APPENDIX. Definitions of the SI Base Units

Μέγεθος: px

Εμφάνιση ξεκινά από τη σελίδα:

Download "APPENDIX. Definitions of the SI Base Units"

θάνα Γούναρης
5 χρόνια πριν
Προβολές:

1 APPENDIX 231 Appendix I Definitions of the SI Base Units Metre (m): The metre is the length of path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/ of a second (17 th CGPM, 1983). Kilogram (kg): The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram (3 rd CGPM, 1901). Second (s): The second is the duration of periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom (13 th CGPM, 1967). Ampere (A): The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 metre apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to Newton per metre of length (9 th CGPM, 1948). Kelvin (K): The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/ of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water (13 th CGPM, 1967). Mole (mol): The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in kilogram of carbon-12. When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles (14 th CGPM, 1971). Candela (cd): The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of (1/683) watt per steradian (16 th CGPM, 1979). (The symbols listed here are internationally agreed and should not be changed in other languages or scripts).

2 232 CHEMISTRY Appendix II Elements, their Atomic Number and Molar Mass Element Symbol Atomic Molar Number mass/ (g mol 1 ) Actinium Ac Aluminium Al Americium Am 95 (243) Antimony Sb Argon Ar Arsenic As Astatine At Barium Ba Berkelium Bk 97 (247) Beryllium Be Bismuth Bi Bohrium Bh 107 (264) Boron B Bromine Br Cadmium Cd Caesium Cs Calcium Ca Californium Cf Carbon C Cerium Ce Chlorine Cl Chromium Cr Cobalt Co Copper Cu Curium Cm Dubnium Db 105 (263) Dysprosium Dy Einsteinium Es 99 (252) Erbium Er Europium Eu Fermium Fm 100 (257.10) Fluorine F Francium Fr 87 (223) Gadolinium Gd Gallium Ga Germanium Ge Gold Au Hafnium Hf Hassium Hs 108 (269) Helium He Holmium Ho Hydrogen H Indium In Iodine I Iridium Ir Iron Fe Krypton Kr Lanthanum La Lawrencium Lr 103 (262.1) Lead Pb Lithium Li Lutetium Lu Magnesium Mg Manganese Mn Meitneium Mt 109 (268) Mendelevium Md Element Symbol Atomic Molar Number mass/ (g mol 1 ) Mercury Hg Molybdenum Mo Neodymium Nd Neon Ne Neptunium Np 93 (237.05) Nickel Ni Niobium Nb Nitrogen N Nobelium No 102 (259) Osmium Os Oxygen O Palladium Pd Phosphorus P Platinum Pt Plutonium Pu 94 (244) Polonium Po Potassium K Praseodymium Pr Promethium Pm 61 (145) Protactinium Pa Radium Ra 88 (226) Radon Rn 86 (222) Rhenium Re Rhodium Rh Rubidium Rb Ruthenium Ru Rutherfordium Rf 104 (261) Samarium Sm Scandium Sc Seaborgium Sg 106 (266) Selenium Se Silicon Si Silver Ag Sodium Na Strontium Sr Sulphur S Tantalum Ta Technetium Tc 43 (98.91) Tellurium Te Terbium Tb Thallium Tl Thorium Th Thulium Tm Tin Sn Titanium Ti Tungsten W Ununbium Uub 112 (277) Ununnilium Uun 110 (269) Unununium Uuu 111 (272) Uranium U Vanadium V Xenon Xe Ytterbium Yb Yttrium Y Zinc Zn Zirconium Zr The value given in parenthesis is the molar mass of the isotope of largest known half-life.

3 APPENDIX 233 Appendix III A. Specific and Molar Heat Capacities for Some Substances at 298 K and one Atmospheric Pressure Substance Specific Heat Capacity Molar Heat Capacity (J/g) (J/mol) air water (liquid) ammonia (gas) hydrogen chloride hydrogen bromide ammonia (liquid) ethyl alcohol (liquid) ethylene glycol (liquid) water (solid) carbon tetrachloride (liquid) chlorofluorocarbon (CCl F ) ozone neon chlorine bromine iron copper aluminium gold graphite B. Molar Heat Capacities for Some Gases (J/mol) Gas C p C v C p - C v C p / C v Monatomic* helium argon iodine mercury Diatomic hydrogen oxygen nitrogen hydrogen chloride carbon monoxide Triatomic nitrous oxide carbon dioxide Polyatomic ethane *Translational kinetic energy only. Translational, vibrational and rotational energy.

