.314J/(K mol) PV = nrt Commonly accepted standards... STP = K and kpa (1 atm) SATP = K and kpa Nuclear Radiation Radiation Alpha-particle Symbol 4 2 He or α Beta-particle 0 eorβ 1 Gamma-ray γ Selected SI Prefixes Exponential Prefix Symbol Value tera T giga G 10 9 mega M 10 6 kilo k 10 3 milli m 10 3 micro µ 10 6 nano n 10 9 pico p

6 Name Thermodynamic Properties of Selected Elements Formula H fusion * (kj/mol) H vaporization * (kj/mol) Specific Heat Capacity (J/(g C)) aluminum Al argon Ar beryllium Be boron B bromine Br carbon (graphite) C chlorine Cl chromium Cr cobalt Co copper Cu fluorine F gallium Ga germanium Ge gold Au helium He hydrogen H iodine I iron Fe krypton Kr lead Pb magnesium Mg manganese Mn mercury Hg neon Ne nickel Ni nitrogen N oxygen O phosphorus P platinum Pt radon Rn scandium Sc selenium Se silicon Si silver Ag sulfur S tin Sn titanium Ti tungsten W uranium U vanadium V xenon Xe zinc Zn * at kpa for the standard state of the element at K 4

7 Name Thermodynamic Properties of Selected Compounds Formula H fusion * (kj/mol) H vaporization * (kj/mol) Specific Heat Capacity (J/(g C)) ice H 2 O (s) water H 2 O (l) steam H 2 O (g) 2.02 ammonia NH 3(g) methanol CH 3 OH (l) ethanol C 2 H 5 OH (l) dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon-12) CCl 2 F 2(g) * at kpa at kpa for the phase stated in the formula column Calculated Molar Enthalpies of Combustion of Selected Organic Compounds at K * Compound Formula H c (kj/mol) methane CH 4(g) ethane C 2 H 6(g) propane C 3 H 8(g) butane C 4 H 10(g) pentane C 5 H 12(l) hexane C 6 H 14(l) heptane C 7 H 16(l) octane C 8 H 18(l) nonane C 9 H 20(l) decane C 10 H 22(l) benzoic acid C 6 H 5 COOH (s) methanol CH 3 OH (l) ethanol C 2 H 5 OH (l) * products are H 2 O (l) and CO 2(g) 5

8 Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation at K Name Formula H f (kj/mol) aluminum oxide Al 2 O 3(s) ammonia NH 3(g) 45.9 ammonium chloride NH 4 Cl (s) ammonium nitrate NH 4 NO 3(s) barium carbonate BaCO 3(s) barium chloride BaCl 2(s) barium hydroxide Ba(OH) 2(s) barium oxide BaO (s) barium sulfate BaSO 4(s) benzene C 6 H 6(l) butane C 4 H 10(g) calcium carbonate CaCO 3(s) calcium chloride CaCl 2(s) calcium hydroxide Ca(OH) 2(s) calcium oxide CaO (s) calcium sulfate CaSO 4(s) carbon dioxide CO 2(g) carbon monoxide CO (g) chromium(iii) oxide Cr 2 O 3(s) copper(i) oxide Cu 2 O (s) copper(ii) oxide CuO (s) copper(ii) sulfate CuSO 4(s) copper(i) sulfide Cu 2 S (s) 79.5 copper(ii) sulfide CuS (s) 53.1 dinitrogen tetroxide N 2 O 4(g) ethane C 2 H 6(g) 84.0 ethanoic acid (acetic acid) CH 3 COOH (l) ethanol C 2 H 5 OH (l) ethene (ethylene) C 2 H 4(g) ethyne (acetylene) C 2 H 2(g) glucose C 6 H 12 O 6(s) hydrogen bromide HBr (g) 36.3 hydrogen chloride HCl (g) 92.3 hydrogen fluoride HF (g) hydrogen iodide HI (g) hydrogen perchlorate HClO 4(l) 40.6 hydrogen peroxide H 2 O 2(l) hydrogen sulfide H 2 S (g) 20.6 iron(ii) oxide FeO (s) iron(iii) oxide Fe 2 O 3(s) iron(ii,iii) oxide (magnetite) Fe 3 O 4(s) lead(ii) bromide PbBr 2(s) lead(ii) chloride PbCl 2(s) lead(ii) oxide (red) PbO (s) lead(iv) oxide PbO 2(s) magnesium carbonate MgCO 3(s) magnesium chloride MgCl 2(s)

