A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE 1. Introduction PRONUNCIATION DRILLS

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1 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE 1 Introduction PRONUNCIATION DRILLS This part of the unit does not have any written exercises. Its purpose is to provide us with several examples of Greek words in order to practice pronunciation. ACCENT DRILLS I. 1. λύω, λύομεν, λύετε, λυέτω, λῦσον 2. παιδεύω, ἐπαίδευον, παιδεύσεις, παίδευσον, παίδευσαι/παιδεῦσαι 3. διδάσκει, δίδασκε, δίδαξον, διδάξω 4. τάττειν, τάττομεν, ταττόντων, τάττῃς, τάττε 5. βλάψῃς, βλάψομεν, ἐβλάβην 6. ἔπεισα, ἐπείσατε, πείσωμεν, ἐπείσθην 7. δουλεύεις, ἐδούλευον, ἐδουλεύετε 8. κλέπτω, κλέψεις, ἔκλεπτον, ἐκλέπτετε 9. ἀγγέλλω, ἤγγελλον, ἠγγέλλετε 10. ἔλθῃς, ἦλθον, ἤλθετε II. 1. Σωκράτης, Σωκράτους, Σωκράτει, Σωκράτη 2. ἄγγελος, ἀγγέλου, ἀγγέλῳ, ἄγγελον, ἀγγέλους 3. φιλία, φιλίαν, φιλίαι, φιλίαις, φιλίας 4. φίλος, φίλου, φίλῳ, φίλοι, φίλους 5. λῦμα, λύματος, λύματι, λυμάτων, λύματα 6. πόλεμος, πολέμου, πολέμῳ, πόλεμον, πολέμων, πολέμοις 7. ξένος, ξένου, ξένῳ, ξένον, ξένοι, ξένους 8. ἆθλον, ἄθλου, ἆθλα, ἄθλων, ἄθλοις 9. ζῷον, ζῴου, ζῴῳ, ζῷα, ζῴοις 10. ἀρετή, ἀρετήν, ἀρεταί, ἀρετάς 11. δημοκρατία, δημοκρατίᾳ, δημοκρατίαν, δημοκρατίαις 12. εἰρήνη, εἰρήνης, εἰρήνην, εἰρήναις 13. ἄδικος, ἀδίκου, ἄδικον, ἀδίκων, ἄδικα 14. στέφανος, στεφάνου, στέφανον, στεφάνοις 15. ἀνάξιος, ἀναξίου, ἀναξίων, ἀνάξια, ἀνάξιε 16. δῆμος, δήμου, δήμῳ, δῆμον, δήμους 17. γέφυρα, γεφύρας, γέφυραν, γεφύραις 18. μοῖρα, μοίρας, μοίρᾳ, μοῖραν, μοίραις 19. βουλή, βουλήν, βουλαί, βουλάς 20. θάλαττα, θαλάττης, θάλατταν, θαλάτταις

2 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE 2 ACCENT EXERCISES I. 1. ἦρξαν, ἤρξατε, ἄρξῃς, ἄρξετε, ἄρξητε, ἀρξάτω 2. ἔβαλον, ἐβάλομεν, βάλω, βάλε, ἔβαλε, ἐβάλετε 3. ἐδύνατο, ἐδυνάμεθα, ἐδύνασθε, ἐδύνω 4. ἀγγέλλεις, ἀγγέλλετε, ἤγγειλα, ἠγγέλθην, ἠγγείλατε 5. ἐδέχετο, ἐδεχόμεθα, ἐδέχου, ἐδέχεσθε 6. ἔκρινα, ἐκρίνατε, κρῖνε, κρίνατε, κρῖνον, κρίνω 7. γιγνόμεθα, ἐγίγνετο, γιγνέσθω, ἐγίγνοντο 8. ἕλωσιν, ἕλῃς, εἷλον, εἵλετε 9. ἔδοξα, ἐδόξατε, ἐδόξαμεν, δόξῃς, δόξητε 10. ἤκουσα, ἤκουσας, ἠκούσαμεν, ἠκούσατε 11. ἐλαύνω, ἔλαυνε, ἐλαύνετε, ἤλαυνον, ἠλαύνετε 12. ἀπώλεσα, ἀπωλέσατε, ἀπώλεσαν, ἀπολέσῃς 13. ἐδίδαξα, ἐδιδάξατε, διδάξω, διδάξεις, διδάξετε 14. βούλῃ, βουλέσθω, βούλεσθε, ἐβούλου 15. ἑσπόμην, ἕσπου, ἕσπετο, ἑπόμεθα 16. εὕρω, ηὗρον, εὕρομεν, ηὕρετε 17. ἔθαψα, ἐθάψατε, ἔθαψαν, θάψητε, θαψάτω 18. θύω, θῦε, θύετε, θυέτω, θῦσον, θύσατε, θυσάτω 19. ἔδειξα, ἐδείξατε, ἔδειξαν, δείξω, δείξωσιν 20. γέγραφα, γεγράφατε, ἐγεγράφη, ἐγεγράφετε II. 1. δίκη, δίκης, δίκην, δίκαι 2. ἡμέτερος, ἡμετέρα, ἡμέτερα, ἡμετέρων 3. ἀθάνατος, ἀθανάτου, ἀθανάτοις, ἀθάνατον 4. ζωγράφος, ζωγράφου, ζωγράφοι, ζωγράφων 5. τράπεζα, τραπέζης, τραπέζῃ, τράπεζαν, τραπέζας 6. νῆσος, νήσῳ, νῆσον, νήσους 7. δοῦλος, δούλῳ, δοῦλον, δούλοις 8. δαίμων, δαίμονος, δαίμονι, δαιμόνων, δαίμονα, δαῖμον 9. κῆρυξ, κήρυκος, κήρυκι, κηρύκων, κήρυξιν 10. ἀδελφός, ἀδελφόν, ἀδελφοί, ἀδελφούς 11. ἐλεύθερος, ἐλευθέρου, ἐλεύθερα, ἐλευθέρα 12. πρᾶγμα, πράγματος, πραγμάτων, πράγμασι 13. ἥττων, ἧττον, ἥττω, ἥττοσιν 14. δῆλος, δήλη, δήλαις, δῆλα 15. θυσία, θυσίαν, θυσίαι, θυσίαις 16. ἀγών, ἀγῶνος, ἀγῶνι, ἀγώνων, ἀγῶσι

3 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE κρείττων, κρεῖττον, κρείττονος, κρειττόνων 18. τάχιστος, ταχίστην, ταχίστους, τάχιστα 19. αἴξ, αἶγας, αἶγες, αἶγα 20. δόξα, δόξης, δόξαν, δόξαι 21. σωτήρ, σωτῆρος, σωτῆρι, σωτήρων 22. ἔμπειρος, ἐμπείρῳ, ἐμπείροις, ἔμπειρα 23. γῆ, γῆς, γῇ, γῆν 24. τέχνη, τέχνης, τέχναι, τέχνας 25. Ἀθηναῖος, Ἀθηναίας, Ἀθηναῖα, Ἀθηναίαις 26. σώφρων, σῶφρον, σώφρονα, σωφρόνων 27. ψυχή, ψυχήν, ψυχαί, ψυχάς 28. ὕστερος, ὑστέρου, ὕστερα, ὑστέρῳ 29. χώρα, χώρας, χώραν, χώραις 30. χρόνος, χρόνου, χρόνῳ, χρόνον 31. αἰτία, αἰτίᾳ, αἰτίαι, αἰτίαις 32. φάλαγξ, φάλαγγος, φαλάγγων, φάλαγξιν 33. ψεῦδος, ψεύδους, ψεύδει, ψεύδεσιν 34. δουλεία, δουλείας, δουλείᾳ, δουλείαν 35. χείρων, χεῖρον, χείρονος, χειρόνων 36. θέατρον, θεάτρου, θέατρα, θεάτροις 37. ἀλήθεια, ἀληθείας, ἀλήθειαν 38. φόβος, φόβου, φόβῳ, φόβοι 39. χορός, χοροί, χορόν, χορούς, χορέ 40. Λακεδαιμόνιος, Λακεδαιμονίᾳ, Λακεδαιμόνια 41. χρῆμα, χρήματος, χρημάτων, χρήμασι PRONUNCIATION EXERCISE 5 10 Καὶ οὕτως, ὦ Γλαύκων, μῦθος ἐσώθη καὶ ἡμᾶς ἂν σώσειεν, ἂν πειθώμεθα αὐτῷ καὶ τὸν τῆς Λήθης ποταμὸν εὖ διαβησόμεθα καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν οὐδαμῶς μιανθησόμεθα. ἀλλὰ ἂν ἐμοὶ πειθώμεθα, νομίζοντες ἀθάνατον ψυχὴν καὶ δυνατὴν πάντα μὲν κακὰ φέρειν, πάντα δὲ ἀγαθά, τῆς ἄνω ὁδοῦ ἀεὶ ἑξόμεθα καὶ δικαιοσύνην παντὶ τρόπῳ ἐπιτηδεύσομεν, ἵνα καὶ ἡμῖν αὐτοῖς φίλοι ὦμεν καὶ τοῖς θεοῖς, αὐτοῦ μένοντες ἐνθάδε καὶ ἐπειδὰν τὰ ἆθλα αὐτῆς κομιζώμεθα, νικηφόροι περιιόντες, καὶ ἐνθάδε καὶ τῇ χιλιέτει πορείᾳ, ἣν διεληλύθαμεν, εὖ πράττωμεν.

