1 Properties and Applications of Recycled Polymers: An Introduction Introduction... 1

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1 Contents 1 Properties and Applications of Recycled Polymers: An Introduction Introduction Recycled Polymers: Overview of their Reuse in Blends, Composites and Nanocomposites Introduction Homopolymers and Polymer Blends Composites and Nanocomposites Recycled Polymers: Properties and Applications Introduction Polyvinyl Chloride Recycling Application of Nanofillers Overview Nanocomposites from Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate Nanocomposites from Recycled Polypropylene Nanocomposites from Recycled Polyethylene Nanocomposites from Recycled Polyvinyl Chloride Nanocomposites from Other Waste Polymers Evaluation of Interfacial Adhesion by Modelling Mechanical Properties Conclusions and Future Trends ix

2 Recycled Polymers: Properties and Applications, Volume 2 4 A Study on the Creep Model of Polymer Concrete using Recycled Polyester Resin Introduction Experimental Programme Materials Aggregate Mineral Filler Test Set-up Loading and Measurements Creep Model of Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate Polymer Concrete Empirical Models The Time-dependent Function Creep Models Temperature Correction Factor The Stress Correction Factor The Creep Model with Temperature and Stress Factors Mechanical Parameter Model Conclusions Current Applications of Recycled Polyethylene terephthalate Introduction Polyethylene Terephthalate Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate Applications of Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate Applications of Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate in Food Packaging Applications of Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate in Construction Applications of Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate in the Textile Industry x

3 Contents Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate in Textile or Bottle Applications Applications of Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate in Injection Moulding and other Outlets Application of Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate in Wood-Plastic Composites Applications of Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate in Alloys, Blends and Compounds Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate/Polyethylene Alloys Pioneering Applications Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate/Nylon Blends Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate/Polycarbonate Alloys Glass-filled Compounds of Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate Products: Global Market Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate/Clay Nanocomposites as an Improving Factor for Recycling Yet Unsolved Issues Future Expectations Optical Properties of Polyolefins upon Recycling Introduction: Recycling and Optical Properties Isotactic Polypropylene Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Final Comments Enzymatic Degradation as a Method of Polymer Recycling: Limitations and Perspectives Introduction xi

4 Recycled Polymers: Properties and Applications, Volume Aliphatic Polyesters Aliphatic Polyesters from Fossil Resources Poly(ε-caprolactone) Polyethylene Adipate Polybutylene Succinate and Polyethylene Succinate Aliphatic Polyesters from Renewable Resources Polylactic Acid Polyhydroxyalkanoates Aromatic Polyesters and Copolymers of Aliphatic and Aromatic Polyesters Polyethylene Terephthalate Polybutylene Terephthalate Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Polypropylene Terephthalate and Poly(propylene terephthalate-co-adipate) Aromatic Polycarbonates Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene Other Polymers Polyurethanes Fungal Biodegradation Bacterial Biodegradation Degradation of Polyurethane by Polyurethanase and other Enzymes Polyamides and Polyimides Polystyrene Polyvinyl Alcohol xii

5 Contents 8 Methods of Plastic Waste Management for the Conversion of Waste Plastics into Fuel Introduction Types of Plastic Waste Recyclable Plastic Nonrecyclable Plastic Recycling Categories Primary Recycling Secondary Recycling Tertiary Recycling Quaternary Recycling Methods of Converting Plastic into Fuel Thermolysis Thermal Conversion Gasification Technology Pyrolysis/Thermal Degradation (Thermal Cracking of Polymers in Inert Atmospheres) Mechanism of Thermal Degradation Catalytic Cracking Hydrocracking Catalytic Cracking Mechanism of Catalytic Degradation Method Process Assembly Plastic Preheating and Filtration Heating and Catalyst Mixing Reaction in Vessels Vapour Condensation Condensate to Tankage Noncondensable to Reignition Waste Reclamation xiii

6 Recycled Polymers: Properties and Applications, Volume Coprocessing of Plastic Waste as an Alternative Fuel and Raw Material Summary Advanced Method for the Application of Recycled Polymers: Functionalisation of Recycled Polymers Introduction Plastics Plastic Wastes and Their Utilisation The Problem of Waste Plastic Mechanical Recycling and its Solution Improving the Properties of Polymer Blends using Compatibilisers Physical-chemical Background of Compatibilisation Improving Compatibility through Process Parameters Grafting Compatibilisation Reactive Compatibilisation Compatibilisation by Silane-based Compounds Application of Polyakenyl Polymaleic Anhydride-based Coupling Agents Applications Synthetic Binders from Recycled Polymers as a New Resource Introduction Use of Colourable Synthetic Binders Components of Synthetic Binders Characterisation of Synthetic Binders Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Characterisation of the Synthetic Binders Rheological Behaviour The Influence of Binary Blends on Rheology xiv

7 Contents Differential Scanning Calorimetry Modelling of Synthetic Binders Technological Tests Microstructure Conclusions Abbreviations Index xv

8 Recycled Polymers: Properties and Applications, Volume 2 xvi

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