9 Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation at K, con t. Name Formula H f (kj/mol) magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH) 2(s) magnesium oxide MgO (s) magnesium sulfate MgSO 4(s) manganese(ii) oxide MnO (s) manganese(iv) oxide MnO 2(s) mercury(ii) oxide (red) HgO (s) 90.8 mercury(ii) sulfide (red) HgS (s) 58.2 methanal (formaldehyde) CH 2 O (g) methane CH 4(g) 74.6 methanoic acid (formic acid) HCOOH (l) methanol CH 3 OH (l) nickel(ii) oxide NiO (s) nitric acid HNO 3(l) nitrogen dioxide NO 2(g) nitrogen monoxide NO (g) octane C 8 H 18(l) pentane C 5 H 12(l) phosphorus pentachloride PCl 5(s) phosphorus trichloride (liquid) PCl 3(l) phosphorus trichloride (vapour) PCl 3(g) potassium bromide KBr (s) potassium chlorate KClO 3(s) potassium chloride KCl (s) potassium hydroxide KOH (s) propane C 3 H 8(g) silicon dioxide (α-quartz) SiO 2(s) silver bromide AgBr (s) silver chloride AgCl (s) silver iodide AgI (s) 61.8 sodium bromide NaBr (s) sodium chloride NaCl (s) sodium hydroxide NaOH (s) sodium iodide NaI (s) sucrose C 12 H 22 O 11(s) sulfur dioxide SO 2(g) sulfuric acid H 2 SO 4(l) sulfur trioxide (liquid) SO 3(l) sulfur trioxide (vapour) SO 3(g) tin(ii) chloride SnCl 2(s) tin(iv) chloride SnCl 4(l) tin(ii) oxide SnO (s) tin(iv) oxide SnO 2(s) water (liquid) H 2 O (l) water (vapour) H 2 O (g) zinc oxide ZnO (s) zinc sulfide (sphalerite) ZnS (s)

10 Solubility of Some Common Ionic Compounds in Water at K Ion Group 1 NH 4 + H 3 O + (H + ) ClO 3 NO 3 ClO 4 CH 3 COO Cl Br I SO 4 2 S 2 OH 2 SO 3 3 PO 4 CO 3 2 Solubility greater than or equal to 0.1 mol/l (very soluble) all all most most most Group 1 Group 2 + NH 4 Group 1 NH 4 + Sr Ba Tl + Group 1 NH 4 + Solubility less than 0.1 mol/l (slightly soluble) none none Ag + Ag + Hg + Pb Hg + Cu + Tl + Ca Sr Ba Ra Pb Ag + most most most Flame Colours of Elements Element Symbol Colour lithium Li red sodium Na yellow potassium K violet rubidium Rb violet cesium Cs violet calcium Ca red strontium Sr red barium Ba yellow-green copper Cu blue-green boron B green lead Pb blue-white 8

11 Table of Selected Standard Electrode Potentials * Reduction Half-Reaction Electrical Potential (V) E F 2(g) +2e 2F (aq) PbO 2(s) +SO 4 (aq) +4H + (aq) +2e PbSO 4(s) +2H 2 O (l) MnO 4 (aq) +8H + (aq) +5e Mn (aq) +4H 2 O (l) Au (aq) +3e Au (s) ClO 4 (aq) +8H + (aq) +8e Cl (aq) +4H 2 O (l) Cl 2(g) +2e 2Cl (aq) HNO 2(aq) +4H + (aq) +4e N 2 O (g) +3H 2 O (l) Cr 2 O 7 (aq) +14H + (aq) +6e 2Cr (aq) +7H 2 O (l) O 2(g) +4H + (aq) +4e 2H 2 O (l) MnO 2(aq) +4H + (aq) +2e Mn (aq) +2H 2 O (l) Br 2(l) +2e 2Br (aq) Hg (aq) +2e Hg (l) OCl (aq) +H 2 O (l) +2e Cl (aq) +2OH (aq) NO 3 (aq) +4H + (aq) +2e N 2 O 4(g) +2H 2 O (l) Ag + (aq) +e Ag (s) Fe (aq) +e Fe (aq) O 2(g) +2H + (aq) +2e H 2 O 2(l) I 2(s) +2e 2I (aq) O 2(g) +2H 2 O (l) +4e 4OH (aq) Cu (aq) +2e Cu (s) SO 4 (aq) +4H + (aq) +2e H 2 SO 3(aq) +H 2 O (l) Sn 4+ (aq) +2e Sn (aq) S (s) +2H + (aq) +2e H 2 S (aq) AgBr (s) +e Ag (s) +Br (aq) H + (aq) +2e H 2(g) Pb (aq) +2e Pb (s) Sn (aq) +2e Sn (s) AgI (s) +e Ag (s) + I (aq) Ni (aq) +2e Ni (s) Co (aq) +2e Co (s) PbSO 4(s) +2e 2 Pb (s) +SO 4 (aq) Se (s) +2H + (aq) +2e H 2 Se (aq) Cd (aq) +2e Cd (s) Cr (aq) +e Cr (aq) Fe (aq) +2e Fe (s) NO 2 (aq) +H 2 O (l) +e NO (g) +2OH (aq) Ag 2 S (s) +2e 2Ag (s) +S 2 (aq) Zn (aq) +2e Zn (s) H 2 O (l) +2e H 2(g) +2OH (aq) Cr (aq) +2e Cr (s) Se (s) +2e Se 2 (aq) SO 4 (aq) +H 2 O (l) +2e 2 SO 3 (aq) +2OH (aq) Al (aq) +3e Al (s) Mg (aq) +2e Mg (s) Na + (aq) +e Na (s) Ca (aq) +2e Ca (s) Ba (aq) +2e Ba (s) K + (aq) +e K (s) Li + (aq) +e Li (s) *For 1.0 mol/l solutions at K (25 C) and a pressure of kpa 9