4 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE 4 Unit 1 DRILLS I. (a) 1. τέχναι: fem., pl., nom., art possibly used as a verb s subject or, τέχναι: fem., pl., voc., art possibly used in direct address 2. ψυχήν: fem., sg., acc., soul possibly used as a verb s direct object 3. τεχνῶν: fem., pl., gen., of arts 4. ἀγοράς: fem., pl., acc., markets possiblly used as a verb s direct object 5. ἀγορᾶς: fem., sg., gen., of a/the market 6. ψυχαῖς: fem., pl., dat., for souls 7. τέχνῃ: fem., sg., dat., for an art 8. χώρα: fem., sg., nom., country possibly used as a verb s subject or, χώρα: fem., sg., voc., country used in direct address 9. ἀγορᾷ: fem., sg., dat., to a/the market 10. τέχνας: fem., pl., acc., arts possibly used as a verb s direct object 11. λόγων: masc., pl., gen., of words 12. ἀνθρώποις: masc., pl., dat., for people 13. ἄνθρωπον: masc., sg., acc., a man possibly used as a verb s direct object 14. λόγῳ: masc., sg., acc., by word 15. ἔργα: neut., pl., nom., works possibly used as a verb s subject or, ἔργα: neut., pl., acc., works possibly used as a verb s direct object 16. ἀδελφοῦ: masc., sg., gen., of a brother 17. λόγον: masc., sg., acc., a word possibly used as a verb s direct object 18. δῶρον: neut., sg., nom., a gift possibly used as a verb s subject or, δῶρον: neut., sg., acc., a gift possibly used as a verb s direct object or, δῶρον: neut., sg., voc., gift used in direct address 19. ἀδελφοί: masc., pl., nom., people possibly used as a verb s subject or, ἀδελφοί: masc., pl., voc., people used in direct address 20. ἔργων: neut., pl., gen., of deeds 21. χώρας: fem., sg., gen., of a country or, χώρας: fem., acc., pl., countries possibly used as a verb s direct object 22. δώροις: neut., pl., dat., for gifts 23. ἄνθρωπε: masc., sg., voc., man used in direct address 24. ἀδελφοῖς: masc., pl., dat., for men 25. δῶρα: neut., pl., nom., gifts possibly used as a verb s subject or, δῶρα: neut., pl., voc., gifts used in direct address

5 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE 5 (b) 1. τέχναι τέχνη or, τέχναι τέχνη 2. ψυχήν ψυχάς 3. τεχνῶν τέχνης 4. ἀγοράς ἀγορήν 5. ἀγορᾶς ἀγορῶν 6. ψυχαῖς ψυχῇ 7. τέχνῃ τέχναις 8. χώρα χῶραι or, χώρα χῶραι 9. ἀγορᾷ ἀγοραῖς 10. τέχνας τέχνην 11. λόγων λόγου 12. ἀνθρώποις ἀνθρώπῳ 13. ἄνθρωπον ἀνθρώπους 14. λόγῳ λόγοις 15. ἔργα ἔργον or, ἔργα ἔργον 16. ἀδελφοῦ ἀδελφῶν 17. λόγον λόγους 18. δῶρον δῶρα or, δῶρον δῶρα or, δῶρον δῶρα 19. ἀδελφοί ἀδελφός or, ἀδελφοί ἄδελφε 20. ἔργων ἔργου 21. χώρας χωρῶν or, χώρας χώραν 22. δώροις δώρῳ 23. ἄνθρωπε ἄνθρωποι 24. ἀδελφοῖς ἀδελφῷ 25. δῶρα δῶρον or, δῶρα δῶρον II. 1. Ὅμηρος Ὁμήρου Ὅμηρον Long ultima draws the accent from the antepenult. 2. θεός θεῷ θεοί Long vowel in ultima changes acute to circumflex. Ending -οι is not regarded as long in normal noun endings. 3. νῆσος νήσῳ νῆσοι Circumflex cannot stand on the penult if the ultima is long. 4. βιβλίον βιβλίων βιβλία Noun accents are persistent. 5. τέχνη τεχνῶν τέχναις Genitive plural always takes the circumflex on the ultima in first-declension nouns. 6. χώρα χῶραι χωρῶν Accented long vowel in penult takes circumflex when the ultima is short Genitive plural always takes the circumflex on the ultima in first-declension nouns. 7. ἀγορά ἀγοραῖς ἀγορᾶς, ἀγοράς Long vowels in the ultima normally take circumflex when accented, except in the case of the accusative plural of the first and second declension. 8. ἀδελφός ἀδελφῶν ἀδελφούς Long vowels in the ultima normally take circumflex when accented, except in the case of the accusative plural of the first and second declension.

6 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE 6 9. δῶρον δώρου δῶρα Penult with circumflex becomes acute when the ultima is long. 10. ψυχή ψυχαί ψυχαῖς Long vowels in the ultima normally take circumflex when accented. III. (a) 1. ἀδελφός, ἀδελφοῦ, ἀδελφῷ, ἀδελφόν, ὦ ἄδελφε ἀδελφοί, ἀδελφῶν, ἀδελφοῖς, ἀδελφούς, ὦ ἀδελφοί 2. ψυχή, ψυχῆς, ψυχῇ, ψυχήν, ψυχή, ὦ ψυχή ψυχαί, ψυχῶν, ψυχαῖς, ψυχάς, ψυχαί, ὦ ψυχαί 3. ἡ χώρα, τῆς χώρας, τῇ χώρᾳ, τὴν χώραν, ὦ χώρα αἱ χῶραι, τῶν χωρῶν, ταῖς χώραις, τὰς χώρας, ὦ χῶραι 4. τὸ δῶρον, τοῦ δώρου, τῷ δώρῳ, τὸ δῶρον, ὦ δῶρον τὰ δῶρα, τῶν δώρων, τοῖς δώροις, τὰ δῶρα, ὦ δῶρα 5. ὁ ἄνθρωπος, τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ, τὸν ἄνθρωπον, ὦ ἄνθρωπε οἱ ἄνθρωποι, τῶν ἀνθρώπων, τοῖς ἀνθρώποις, τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, ὦ ἄνθρωποι 6. ἡ ὁδός, τῆς ὁδοῦ, τῇ ὁδῷ, τὴν ὁδόν, ὦ ὁδέ αἱ ὁδοί, τῶν ὁδῶν, ταῖς ὁδοῖς, τὰς ὁδούς, ὦ ὁδοί (b) 1. ἀδελφός, ἀδελφοί, nom.; ἀδελφοῦ, ἀδελφῶν, gen.; ἀδελφῷ, ἀδελφοῖς, dat.; ἀδελφόν, ἀδελφούς, acc.; ἄδελφε, ἀδελφοί, voc. 2. ψυχή, ψυχαί, nom.; ψυχῆς, ψυχῶν, gen.; ψυχῇ, ψυχαῖς, dat.; ψυχήν, ψυχάς, acc.; ψυχή, ψυχαί, voc. 3. ἡ χώρα, αἱ χῶραι, nom.; τῆς χώρας, τῶν χωρῶν, gen.; τῇ χώρᾳ, ταῖς χώραις, dat.; τὴν χώραν, τὰς χώρας, acc.; ὦ χώρα, ὦ χῶραι, voc. 4. τὸ δῶρον, τὰ δῶρα, nom.; τοῦ δώρου, τῶν δώρων, gen.; τῷ δώρῳ, τοῖς δώροις, dat.; τὸ δῶρον, τὰ δῶρα, acc.; ὦ δῶρον, ὦ δῶρα, voc. 5. ὁ ἄνθρωπος, οἱ ἄνθρωποι, nom.; τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, τῶν ἀνθρώπων, gen.; τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ, τοῖς ἀνθρώποις, dat.; τὸν ἄνθρωπον, τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, acc.; ὦ ἄνθρωπε, ὦ ἄνθρωποι, voc. 6. ἡ ὁδός, αἱ ὁδοί, nom.; τῆς ὁδοῦ, τῶν ὁδῶν, gen.; τῇ ὁδῷ, ταῖς ὁδοῖς, dat.; τὴν ὁδόν, τὰς ὁδούς, acc.; ὦ ὁδέ, ὦ ὁδοί, voc. IV. 1. the brothers (d.o.) 2. on the island 3. on islands 4. skills 5. in a/the market 6. of brothers 7. the brother s soul 8. the soul of Homer 9. in deed 10. the brothers gifts 11. the gifts of the brothers 12. the gifts for the brothers 13. gifts for the brothers 14. the brothers gifts for the people 15. the people s gifts for the gods 16. the gifts for the brothers [who are] in the market 17. Homer educates [his] brother.