4 234 CHEMISTRY Appendix IV Physical Constants Quantity Symbol Traditional Units SI Units Acceleration of gravity g cm/s m/s Atomic mass unit (1/12 amu g kg the mass of 12 C atom) or u Avogadro constant N A particles/mol particles/mol Bohr radius a o C m cm Boltzmann constant k erg/k J/K Charge-to-mass e/m l0 8 coulomb/g C/kg ratio of electron Electronic charge e coulomb C esu Electron rest mass m e g kg u Faraday constant F 96,487 coulombs/eq 96,487 C/mol e kcal/volt. eq 96,487 J/V.mol e - Latm Gas constant R mol K cal mol K 3 kpa dm mol K J/mol.K Molar volume (STP) V m L/mol m 3 /mol dm 3 /mol Neutron rest mass m n g kg u Planck constant h ergs J s Proton rest mass m p g kg u Rydberg constant R cycles/s m erg J Speed of light c cm/s m/s (in a vacuum) (186,281 miles/second) π = R = cal/mol K = J/mol K e = RT (at 25 C) = 1364 cal/mol = 5709 J/mol ln X = log X

5 APPENDIX 235 Appendix V Common Unit of Mass and Weight 1 pound = grams 1 pound = grams = kilogram 1 kilogram = 1000 grams = pounds 1 gram = 10 decigrams = 100 centigrams = 1000 milligrams 1 gram = atomic mass units or u 1 atomic mass unit = gram 1 metric tonne = 1000 kilograms = 2205 pounds Common Unit of Volume 1 quart = litre 1 litre = quarts 1 litre = 1 cubic decimetre = 1000 cubic centimetres = cubic metre 1 millilitre = 1 cubic centimetre = litre = quart 1 cubic foot = litres = quarts = gallons Common Units of Energy 1 joule = ergs Some Useful Conversion Factors 1 thermochemical calorie** = joules = ergs = litre-atmospheres = electron volts 1 ergs = joule = calorie 1 electron volt = joule = erg = kj/mol 1 litre-atmosphere = calories = joules = ergs 1 British thermal unit = joules = ergs = calories Common Units of Length 1 inch = 2.54 centimetres (exactly) 1 mile = 5280 feet = kilometres 1 yard = 36 inches = metre 1 metre = 100 centimetres = inches = feet = yards 1 kilometre = 1000 metres = 1094 yards = mile 1 Angstrom = centimetre = 0.10 nanometre = metre = inch Common Units of Force* and Pressure 1 atmosphere = 760 millimetres of mercury = pascals = pounds per square inch 1 bar = 10 5 pascals 1 torr = 1 millimetre of mercury 1 pascal = 1 kg/ms 2 = 1 N/m 2 Temperature SI Base Unit: Kelvin (K) K = C K = C F = 1.8( C) + 32 F 32 C = 1.8 * Force: 1 newton (N) = 1 kg m/s 2, i.e.,the force that, when applied for 1 second, gives a 1-kilogram mass a velocity of 1 metre per second. ** The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water from C to C. Note that the other units are per particle and must be multiplied by to be strictly comparable.