12 Indicator AcidBase Indicators at K Suggested Abbreviation(s) ph Range Colour Change As ph Increases K a methyl violet HMv (aq) /Mv (aq) yellow to blue ~ 10 1 cresol red H 2 Cr (aq) /HCr (aq) red to yellow ~10 1 HCr (aq) /Cr 2 (aq) yellow to red thymol blue H 2 Tb (aq) /HTb (aq) red to yellow 10 2 HTb (aq) /Tb2 (aq) yellow to blue orange IV HOr (aq) /Or (aq) red to yellow ~ 10 2 methyl orange HMo (aq) /Mo (aq) red to yellow bromocresol green HBg (aq) /Bg (aq) yellow to blue methyl red HMr (aq) /Mr (aq) red to yellow chlorophenol red HCh (aq) /Ch (aq) yellow to red bromothymol blue HBb (aq) /Bb (aq) yellow to blue phenol red HPr (aq) /Pr (aq) yellow to red phenolphthalein HPh (aq) /Ph (aq) colourless to pink thymolphthalein HTh (aq) /Th (aq) colourless to blue alizarin yellow R HAy (aq) /Ay (aq) yellow to red indigo carmine HIc (aq) /Ic (aq) blue to yellow ~ ,3,5trinitrobenzene HNb (aq) /Nb (aq) colourless to orange ~

13 Acid Name Relative Strengths of Acids And Bases at K Acid Formula 11 Conjugate Base Formula perchloric acid HClO 4(aq) ClO 4 (aq) very large hydroiodic acid HI (aq) I (aq) very large hydrobromic acid HBr (aq) Br (aq) very large hydrochloric acid HCl (aq) Cl (aq) very large sulfuric acid H 2 SO 4(aq) HSO 4 (aq) very large nitric acid HNO 3(aq) NO 3 (aq) very large hydronium ion H 3 O + (aq) H 2 O (l) 1 oxalic acid HOOCCOOH (aq) HOOCCOO (aq) sulfurous acid (SO 2 +H 2 O) H 2 SO 3(aq) HSO 3 (aq) hydrogen sulfate ion HSO 4 (aq) SO 4 2 (aq) orange IV HOr (aq) Or (aq) ~ 10 2 phosphoric acid H 3 PO 4(aq) H 2 PO 4 (aq) nitrous acid HNO 2(aq) NO 2 (aq) citric acid H 3 C 6 H 5 O 7(aq) H 2 C 6 H 5 O 7 (aq) hydrofluoric acid HF (aq) F (aq) methanoic acid HCOOH (aq) HCOO (aq) methyl orange HMo (aq) Mo (aq) ~ 10 4 hydrogen oxalate ion HOOCCOO (aq) OOCCOO 2 (aq) ascorbic acid C 6 H 8 O 6(aq) C 6 H 7 O 6 (aq) benzoic acid C 6 H 5 COOH (aq) C 6 H 5 COO (aq) ethanoic (acetic) acid CH 3 COOH (aq) CH 3 COO (aq) dihydrogen citrate ion H 2 C 6 H 5 O 7 (aq) HC 6 H 5 O 7 2 (aq) carbonic acid (CO 2 +H 2 O) H 2 CO 3(aq) HCO 3 (aq) hydrogen citrate ion HC 6 H 5 O 7 2 (aq) C 6 H 5 O 7 3 (aq) bromothymol blue HBb (aq) Bb (aq) ~ 10 7 hydrosulfuric acid H 2 S (aq) HS (aq) hydrogen sulfite ion HSO 3 (aq) SO 3 2 (aq) dihydrogen phosphate ion H 2 PO 4 (aq) HPO 4 2 (aq) hypochlorous acid HOCl (aq) OCl (aq) phenolphthalein HPh (aq) Ph (aq) ~ hydrocyanic acid HCN (aq) CN (aq) ammonium ion NH 4 + (aq) NH 3(aq) hydrogen carbonate ion HCO 3 (aq) CO 3 2 (aq) hydrogen ascorbate ion C 6 H 7 O 6 (aq) C 6 H 6 O 6 2 (aq) indigo carmine HIc (aq) Ic (aq) ~ hydrogen phosphate ion HPO 4 2 (aq) PO 4 3 (aq) water (55.5 mol/l) H 2 O (l) OH (aq) Note: An approximation may be used when the concentration of the acid is 1000 times greater than the K a. K a

14 Colours of Common Aqueous Ions Solution Concentration Ionic Species 1.0 mol/l mol/l chromate yellow pale yellow chromium(iii) blue-green green chromium(ii) dark blue pale blue cobalt(ii) red pink copper(i) blue-green pale blue-green copper(ii) blue pale blue dichromate orange pale orange iron(ii) lime green colourless iron(iii) orange-yellow pale yellow manganese(ii) pale pink colourless nickel(ii) blue-green pale blue-green permanganate deep purple purple-pink 12

15 Notes:...

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