7 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE The brother sends the gifts to the islands. EXERCISES I. 1. Homer educates the man. 2. Homer s brother educates the man. 3. The man educates Homer. 4. Homer educates the people. 5. Homer educates the people in the market. 6. Homer s brother educates the people in the market. 7. Homer educates the souls of men in the markets with his books. 8. The god sends a gift for Homer s brother to the country. 9. Homer, the goddess sends gifts to the people (who are) in the country. 10. The man s brother sends the gods gifts out of the house to the islands. 11. The man (who is) on the island sends his brothers into battle. 12. Homer s brother sends a book from the market to the island. 13. The brother sends gifts the books of Homer to the houses of the people. 14. In the house, the man educates his brother in word and in deed. 15. The man educates his brothers both in word and in deed. 16. Brother, the god educates the men, Homer s brothers, also in battle. 17. Gods, with his stories Homer educates the people (who are) in the streets. 18. Homer sends the gifts (intended) for the people on the road (that leads) from the market to the countryside. 19. Homer also educates his brother with skill. 20. Homer educates his brother in the craft with a book. 21. Homer teaches his brother the craft with books. 22. The god sends words/stories into the souls of the people. II 1. ὁ θεὸς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους παιδεύει. 2. ὁ ἄνθρωπος τὸν (τοῦ) Ὁμήρου ἀδελφὸν εἰς τὴν ἀγορὰν πέμπει. 3. ὦ ἄνθρωπε, ὁ (τοῦ) Ὁμήρου ἀδελφὸς δῶρον πέμπει τοῖς θεοῖς ἐκ τῆς νήσου. 4. τοῖς λόγοις ὁ Ὅμηρος τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς παιδεύει ἐν ταῖς νήσοις.

8 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE 8 Unit 2 DRILLS I. 1. past progressive imperfect tense 2. future simple future tense 3. past simple aorist tense 4. present perfect simple perfect tense 5. past habitual imperfect tense 6. present simple present tense 7. future progressive future tense 8. past perfect simple pluperfect 9. future simple future tense 10. present progressive present tense II. 1. παιδεύσ-εις you (sg.) will educate παιδεύσετε 2. ἐ-παίδευσ-ας you (sg.) educated ἐπαιδεύσατε 3. παιδεύ-εις you (sg.) educate παιδεύετε 4. ἔ-λυ-ον I was releasing ἐλύομεν ἔ-λυ-ον they were releasing ἔλυε(ν) 5. πέμψ-ομεν we will send πέμψω 6. ἔ-πεμψ-αν they sent ἔπεμψε(ν) 7. λύ-ει he releases λύουσι(ν) 8. πέμψ-ουσιν they will send πέμψει 9. πέμπ-ουσιν they send πέμπει 10. ἔ-λυ-εν he was sending ἔλυον 11. ἐ-παίδευ-ον I was educating ἐπαιδεύομεν ἐ-παίδευ-ον they were educating ἐπαίδευε(ν) 12. πέμπ-ομεν we send πέμπω 13. ἔ-πεμψ-εν he sent ἔπεμψαν 14. ἔ-πεμπ-εν he was sending ἔπεμπον 15. ἔ-πεμπ-ον I was sending ἐπέμπομεν ἔ-πεμπ-ον they were sending ἔπεμπε(ν) 16. παιδεύσ-ω I will educate παιδεύσουσι(ν) 17. ἐ-παιδεύσ-αμεν we educated ἐπαίδευσα 18. παιδεύ-ετε you (pl.) educate παιδεύεις 19. ἐ-παιδεύ-ετε you (pl.) were educating ἐπαίδευες 20. παιδεύσ-ετε you (pl.) will educate παιδεύσεις 21. ἐ-παιδεύσ-ατε you (pl.) educated ἐπαίδευσας 22. λύσ-ομεν we will release λύσω

9 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE ἐ-λύσ-αμεν we released ἔλυσα 24. λύ-ομεν we release λύω 25. ἐ-λύ-ομεν we were releasing ἔλυον 26. οὐ πέμψ-εις you (sg.) will not send οὐ πέμψετε 27. οὐκ ἔ-πεμψ-ας you (sg.) did not send οὐκ ἐπέμψατε 28. οὐκ ἔ-πεμπ-ες you (sg.) were not sending οὐκ ἐπέμπετε 29. παιδεύ-ουσι they educate παιδεύει 30. παιδεύσ-ουσιν they will educate παιδεύσει 31. λύσ-ει he will release λύσουσι(ν) 32. ἔ-πεμπ-ες you (sg.) were sending ἐπέμπετε 33. λύ-ουσιν they release λύει 34. ἐ-λύσ-ατε you (pl.) released ἔλυσας 35. λύ-εις you (sg.) release λύετε 36. ἔ-λυ-ες you (sg.) were releasing ἐλύετε III. 1. Homer, you were educating the people. ἐπαίδευες: impf act ind, 2s 2. I will send Homer into the marketplace. πέμψω: fut act ind, 1s 3. You (pl.) sent your brother onto the islands. ἐπέμψατε: aor act ind, 2p 4. The gods educated Homer with stories. ἐπαίδευσαν: aor act ind, 3p 5. We will release our brother. λύσομεν: fut act ind, 1p 6. We were releasing the people in the house. ἐλύομεν: impf act ind, 1p 7. He educates Homer s brother. παιδεύει: pres act ind, 3s 8. Homer used to educate his brothers. ἐπαίδευεν: impf act ind, 3s 9. The deeds of the gods educate men. παιδεύει: pres act ind, 3s 10. The goddess was sending words into the soul of Homer. ἔπεμπεν: impf act ind, 3s 11. The gods will destroy the men (who are) on the island. λύσουσιν: fut act ind, 3p 12. They were educating their brother with skill. ἐπαίδευον: impf act ind, 3p

10 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE The god ordered Homer to release the men. λύειν: pres act inf ἐκέλευσεν: aor act ind, 3s 14. The god ordered Homer to release the men. λῦσαι: aor act inf ἐκέλευσεν: aor act ind, 3s 15. You (sg.) were sending your brother into the marketplace. ἔπεμπες: impf act ind, 2s 16. Homer s books used to educate people. ἐπαίδευε: impf act ind, 3s 17. We release our brothers. λύομεν: pres act ind, 1p 18. You (sg.) educated your brother both with words and with deeds. ἐπαίδευσας: aor act ind, 2s 19. They will send their brother out of the country. πέμψουσιν: fut act ind, 3p 20. We were ordering Homer to send books onto the island. ἐκελεύομεν: impf act ind, 1p πέμψαι: aor act inf EXERCISES I. 1. The gods used to send gifts into the country. 2. Homer sent five books to the foreigners. 3. Before the war, the people on the island will send six messengers to their friends. 4. Will you also destroy the friendship of the goddess? 5. We were ending the wars either by words or by deeds. 6. You (sg.) taught your friends (who were) at Homer s house the art of words. 7. We will send wreaths to the foreigners, but books to our friends. 8. The foreigners released the friend (who was) in the house, did they not? 9. I was releasing my friends by deed, not by word. Or, they were releasing their friends by deed, not by word. 10. Before the battle, you (pl.) ordered your friends to send gifts to the god out of the house onto the island. 11. Stranger, will you not release the friend (who is) in the house? 12. The books from the foreigners educated the people in the marketplace, the friends of Homer. 13. The six brothers were sending a wreath of gold out of the country to Homer and Homer s brother.