6 236 CHEMISTRY INORGANIC SUBSTANCES Substance Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs Energy of formation, Entropy,* Δ f H J / (kj mol 1 ) Δ f G J / (kj mol 1 ) S J /(J K 1 mol 1 ) Aluminium Al(s) Al 3+ (aq) Al 2 O 3 (s) Al(OH) 3 (s) 1276 AlCl 3 (s) Antimony SbH 3 (g) SbCl 3 (g) SbCl 5 (g) Arsenic As(s), gray As 2 S 3 (s) AsO 3 4 (aq) Barium Ba(s) Ba 2+ (aq) BaO(s) BaCO 3 (s) BaCO 3 (aq) Boron B(s) B 2 O 3 (s) BF 3 (g) Bromine Br 2 (l) Br 2 (g) Br(g) Br (aq) HBr(g) BrF 3 (g) Calcium Thermodynamic Data at 298 K Ca(s) Ca(g) Ca 2+ (aq) Appendix VI (continued)

7 APPENDIX 237 Substance Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs Energy of formation, Entropy,* Δ f H J / (kj mol 1 ) Δ f G J / (kj mol 1 ) S J /(J K 1 mol 1 ) Calcium (continued) CaO(s) Ca(OH) 2 (s) Ca(OH) 2 (aq) CaCO 3 (s), calcite CaCO 3 (s), aragonite CaCO 3 (aq) CaF 2 (s) CaF 2 (aq) CaCl 2 (s) CaCl 2 (aq) CaBr 2 (s) CaC 2 (s) CaS(s) CaSO 4 (s) CaSO 4 (aq) Carbon** C(s), graphite C(s), diamond C(g) CO(g) CO 2 (g) CO 2 3 (aq) CCl 4 (l) CS 2 (l) HCN(g) HCN(l) Cerium Ce(s) Ce 3+ (aq) Ce 4+ (aq) Chlorine Cl 2 (g) Cl(g) Cl (aq) HCl(g) HCl(aq) Copper Cu(s) Cu + (aq) Cu 2+ (aq) Cu 2 O(aq) CuO(s) CuSO 4 (s) CuSO 4.5H 2 O(s) ** For organic compounds, a separate table is provided in continuation. (continued)

8 238 CHEMISTRY Substance Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs Energy of formation, Entropy,* Δ f H J / (kj mol 1 ) Δ f G J / (kj mol 1 ) S J /(J K 1 mol 1 ) Deuterium D 2 (g) D 2 O(g) D 2 O(l) Fluorine F 2 (g) F (aq) HF(g) HF(aq) Hydrogen (see also Deuterium) H 2 (g) H(g) H + (aq) H 2 O(l) H 2 O(g) H 2 O 2 (l) H 2 O 2 (aq) Iodine I 2 (s) I 2 (g) I (aq) HI(g) Iron Fe(s) Fe 2+ (aq) Fe 3+ (aq) Fe 3 O 4 (s), magnetite Fe 2 O 3 (s), haematite FeS(s,α) FeS(aq) 6.9 FeS 2 (s) Lead Pb(s) Pb 2+ (aq) PbO 2 (s) PbSO 4 (s) PbBr 2 (s) PbBr 2 (aq) Magnesium Mg(s) Mg(g) Mg 2+ (aq) MgO(s) MgCO 3 (s) MgBr 2 (s) (continued)

9 APPENDIX 239 Substance Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs Energy of formation, Entropy,* Δ f H J / (kj mol 1 ) Δ f G J / (kj mol 1 ) S J /(J K 1 mol 1 ) Mercury Hg(1) Hg(g) HgO(s) Hg 2 Cl 2 (s) Nitrogen N 2 (g) NO(g) N 2 O(g) NO 2 (g) N 2 O 4 (g) HNO 3 (1) HNO 3 (aq) NO 3 (aq) NH 3 (g) NH 3 (aq) NH + 4 (aq) NH 2 OH(s) HN 3 (g) N 2 H 4 (1) NH 4 NO 3 (s) NH 4 Cl(s) NH 4 ClO 4 (s) Oxygen O 2 (g) O 3 (g) OH (aq) Phosphorus P(s), white P 4 (g) PH 3 (g) P 4 O 10 (s) H 3 PO 3 (aq) H 3 PO 4 (1) H 3 PO 4 (aq) PCl 3 (1) PCl 3 (g) PCl 5 (g) Potassium K(s) K(g) K + (aq) KOH(s) KOH(aq) KF(s) (continued)