11 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE Homer will educate his friends (who are) in the house well with words, but his brothers (will do so) with deeds. 15. We sent the messenger (who had come) from the foreigners away from the marketplace onto the island. For we were ordering the people on the island to end the war. 16. Brother, are you sending animals into the marketplace, or not? 17. Even now Homer educates the souls of foreigners. For gods taught Homer the art. 18. The gods will order Homer to send gold to his friends, but to the foreigners in the country (they will order him to send) wreaths. 19. The deeds of the gods in the country will educate the people well. 20. Will you (sg.) send your brothers into battle? 21. You (sg.) were ordering Homer to send books onto the islands. For you were educating the people on the islands. 22. The gods end wars, but men send their friends into battles. 23. The goddess will order the people in the country to send gold or a wreath to their friends. II. 1. δῶρα ἐκ τῆς ἀγορᾶς ἔπεμπες τοῖς τῆς νήσου θεοῖς. 2. τὸν Ὅμηρον ἐκελεύσατε λῦσαι τοὺς πέντε ἀνθρώπους τοὺς ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ, ἢ οὔ; 3. λόγοις καὶ ἔργοις τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς παιδεύσουσιν. 4. ἡ θεὸς νῦν κελεύει τοὺς ἓξ ἀδελφοὺς χρυσὸν πέμψαι τοῖς ἐν τῇ νήσῳ φίλοις. 5. τὰ τῶν ἀδελφῶν δῶρα τοὺς ἓξ ἀνθρώπους ἔλυσεν.

12 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE 12 Unit 3 DRILLS I. 1. πεπόμφαμεν we have sent πέπομφα I have sent 2. ἐπεπόμφεσαν they had sent ἐπεπόμφει(ν) he/she/it had sent 3. ἔπεμπες you (sg.) were sending ἐπέμπετε you (pl.) were sending 4. πέπομφεν he/she/it has sent πεπόμφασι(ν) they have sent 5. ἔπεμψα I sent ἐπέμψαμεν we sent 6. ἐπεπόμφειν he/she/it had sent ἐπεπόμφεσαν they had sent 7. πεπομφέναι to have sent 8. πέμψει he/she/it will send πέμπουσι(ν) 9. πέμψῃ (aor. subj.) πέμψωσι(ν) 10. πέμψῃς (aor. subj.) πέμψητε 11. πέμψεις you (sg.) will send πέμψετε you (pl.) will send 12. πέμπωμεν (pres. subj.) πέμπω 13. πέμψουσιν they will send πέμψει he/she/it will send 14. πέμψωσι (aor. subj.) πέμψῃ 15. πέμψω I will sent πέμψομεν we will send πέμψω (aor. subj.) πέμψωμεν 16. πέμποιμι (pres. opt.) πέμποιμεν 17. πέμψειεν (aor. opt.) πέμψειαν / πέμψαιεν 18. πέμψαι to send πέμψαι (aor. opt.) πέμψαιεν / πέμψειαν 19. πέμποιεν (pres. opt.) πέμποι 20. πέμπειν to be sending 21. ἐπεπόμφη I had sent ἐπεπόμφεμεν II. 1. You (sg.) are sending gold in order that we may be sending books. 2. You (sg.) are sending gold in order that we may send books. 3. You (sg.) will send gold in order that we may send books. 4. You (sg.) sent gold in order that we might send books. 5. You (pl.) have released the brothers so that he/she may send gifts. 6. You (pl.) had released the brothers so that he/she might send gifts. 7. You (pl) were releasing the brothers so that he/she might send gifts. 8. He/she was educating the brothers in order that you (sg.) might send gold. 9. He/she educated the brothers in order that you (sg.) might send gold. 10. In order that you (sg.) may send gold, he/she will educate the brothers. 11. We will not send gold so that they may not send animals. 12. We were not sending gold in order that they might not send animals.

13 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE 13 EXERCISES I. 1. The people will sacrifice to the gods on the roads in order that they may stop the war. 2. In order that they may be stopping the war, the people are sacrificing to the goddesses. 3. The strangers sent messengers from the market in order that they might disrupt the peace. 4. [I was / they were] sending messengers around the island in order that you (pl.) might not be disrupting the peace. 5. In order that we might release Homer, they have sent gifts. 6. You (pl.) are indeed ordering Homer to write a book about war in order that you (pl.) might well educate his/your brothers. For they will protect the country. 7. He sent gold to both the assembly and the council in order that they might not break the treaty. 8. The gods did not protect Homer s eyes, but they have well guarded his books about the virtue of men. 9. They had disrupted the peace in word, but not in deed. 10. Will you (sg.) write five books about the sacrifices to the gods in order that we may send gifts to the gods? 11. Because of the gods plan, we had stopped the war, but we did not send wreaths to the marketplace. 12. Since we protected the messengers (who had come) from the strangers, they did not undo the democracy. 13. Has Homer taught his brothers in the skill concerning words in order that they may well guard virtue in the battles? 14. On account of their virtues, we had sent our friends wreaths, prizes of victory. 15. Since we did not sacrifice to the goddess before the war, now both on the island and in the market we have sacrificed in order that she might send virtue into our souls. 16. The people sent also the foreigner out of the country onto the island in order that he might not disrupt the peace. For he had written six books about war. 17. Homer, you are sending your brother a book instead of gold, and to the god (you are sending) a wreath instead of an animal. 18. You (sg.) were sacrificing to the gods in order that they might educate the strangers (who were) on the island concerning virtue. 19. He ordered his brothers to stop the war before the victory. 20. The strangers will send gifts either to the council or to the assembly in order that you (pl.) may not break the treaty ( undo the friendship ). 21. Homer s books have educated the strangers. 22. away from the market at Homer s brother s house through the house

14 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE 14 to Homer through the island to have sacrificed to have stopped II. 1. τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς λελύκαμεν ὅπως τὴν εἰρήνην μὴ [λύσῃς / λύσητε]. 2. τῷ δ Ὁμήρῳ ἆθλα [ἐπεπόμφης / ἐπεπόμφετε] ὅπως τὸν σὸν ἀδελφὸν [παιδεύσαι / παιδεύσειεν / παιδεύοι]. 3. βιβλίον ἐγεγράφει περὶ τῆς εἰρήνης ὅπως τοὺς πολέμους [παύσαιμεν / παύοιμεν].

15 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE 15 Review: Units 1 to 3 I. 1. They shall certainly send gold either to the council or to the assembly so that the people may stop the war. 2. Whereas Homer has educated men s souls with skill, a gift of the gods, his brother (has done so) with deeds. 3. Before the victory, did you (pl.) order your friends to sacrifice to the goddesses in order that they might guard the country well? 4. into the marketplace, through the country, out of the houses, instead of gold, away from the island, out of the marketplace, on account of their virtue, in the marketplace, on the island, about words, around the house, concerning war, from Homer, at Homer s, to Homer, before the battle, of six messengers 5. So that he might not write books for strangers, you (pl.) had sent a wreath to Homer s friend. 6. The gifts (that came) from the gods were educating men. For they were sacrificing to the gods. 7. Man, are you not teaching your brother the craft? 8. You (sg.) will order your friend to be sending gifts both to gods and to men. II. κεκελεύκαμεν τοὺς ἀνθρώπους τοὺς παρὰ τῆς νήσου χρυσόν τε καὶ στεφάνους πέμψαι ἵνα λόγοις τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς τὴν τοῦ πολέμου τέχνην [παιδεύωμεν / παιδεύσωμεν].

16 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE 16 Self-Correcting Examination 1A I. 1. χωρῶν First-declension nouns take the circumflex on the ultima in the genitive plural. 2. δῶρα Short ultima, long penult, stress on penult. 3. κελεῦσαι Aorist infinitive is accented on the penult. Short ultima, long penult. 4. φυλάττετε Short ultima. Recessive accent. 5. θεοῖς Persistent accent on θεός. Long ultima. II. 1. τὰς νήσους τὴν νῆσον 2. ταῖς θεοῖς τῇ θεῷ 3. τῆς ἐκκλησίας τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν 4. τὸν στέφανον τοὺς στεφάνους 5. αἱ νῖκαι ἡ νίκη 6. παύῃ παύωσι(ν) 7. ἐλύσατε ἔλυσας 8. ἐπαίδευεν ἐπαίδευον 9. θύσαι θύσαιεν / θύσειαν (aor. opt.) 10. κελεύσουσιν κελεύσει III. Principle Parts of γράφω: γράφω, γράψω, ἔγραψα, γέγραφα, γέγραμμαι, ἐγράφην Pres Ind Act 2p: γράφετε Impf Ind Act 2p: ἐγράφετε Fut Ind Act 2p: γράψετε Aor Ind Act 2p: ἐγράψατε Perf Ind Act 2p: γεγράφατε Plup Ind Act 2p: ἐγεγράφετε Pres Subj Act 2p: γράφητε Aor Subj Act 2p: γράψητε Pres Opt Act 2p: γράφοιτε Aor Opt Act 2p: γράψαιτε Pres Inf Act: γράφειν Aor Inf Act: γράψαι Perf Inf Act: γεγραφέναι IV. 1. Before the battle, are they sending the messenger (that came) from the foreigners out of the marketplace through the country to the people (who are) in the house?

17 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE So that they might not disrupt the peace, we were ordering Homer to educate the men (who are) from the island by means of books. (a) λύσειαν = λύσαιεν (b) ὡς τὴν εἰρήνην μὴ λύσειαν λύσωσιν Ὅμηρον ἐκελεύομεν κεκελεύκαμεν τοὺς ἀπὸ τῆς νήσου ἀνθρώπους βιβλίοις παιδεῦσαι. (c) βιβλίοις in this sentence is the instrumental, telling us what Homer uses to educate the people. 3. You (sg.) have written a book about sacrifice to the gods so that we might send both animals and crowns, (which are) gifts for the goddess, to the island. (a) βιβλίον περὶ τῆς τοῖς θεοῖς θυσίας γέγραφας γράψεις ἵνα καὶ ζῷα καὶ στεφάνους, δῶρα τῇ θεῷ, εἰς τὴν τῆσον πέμψωμεν. (b) δῶρα is accusative, in apposition to the compound direct object καὶ ζῷα καὶ στεφάνους. (c) πέμψωμεν is aorist subjunctive active. It s in the subjunctive as part of a primary sequence, in a purpose clause with the main verb in the perfect (or future of the changed sentence). 4. While in word you were putting an end to the war (that was going on) in the country, in action you were sending your brothers into battle. 5. While Homer had educated his friend that he might sacrifice to the gods, his brother did not (do so). (a) τοῖς θεοῖς is dative, functioning as the direct object of θύοιεν. (b) θύοιεν is present optative active, part of a secondary sequence headed by the pluperfect ἐπεπαιδεύκειν. II. οὐ κελεύσομεν τὸν Ὅμηρον βιβλία γράψαι περὶ μαχῶν. βιβλία γὰρ πολέμους οὐ παύει.

18 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE 18 Self-Correcting Examination 1B I. 1. ὁδοῖς Lexical form is ὁδός. Persistent accent. Long ultima. 2. γράφομεν Short ultima. Recessive accent. 3. δῆμοι Final οι is considered short for accentuation in most cases (as here). Long penult. 4. παιδεύσαι Final αι in optative is long. 5. οἰκιῶν First-declension nouns always receive circumflex on ultima in genitive plural. II. 1. τῆς φιλίας τῶν φιλιῶν 2. τῷ βιβλίῳ τοῖς βιβλίοις 3. πολέμους πόλεμον 4. ἡ νῆσος αἱ νῆσοι 5. ὦ ἀδελφοί ὦ ἄδελφε 6. θύσειεν θύσειαν / θύσαιεν 7. ἐπαιδεύομεν ἐπαίδευον 8. φυλάξωσιν φυλάξῃ 9. κελεύσετε κελεύσεις 10. ἔλυσα ἐλύσαμεν III. Principle Parts of παύω: παύω, παύσω, ἔπαυσα, πέπαυκα, πέπαυμαι, ἐπαύθην Pres Ind Act 3s: παύει Impf Ind Act 3s: ἔπαυε(ν) Fut Ind Act 3s: παύσει Aor Ind Act 3s: ἔπαυσε(ν) Perf Ind Act 3s: πέπαυκε(ν) Plup Ind Act 3s: ἐπεπαύκει(ν) Pres Subj Act 3s: παύῃ Aor Subj Act 3s: παύσῃ Pres Opt Act 3s: παύοι Aor Opt Act 3s: παύσαι / παύσειε(ν) Pres Inf Act: παύειν Aor Inf Act: παῦσαι Perf Inf Act: πεπαυκέναι IV. 1. Will you (pl.) destroy the soul of the democracy so that the people may stop the war? (a) παύσωσιν is aorist subjunctive active 3p of the primary sequence with a purpose clause (introduced by ἵνα).

19 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE They have sent the six strangers that were on the island to the marketplace so that they might order the people to dissolve the assembly. (a) τοὺς ἓξ ξένους τοὺς ἐν τῇ νήσῳ εἰς ἀγορὰν πεπόμφασιν πέμψουσιν ὅπως τὸν δῆμον τὴν ἐκκλησίαν λῦσαι κελεύσωσιν. (b) ἐκκλησίαν is in the accusative, functioning as the direct object of λῦσαι. 3. I wrote about war so that they might protect the peace with virtue. (a) φυλάξειαν is aorist optative active 3p of the secondary sequence with a purpose clause (introduced with ὡς). (b) ἀρετῇ is the instrumental dative, telling us that the people would use virtue in their maintaining peace. It could also be telling us in what way (in a virtuous way) the people maintain peace. 4. Since the goddess was protecting the island in deed so that they might be offering sacrifices, we ordered the people to be sacrificing. 5. He had sent books to Homer s house so that he might also educate the island s council. II. περὶ τῆς ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ μάχης γράψει ὅπως τὸν δῆμον παιδεύσειαν/παιδεύσαιεν καὶ λόγῳ καὶ ἔργῳ.

20 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE 20 Unit 4 DRILLS I. 1. (a) ταῖς θαλάτταις (b) to the seas (c) τῇ θαλάττῃ 2. (a) τὴν θάλατταν (b) the sea (c) τὰς θαλάττας 3. (a) τῆς γεφύρας or τὰς γεφύρας (b) of the bridge bridges (c) τῶν γεφυρῶν τὴν γέφυραν 4. (a) ἡ θάλαττα or ὦ θάλαττα (b) the bridge O bridge! (c) αἱ θάλατται ὦ θάλατται 5. (a) ὁ πολίτης (b) the citizen (c) οἱ πολῖται 6. (a) ὦ πολῖτα (b) O citizen! (c) ὦ πολῖται 7. (a) τὸν νεανίαν (b) the youth (c) τοὺς νεανίας 8. (a) τοῦ πολίτου (b) of the citizen (c) τῶν πολιτῶν 9. (a) τῷ ποιητῇ (b) to the poet (c) τοῖς ποιηταῖς 10. (a) νεανίαις (b) to the youths (c) τῷ νεανίᾳ 11. (a) οἱ πολῖται or ὦ πολῖται (b) the citizens O citizens! (c) οἱ πολίτης ὦ πολῖτα 12. (a) τοῦ νεανίου (b) of the youth (c) τῶν νεανιῶν