10 240 CHEMISTRY Substance Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs Energy of formation, Entropy,* Δ f H J / (kj mol 1 ) Δ f G J / (kj mol 1 ) S J /(J K 1 mol 1 ) Potassium (continued) KCl(s) KBr(s) KI(s) KClO 3 (s) KClO 4 (s) K 2 S(s) K 2 S(aq) Silicon Si(s) SiO 2 (s,α) Silver Ag(s) Ag + (aq) Ag 2 O(s) AgBr(s) AgBr(aq) AgCl(s) AgCl(aq) AgI(s) AgI(aq) AgNO 3 (s) Sodium Na(s) Na(g) Na + (aq) NaOH(s) NaOH(aq) NaCl(s) NaCl(aq) NaBr(s) NaI(s) NaHCO 3 (s) Na 2 CO 3 (s) Sulphur S(s), rhombic S(s), monoclinic S 2 (aq) SO 2 (g) SO 3 (g) H 2 SO 4 (l) H 2 SO 4 (aq) SO 2 4 (aq) H 2 S(g) H 2 S(aq) SF 6 (g) (continued)

11 APPENDIX 241 Substance Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs Energy of formation, Entropy,* Δ f H J / (kj mol 1 ) Δ f G J / (kj mol 1 ) S J /(J K 1 mol 1 ) Tin Sn(s), white Sn(s), gray SnO(s) SnO 2 (s) Zinc Zn(s) Zn 2+ (aq) ZnO(s) Zn(g) *The entropies of individual ions in solution are determined by setting the entropy of H + in water equal to 0 and then defining the entropies of all other ions relative to this value; hence a negative entropy is one that is lower than the entropy of H + in water. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Substance Enthalpy of Enthalpy of Gibbs Energy of combustion, formation, formation, Entropy, Δ c H J / (kj mol 1 ) Δ f H J / (kj mol 1 ) Δ f G J / (kj mol 1 ) S J /(J K 1 mol 1 ) Hydrocarbons CH 4 (g), methane C 2 H 2 (g), ethyne (acetylene) C 2 H 4 (g), ethene(ethylene) C 2 H 6 (g), ethane C 3 H 6 (g), propene (propylene) C 3 H 6 (g), cyclopropane C 3 H 8 (g), propane C 4 H 10 (g), butane C 5 H 12 (g), pentane C 6 H 6 (l), benzene C 6 H 6 (g) 3302 C 7 H 8 (l), toluene C 7 H 8 (g) 3953 C 6 H 12 (l), cyclohexane C 6 H 12 (g), 3953 C 8 H 18 (l), octane Alcohols and phenols CH 3 OH(l), methanol CH 3 OH(g) C 2 H 5 OH(l), ethanol C 2 H 5 OH(g) C 6 H 5 OH(s), phenol (continued)

12 242 CHEMISTRY Substance Enthalpy of Enthalpy of Gibbs Energy of combustion, formation, formation, Entropy, Δ c H J / (kj mol 1 ) Δ f H J / (kj mol 1 ) Δ f G J / (kj mol 1 ) S J /(J K 1 mol 1 ) Carboxylic acid HCOOH(l), formic acid CH 3 COOH(l), acetic acid CH 3 COOH (aq) (COOH) 2 (s), oxalic acid C 6 H 5 COOH(s), benzoic acid Aldehydes and ketones HCHO(g), methanal (formaldehyde) CH 3 CHO(l), ethanal (acetaldehyde) CH 3 CHO(g) CH 3 COCH 3 (l), propanone (acetone) Sugars C 6 H 12 O 6 (s), glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 (aq) 917 C 6 H 12 O 6 (s), fructose C 12 H 22 O 11 (s), sucrose Nitrogen compounds CO(NH 2 ) 2 (s), urea C 6 H 5 NH 2 (l), aniline NH 2 CH 2 COOH(s), glycine CH 3 NH 2 (g), methylamine