21 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE (a) τοὺς ποιητάς (b) the poets (c) τὸν ποιητήν 14. (a) οἱ νεανίαι or ὦ νεανίαι (b) the youths O youths! (c) ὁ νεανίας ὦ νεανία 15. (a) ὦ νεανία (b) O youth! (c) ὦ νεανίαι II. 1. the bad brothers 2. the bad citizens 3. to the bad souls 4. to the unworthy souls 5. the bad poets 6. the worthy soul 7. to the unjust citizen 8. of the worthy souls 9. the bad deeds 10. to the unjust youth 11. the worthy sea 12. the bad bridge III. 1. the bad brother 2. the bad brother 3. The brother is bad. 4. The brother is bad. 5. the bad brother 6. the brother s unjust soul 7. The brother s soul is unjust. 8. The brother s soul is unjust. 9. The soul is worthy. 10. The soul is worthy. 11. the unjust deeds 12. The deeds are unjust. IV. 1. (a) If she wins, she will celebrate. protasis apodosis (b) future more vivid (c) ἐάν + subjunctive, future indicative 2. (a) If he should win, he would celebrate. (b) future less vivid (c) εἰ + optative, optative + ἄν 3. (a) If she wins, she celebrates. (b) present general (c) ἐάν + subjunctive, present indicative 4. (a) If he won, he celebrated. (b) past general (c) εἰ + optative, imperfect indicative 5. (a) If he were winning, he would be celebrating. (b) present contrafactual (c) εἰ + imperfect indicative, imperfect indicative + ἄν

22 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE (a) If she had won, she would have celebrated. (b) past contrafactual (c) εἰ + aorist indicative, aorist indicative + ἄν 7. (a) He loses an hour s pay if he is late. (b) present general (c) ἐάν + subjunctive, present indicative 8. (a) If a letter was wrongly addressed, I returned it. (b) past general (c) εἰ + optative, imperfect indicative 9. (a) You will be sorry if you do that. (b) future more vivid (c) ἐάν + subjunctive, future indicative 10. (a) If you were having fun, you would not be so anxious to leave. (b) present contrafactual (c) εἰ + imperfect indicative, imperfect indicative + ἄν 11. (a) I would have gotten a bonus if I had finished on time. (b) past contrafactual (c) εἰ + aorist indicative, aorist indicative + ἄν 12. (a) If it should snow tomorrow, what would you do? (b) future less vivid (c) εἰ + optative, optative + ἄν EXERCISES I. 1. If the Muses teach the good poet well, he will write a fine book about the sacrifices (that are) in the marketplace. 2. While battle is bad for soldiers, victory is good (for them). 3. O loved soldier, if you guarded the country along with the just men, the young men (who were) from the island would not disrupt the peace. 4. Have you (sg.) arranged the fine and good hoplites along the bridge so that they might guard the region after the battle? 5. If the poets wrote books about justice, they offered sacrifices to the Muses, (who are) the goddesses of poets. For the poets are just. 6. If you (pl.) should destroy the democracy, bad citizens, you would also destroy the peace (that is) on the fine islands. 7. If you (sg.) had sent the soldiers into the battle with weapons, we would have arranged the young men in the marketplace so that they might protect the houses. 8. While the young man s soul is just, the soldier s soul is unjust. 9. I sacrifice to the lovely goddess if you (sg.) send a good animal. 10. If we send evil men into war, we will bury good men.

23 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE The good and just citizens are worthy of rule. For they wish to stop the evil war. 12. Battle is a soldier s fate. 13. So that he might write a good book, the just poet was sacrificing lovely animals to the gods. 14. If the beloved Homer had not wanted to sacrifice to the goddess, he would not have written a good book about the virtue of men. 15. Friends, if we break up the democracy on account of the god s will, we will send the citizens who are unworthy of rule out of the country to the foreigners (who are) on the island. 16. The day of victory is indeed good to men. ( The day of victory is considered good in the opinion of men. ) 17. If the deeds of the gods should educate the young man (who is) in the house, he would not want to send weapons to the unjust soldiers. 18. If the god ordered the beloved poet to teach the young men, he sacrificed to the Muse. 19. Since the six messengers (who came) from the foreigners sent gifts both to the council and to the assembly, the people do not wish to array the good hoplites for battle. 20. If you (sg.) sent gold or a crown to the hoplites (who are) worthy of a prize, young man, they would not disrupt the peace. 21. If you (pl.) do not make an end to the battle, we will send fine hoplites through the country to the sea so that they may release our just friends (who are) in the house. 22. The good citizens send gifts if the poets (who are) worthy of gold write books about justice. 23. Long ago you (pl.) would bury the unjust citizens near the sea, but nowadays you send the bad, unjust and unworthy people to the uncomely island. 24. The soul of the bad citizen is unworthy of a reward. And yet, you (pl.) want to send gifts to bad citizens. 25. If you do not send gold, I am unwilling to teach the good young men the craft. 26. before the battle 27. the good young men with the soldiers The young men are good. after the war the lovely bridge about words The bridge is lovely. around the houses The poet is beloved. with the gods help to teach to have arranged 28. The good poet is worthy in the eyes of the citizens to teach the young men. II. 1. ἐὰν ὁ ποιητὴς βιβλίον καλὸν γράφῃ/γράψῃ περὶ (τῆς) μάχης, οἱ νεανίαι τὴν εἰρήνην λύσουσιν. 2. εἰ ζῷα τοῖς θεοῖς θύσαιτε/θύοιτε, τὸν πόλεμον παύσαιμεν/παύοιμεν ἄν. 3. εἰ τὴν νῆσον ἐφύλαξα, τὴν γέφυραν ἐφύλαξας/ἐφυλάξατε ἄν.

24 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE οἱ πολῖται ζῷα πέμψαι οὐκ ἠθέλησαν ὅπως οἱ ἐν τῇ νήσῳ στρατιῶται τοῖς θεοῖς θύοιεν/θύσαιεν/θύσειαν. 5. ἡ τοῦ ἀδίκου ἀνθρώπου ψυχὴ τοῦ ἆθλου ἀνάξιός ἐστιν. READINGS A Bad friends bear bad fruit Honorable manners bear good fruit For pains produce sickness for men. ( produce = give birth to ) 56. You (sg.) will lead the painless life without marriage For ill-timed pleasure produces harm. ( produces = gives birth to ) B. In the beginning was the Logos, and the Logos was with God (ὁ θεός = י ה וה ), and the Logos ). י ה וה = θεός was a divine being (θεός). He was in the beginning with God (ὁ

25 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE 25 Unit 5 DRILLS I. 1. The goats will be stolen by you. 2. The sheep were stolen by him. 3. It is not nice for tapirs to be stolen. or, Tapirs being stolen is not nice. 4. The presents have been stolen by us. 5. The wine is being stolen by them. 6. The money had been stolen by him. 7. The apples are stolen by me. 8. It was foolish for a Roman s toga to be stolen. or, A Roman s toga being stolen was foolish. 9. Cabbage will be being stolen by him. 10. Nothing had been stolen by her. II. 1. they were being educated 2. to be being educated 3. she used to be taught 4. we were thrown 5. you have been hit III. 1. θύονται: (a) they are being sacrificed (b) sg. θύεται (c) act. θύουσι(ν) 2. θυοίμεθα: (a) pres. opt. mid./pass. 1p (b) sg. θυοίμην (c) act. θύοιμεν 3. θύηται: (a) pres. subj. mid./pass. 3s (b) pl. θύωνται (c) act. θύῃ 4. ἐθύετο: (a) he/she/it was being sacrificed (b) pl. ἐθύοντο (c) act. ἔθυε(ν) 5. τυθῆναι: (a) to be sacrificed (b) n/a (c) act. θῦσαι 6. θύῃ: (a) pres. subj. act. 3s (b) pl. θύωσι(ν) (c) pass. θύηται or: (a) you (sg.) are being sacrificed (b) pl. θύεσθε (c) act. θύεις or: (a) pres. subj. mid./pass. 2s (b) pl. θύησθε (c) act. θύῃς 7. ἐθύου: (a) you (sg.) were buried (b) pl. ἐθύεσθε (c) act. ἔθυες 8. ἐτέθυτο: (a) he/she/it had been buried (b) pl. ἐτέθυντο (c) act. ἐτεθύκει(ν) 9. θύσω: (a) I will sacrifice (b) pl. θύσομεν (c) pass. τυθήσομαι or: (a) aor. subj. act. 1s (b) pl. θύσωμεν (c) pass. τυθῶ 10. θύσῃ (a) aor. subj. act. 3s (b) pl. θύσωσι(ν) (c) pass. τυθῇ 11. τυθείησαν: (a) aor. opt. pass. 3p (b) sg. τυθείη (c) act. θύσαιεν / θύσειαν 12. ἐτύθησαν: (a) they were sacrificed (b) sg. ἐτύθη (c) act. ἔθυσαν 13. τυθῇ: (a) aor. subj. pass. 3s (b) pl. τυθῶσι(ν) (c) act. θύσῃ 14. ἐτύθης: (a) you (sg.) were sacrificed (b) pl. ἐτύθητε (c) act. ἔθυσας

26 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE θύσειαν: (a) aor. opt. act. 3p (b) sg. θύσαι / θύσειε(ν) (c) pass. τυθείησαν/τυθεῖεν 16. πέμποιο: (a) pres. opt. mid./pass. 2s (b) pl. πέμποισθε (c) act. πέμποιτε 17. ἐπέπεμπτο: (a) he/she/it had been sent (b) n/a (c) act. ἐπεπόμφει 18. πεμφθῶμεν: (a) aor. subj. pass. 1p (b) sg. πεμφθῶ (c) act. πέμψωμεν 19. πεμφθήσεται: (a) he/she/it will be sent (b) pl. πεμφθήσονται (c) act. πέμψει 20. πέμπει: (a) he/she/it sends (b) pl. πέμπουσι(ν) (c) pass. πέμπεται or: (a) you (sg.) are being sent (b) pl. πέμπεσθε (c) act. πέμπεις 21. πέμψαι: (a) to send (b) n/a (c) pass. πεμφθῆναι or: (a) aor. opt. act. 3s (b) pl. πέμψαιεν/πέμψειαν (c) pass. πεμφθείη 22. πέμψειεν: (a) aor. opt. act. 3s (b) pl. πέμψειαν/πέμψαιεν (c) pass. πεμφθείη 23. πεμφθεῖεν: (a) aor. opt. pass. 3p (b) sg. πεμφθείη (c) act. πέμψαιεν/πέμψειαν 24. πέμπεσθαι: (a) to be sent (b) n/a (c) act. πέμπειν 25. πεπέμφθαι: (a) to have been sent (b) n/a (c) act. πεπομφέναι 26. πέπεμφθε: (a) you (pl.) have been sent (b) sg. πέπεμψαι (c) act. πεπόμφατε 27. πεμφθήσῃ: (a) you (sg.) will be sent (b) pl. πεμφθήσεσθε (c) act. πέμψετε 28. πεμφθῶσιν: (a) aor. subj. pass. 3p (b) sg. πεμφθῇ (c) act. πέμψουσι(ν) 29. ἐπέπεμφθε: (a) you (pl.) had been sent (b) sg. ἐπέπεμψο (c) act. ἐπεπόμφης 30. ἐπέμπεσθε: (a) you (pl.) were being sent (b) sg. ἐπέμπου (c) act. ἐπέμπετε IV. 1. Poets are taught by Muses. 2. The young men were not being taught about soldiers excellence. 3. If we are taught by Homer, we will surely write a good book. 4. The democracy was being destroyed by bad men so that moral excellence might not be maintained. 5. If you should want to be taught, brother, you would not be sent into battle. 6. The democracy has indeed been disrupted by the hoplites. 7. Whereas the bridge had been destroyed, the animals had been sacrificed by the people. 8. You have been educated, young men, so that you may be send into battle. 9. If the citizens are taught, the democracy will not be destroyed. 10. If the war had been stopped, the people would not have been sent to the island. 11. If the war should be stopped, the people would not be sent out of the country. 12. If animals are sacrificed to the goddess by the people, we will be protected by (the) gods. V. 1. before ordering 2. for sending (habitually) 3. for sending 4. the bad men (nom.) 5. the unjust men (acc.) 6. the bad woman (nom.) 7. the bad things 8. to the bad women 9. the unjust men (nom.) 10. the unjust women (acc.) 11. of the bad people/things 12. The affairs of war are unjust.

27 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE It is good to have been educated, but to not (have been educated) is not. 14. It is not good to bury the soldiers on the island. 15. It is good to arrange our allies at the bridge. EXERCISES I. 1. Both gold and silver were sent to the men of the island by the citizens so that they might sacrifice to the immortal goddesses in the small marketplace of the island. For the frightful war had been stopped by the goddesses. 2. The reputation of the poet (who was) sacred to the Muses is immortal, since fine books concerning men s virtue and war s danger have been written by Homer. 3. If you (pl.) should be persuaded by the wicked words of the first messenger to destroy the peace and to do bad things to the strangers, they would not stop the war before the victory in battle. 4. On account of the dangers, the stallions (οἱ ἵπποι = ה ס ו ם סי ) were being sacrificed by the strangers to the gods before battles, and the mares (αἱ ἵπποι = ה ס ו ס ת ו ) to the goddesses. But the stranger s country was not protected by the gods. 5. Will you (sg.) send enough silver to your brother s good teacher if your brother is educated well? For he wishes to educate the good people. 6. The good poet is the teacher of the citizens. For the citizens are taught with the words of the poets. 7. After the battle, both the good and the bad are buried in the earth. But the reputation of the good is immortal. 8. If the people on the island were [ever] harmed, they [always] sent [messengers] to the assembly so that they might be guarded by the soldiers. For the enemies were refusing to stop the war. 9. If you had been harmed by the teacher, you would not have sent gifts. For gifts were not sent to the unjust. 10. The stones in the plain are not good for the horses. 11. We are now sending six of the soldiers to the plain so that the bridge might be protected. 12. Are the poets capable of teaching the citizens virtue? 13. If the land were not being well guarded by the soldiers, I/they would refuse to send messengers concerning peace. 14. It is not good to cause harm, but it is good not to suffer harm. 15. Contrary to the soldiers opinion, they were ordered to guard the bridge before being sent into battle. 16. If the first soldiers are not drawn up at the bridge, the plain is not guarded. 17. For soldiers, stones are not sufficient for battle.

28 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE You (pl.) will be sent through the plain so that the strangers might not disrupt the peace. 19. Moral excellence is sufficient for both the great and the small. 20. The gifts of the just have persuaded the gods. For just men are beloved of the gods. 21. A book about the good soul had been written by the poet. 22. The just man will be harmed not by [the hand of] the unjust man, but rather for [the benefit of] the unjust man. 23. It is not sufficient not to harm your friends. 24. The just man ordered the citizens not to send the silver, the gift of the gods, to the houses of the unjust men. 25. If you rule the people contrary to justice, you are performing wicked deeds. 26. If the poet should teach the young men to treat the people badly, he would be sent to the island. 27. by means of ruling the young men well those who are not great from the temple of the god with the hoplites the god (that is) under the earth in the beginning of the war Those who are not good are evil. The affairs of poets are beautiful. II. 1. τῷ ζῷα θῦσαι, ἄνθρωποι τοὺς θεοὺς ἐπεπείκεσαν τοὺς πολέμους παῦσαι/λῦσαι. 2. ὁ νεανίας τῷ ποιητῇ εὖ πεπαίδευται ὡς ἡ ἀρετὴ (αὐτοῦ) φυλάττηται/φυλαχθῇ. 3. εἰ ὑπὸ τῶν πολιτῶν ἐπόμφθης εἰς τὴν νῆσον τὴν τῆς θεοῦ ἱερὰν ὅπως οἱ ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ φυλαχθεῖεν/φυλαχθείησαν, οὐκ ἂν ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ ἐτάχθης. 4. ἄδικοι οἱ ὑπὸ τοὺς κακούς. READINGS A A young bride with no dowry has no confidence (freedom of speech) For wedding is for men a bad thing to be prayed for. 15. Mortals are often harmed by thoughtlessness Sleep is a terrible evil for men Doing many things is everywhere rotten Doing many things has also many pains. B. 14 P. Rulers are wise by means of the company of wise people. 850 P. The things pertaining to the gods also die, but the gods themselves do not.