13 APPENDIX 243 Appendix VII Standard potentials at 298 K in electrochemical order Reduction half-reaction E J /V H 4 XeO 6 + 2H + + 2e XeO 3 + 3H 2 O +3.0 F 2 + 2e 2F O 3 + 2H + + 2e O 2 + H 2 O S 2 O e 2SO Ag + + e Ag Co 3+ + e Co H 2 O 2 + 2H + + 2e 2H 2 O Au + + e Au Pb e Pb HClO + 2H + + 2e Cl 2 + 2H 2 O Ce 4+ + e Ce HBrO + 2H + + 2e Br 2 + 2H 2 O MnO 4 + 8H + + 5e Mn H 2 O Mn 3+ + e Mn Au e Au Cl 2 + 2e 2Cl Cr 2 O H + + 6e 2Cr H 2 O O 3 + H 2 O + 2e O 2 + 2OH O 2 + 4H + + 4e 2H 2 O ClO + 4 2H+ +2e ClO + 2H O MnO 2 + 4H + + 2e Mn H 2 O Pt e Pt Br 2 + 2e 2Br Pu 4+ + e Pu NO + 3 4H+ + 3e NO + 2H 2 O Hg e Hg ClO + H 2 O + 2e Cl + 2OH Hg e Hg NO + 3 2H+ + e NO 2 + H 2 O Ag + + e Ag Hg e 2Hg Fe 3+ + e Fe BrO + H 2 O + 2e Br + 2OH Hg 2 SO 4 +2e 2Hg + SO MnO e MnO 2 + 4OH MnO 4 + e MnO I 2 + 2e 2I I + 3 2e 3I Reduction half-reaction E J /V Cu + + e Cu NiOOH + H 2 O + e Ni(OH) 2 + OH Ag 2 CrO 4 + 2e 2Ag + CrO O 2 + 2H 2 O + 4e 4OH ClO 4 + H 2 O + 2e ClO 3 + 2OH [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3 + e [Fe(CN) 6 ] Cu e Cu Hg 2 Cl 2 + 2e 2Hg + 2Cl AgCl + e Ag + Cl Bi e Bi SO 4 + 4H + + 2e H 2 SO 3 + H 2 O Cu 2+ + e Cu Sn e Sn AgBr + e Ag + Br Ti 4+ + e Ti H + + 2e H by definition Fe e Fe 0.04 O 2 + H 2 O + 2e HO + 2 OH 0.08 Pb e Pb 0.13 In + + e In 0.14 Sn e Sn 0.14 AgI + e Ag + I 0.15 Ni e Ni 0.23 V 3+ + e V Co e Co 0.28 In e In 0.34 Tl + + e Tl 0.34 PbSO 4 + 2e Pb + SO Ti 3+ + e Ti Cd e Cd 0.40 In 2+ + e In Cr 3+ + e Cr Fe e Fe 0.44 In e In S + 2e S In 3+ + e In U 4+ + e U Cr e Cr 0.74 Zn e Zn 0.76 (continued)

14 244 CHEMISTRY Appendix continued Reduction half-reaction E J /V Reduction half-reaction E J /V Cd(OH) 2 + 2e Cd + 2OH H 2 O + 2e H 2 + 2OH 0.83 Cr e Cr 0.91 Mn e Mn 1.18 V e V 1.19 Ti e Ti 1.63 Al e Al 1.66 U e U 1.79 Sc e Sc 2.09 Mg e Mg 2.36 Ce e Ce 2.48 La e La 2.52 Na + + e Na 2.71 Ca e Ca 2.87 Sr e Sr 2.89 Ba e Ba 2.91 Ra e Ra 2.92 Cs + + e Cs 2.92 Rb + + e Rb 2.93 K + +e K 2.93 Li + + e Li 3.05

Σχετικά έγγραφα

ΜΟΡΙΑΚΟ ΒΑΡΟΣ ΟΡΥΚΤΟΥ (MB)

ΜΟΡΙΑΚΟ ΒΑΡΟΣ ΟΡΥΚΤΟΥ (MB) Oρυκτό: A x B y C z A x B y C z (MB) = x*a (AB) + y*b (AB) + z*c (AB) Κοβελλίνης (Cv): CuS Ατομικά βάρη: Cu=64, S=32 Cv (ΜΒ) = Cu (AB) + S (AB) = 64 + 32 = 96 Χαλκοπυρίτης (Cp):