29 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE 29 Unit 6 DRILLS I. 1. τὸν φύλακα the guard τοὺς φύλακας 2. τοῖς φύλαξιν to the guards τῷ φύλακι 3. οἱ φύλακες the guards ὁ φύλαξ or, ὦ φύλακες guards! ὦ φύλαξ 4. τὸ σῶμα the body (nom.) τὰ σώματα or, τὸ σῶμα the body (acc.) τὰ σώματα or, ὦ σῶμα body! ὦ σώματα 5. τῶν φυλάκων of the guards τοῦ φύλακος 6. τοῦ αἰγός of the he-goat τῶν αἰγῶν or, τῆς αἰγός of the she-goat τῶν αἰγῶν 7. τῇ ἐλπίδι by hope ταῖς ἐλπίσι(ν) 8. οἱ γέροντες the old men ὁ γέρων or, ὦ γέροντες old men! ὦ γέρoν 9. τοῦ σώματος of the body τῶν σωμάτων 10. τὸν γέροντα the old man (acc.) τοὺς γέροντας 11. τοῖς γέρουσι to the old men τῷ γέροντι 12. τὰς χάριτας the favors (acc.) τὴν χάριν 13. τῇ χάριτι by grace ταῖς χάρισι(ν) 14. αἱ χάριτες the favors (nom.) ἡ χάρις or, ὦ χάριτες graces! ὦ χάρις 15. τῶν χαρίτων of the favors τῆς χάριτος 16. τὸν αἶγα the he-goat (acc.) τοὺς αἶγας or, τὴν αἶγα the she-goat (acc.) τὰς αἶγας 17. αἱ ἐλπίδες the hopes (nom.) ἡ ἐλπίς or, ὦ ἐλπίδες hopes! ὦ ἐλπίς 18. τοῖς σώμασιν with the bodies τῷ σώματι 19. τοῖς αἰξί to the he-goats τῷ αἰγί or, ταῖς αἰξί to the she-goats τῇ αἰγί 20. ὦ γέρον old man! ὦ γέροντες II. 1. ὁ Ἕλλην, τοῦ Ἕλληνος, τῷ Ἕλληνι, τὸν Ἕλληνα οἱ Ἕλληνες, τῶν Ἑλλήνων, τοῖς Ἕλλησι(ν), τοὺς Ἕλληνας 2. ἡ φάλαγξ, τῆς φάλαγγος, τῇ φάλαγγις, τὴν φάλαγγα αἱ φάλαγγες, τῶν φαλάγγων, ταῖς φάλαγξι(ν), τὰς φάλαγγας 3. τὸ πρᾶγμα, τοῦ πράγματος, τῷ πράγματι, τὸ πρᾶγμα τὰ πράγματα, τῶν πραγμάτων, τοῖς πράγμασι(ν), τὰ πράγματα

30 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE ἡ νύξ, τῆς νυκτός, τῇ νυκτί, τὴν νύκτα αἱ νύκτες, τῶν νυκτῶν, ταῖς νυξί(ν), τὰς νύκτας 5. ὁ ῥήτωρ, τοῦ ῥήτορος, τῷ ῥήτορι, τοὺς ῥήτορα (ὦ ῥήτωρ) οἱ ῥήτορες, τῶν ῥητόρων, τοῖς ῥήτορσι(ν), τοὺς ῥήτορας III. 1. I resented the man who gave me money. (a) Independent Clause: I resented the man Relative Clause: who gave me money (b) Antecedent of Relative Pronoun: man (m.s.) (c) Function of Relative Pronoun: subject (nom.) 2. I resented the men who gave me money. (a) Independent Clause: I resented the men Relative Clause: who gave me money (b) Antecedent of Relative Pronoun: men (m.p.) (c) Function of Relative Pronoun: subject (nom.) 3. The men whom I resented gave me money. (a) Independent Clause: The men gave me money. Relative Clause: whom I resented (b) Antecedent of Relative Pronoun: men (m.p.) (c) Function of Relative Pronoun: direct object (acc.) 4. The man to whom I gave money resents me. (a) Independent Clause: The man resents me. Relative Clause: to whom I gave money (b) Antecedent of Relative Pronoun: man (m.s.) (c) Function of Relative Pronoun: indirect object (dat.) 5. The man whose money I accepted does not like me. (a) Independent Clause: The man does not like me. Relative Clause: whose money I accepted (b) Antecedent of Relative Pronoun: man (m.s.) (c) Function of Relative Pronoun: possessive (gen.) 6. The men whose money I accepted do not like me. (a) Independent Clause: The men do not like me. Relative Clause: whose money I accepted (b) Antecedent of Relative Pronoun: men (m.p.) (c) Function of Relative Pronoun: possessive (gen.) 7. The woman whom I liked gave me a gift. (a) Independent Clause: The woman gave me a gift. Relative Clause: whom I liked (b) Antecedent of Relative Pronoun: woman (f.s.) (c) Function of Relative Pronoun: direct object (acc.)

31 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE The friend for whom I had bought a gift left town. (a) Independent Clause: The friend left town. Relative Clause: for whom I had bought a gift (b) Antecedent of Relative Pronoun: friend (m.s. / f.s.) (c) Function of Relative Pronoun: indirect object (dat.) 9. The silver by which I had hoped to persuade them had vanished. (a) Independent Clause: The silver had vanished. Relative Clause: by which I had hoped to persuade them (b) Antecedent of Relative Pronoun: silver (m.s. [ὁ ἄργυρος]) (c) Function of Relative Pronoun: instrument (dat.) 10. Miners who wear goggles seldom smile. (a) Independent Clause: Miners seldom smile. Relative Clause: who wear goggles (b) Antecedent of Relative Pronoun: miners (m.p.) (c) Function of Relative Pronoun: subject (nom.) 11. Waiters whose coats are second-hand are usually bashful. (a) Independent Clause: Waiters are usually bashful. Relative Clause: whose coats are second-hand (b) Antecedent of Relative Pronoun: waiters (m.p.) (c) Function of Relative Pronoun: possessive (gen.) 12. We resent the hunter who kills baby seals. (a) Independent Clause: We resent the hunter Relative Clause: who kills baby seals (b) Antecedent of Relative Pronoun: hunter (m.s.) (c) Function of Relative Pronoun: subject (nom.) 13. Politicians are admired by the constituents to whom they have given jobs. (a) Independent Clause: Politicians are admired by the constituents... Relative Clause: to whom they have given jobs (b) Antecedent of Relative Pronoun: constituents (m.p.) (c) Function of Relative Pronoun: indirect object (dat.) 14. All you who study do well. (a) Independent Clause: All you do well. Relative Clause: who study (b) Antecedent of Relative Pronoun: you (m.p.) (c) Function of Relative Pronoun: subject (nom.) 15. Women whom the world admires wear worsted wool. (a) Independent Clause: Women wear worsted wool. Relative Clause: whom the world admires (b) Antecedent of Relative Pronoun: women (f.p.) (c) Function of Relative Pronoun: direct object (acc.)

32 A Learner s Key GREEK AN INTENSIVE COURSE 32 IV. 1. Homer will teach the citizens to whom you (pl.) sent gifts. οἷς is (a) m.p. dat., (b) referring to πολίτας and (c) functioning as the indirect object 2. We sent gifts to the citizens who are being taught by Homer. οἵ is (a) m.p. nom., (b) referring to πολίταις and (c) functioning as the subject 3. We sent gifts to the island on which Homer is being guarded. ᾗ is (a) f.s. dat., (b) referring to νῆσον and (c) functioning as a dative of place in-which 4. The island to which Homer was sent is good. ἥν is (a) f.s. acc., (b) referring to νῆσος and (c) functioning as the obj. of prep. εἰς 5. The souls which Homer is teaching are good. ἅς is (a) f.p. acc., (b) referring to ψυχαί and (c) functioning as the direct object 6. The book that he was sending to his friends is/was good. ὅ is (a) n.s. acc., (b) referring to βιβλίον and (c) functioning as the direct object 7. The book that was send to his friends is/was good. ὅ is (a) n.s. nom., (b) referring to βιβλίον and (c) functioning as the subject 8. We will teach the citizens whose souls are good. ὧν is (a) m.p. gen., (b) referring to πολίτας and (c) functioning as possessive 9. They will send books by means of which you (pl.) will be educated. οἷς is (a) m.p. dat., (b) referring to βιβλία and (c) functioning as the instrument 10. They will send Homer by whom you will be educated. οὗ is (a) m.s. gen., (b) referring to Ὅμηρον and (c) functioning as the obj. of prep. ὑπό V. 1. Do not release (pl.) the young men. λύσητε aor. subj.; negative command 2. Let us be releasing the young men. λύωμεν pres. subj.; hortatory 3. Shall we be releasing the young men? λύωμεν pres. subj.; deliberative 4. Do not send (sg.) messengers. πέμψῃς aor. subj.; negative command 5. Am I not to be sending messengers? πέμψω aor. subj.; deliberative 6. You (pl.) are not releasing the young men. λύετε pres. ind.; statement 7. We are releasing the young men. λύομεν pres. ind.; statement 8. Are we releasing the young men? λύομεν pres. ind.; question 9. You (sg.) are not sending messengers. πέμπεις pres. ind.; statement