Contents 1 General Principles of Animal Selection and Normal Physiological Values

Transcript

1 1 General Principles of Animal Selection and Normal Physiological Values... 1 Special Requirement Considerations... 2 Normal Physiological Data Preanesthesia, Anesthesia, Chemical Restraint, and the Recognition and Treatment of Pain and Distress General Principles of Pain Recognition in Animals The Use of Anti-Cholinergic Drugs for Preanesthesia General Comments on Preanesthetic Agents Preanesthesia and Anesthesia in Rats and Mice Chemical Restraint (Sedation) in Rats and Mice Pain and Distress Recognition in Rats and Mice Treatment of Pain in Rats and Mice Local Anesthetic Agents Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Narcotics Preanesthesia and Anesthesia in Rabbits Chemical Restraint (Sedation) in Rabbits Pain Recognition in Rabbits Treatment of Pain in Rabbits Local Anesthetics Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Narcotics Alpha Agonists Preanesthesia and Anesthesia in Dogs Chemical Restraint (Sedation) in Dogs Pain Recognition in Dogs Treatment of Pain in Dogs Local Anesthetics NSAIDs Narcotics Alpha-Agonists xiii

2 xiv Contents Preanesthesia and Anesthesia in Cats Chemical Restraint (Sedation) in Cats Pain Recognition in Cats Treatment of Pain in Cats Local Anesthetics NSAIDs Narcotics Alpha-Agonists Preanesthesia and Anesthesia in Guinea Pigs Chemical Restraint (Sedation) in Guinea Pigs Pain Recognition in Guinea Pigs Treatment of Pain in Guinea Pigs Local Anesthetic Agents NSAIDs Narcotics Alpha-Agonists Preanesthesia and Anesthesia in Pigs Chemical Restraint (Sedation) in Pigs Pain Recognition in Pigs Treatment of Pain in Pigs Local Anesthetic Agents NSAIDs Narcotics Alpha-Agonists Preanesthesia and Anesthesia in Calves, Sheep, and Goats Chemical Restraint (Sedation) in Small Ruminants Recognition of Pain in Small Ruminants Treatment of Pain in Small Ruminants Local Anesthetic Agents NSAIDs Narcotics Alpha-Agonists Preanesthesia and Anesthesia in Rhesus Monkeys Chemical Restraint (Sedation) in Rhesus Monkeys Pain Recognition in Rhesus Monkeys Treatment of Pain in Rhesus Monkeys Local Anesthetics NSAIDs Narcotics Conclusions Normal Cardiac Function Parameters... 55

3 xv 4 Measuring Cardiac Function The Pressure Volume Relationship Another Measure of Ventricular Elasticity Measurement of Electrical Activity Measurement of Pressure Echocardiography History Physics of Echo Technology Doppler Flow Velocity and Tissue Doppler Imaging History Physics of Doppler Technology Tissue Doppler Imaging Examples of Ultrasound Data Reported Using <20-MHz Transducers Examples of Ultrasound Data Reported Using 20-MHz (or Greater) Transducers Summary of Information Needed to Ascertain the Reliability of Ultrasound Data Techniques for Measuring Ventricular Volumes Radiographic Echocardiography and Tissue Doppler Imaging Sonomicrometry Radionuclide Ventriculography Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computer-Assisted Tomographry Scan Conductance-Derived Volume Measurements Other Measures of Myocardial Physical Properties Myocardial Resistivity Tissue Characterization Measuring Diastolic Dysfunction Measuring Vascular Function and Ventricular/ Arterial Coupling Dynamics History Quantification of Arterial Compliance Force-Displacement Measurements Pulse Wave Velocity Modeling Techniques for Estimating Vascular Mechanical Behavior Ventricular/Vascular Coupling Ventricular/Vascular Coupling Determined Using the Input Impedance Ventricular/Vascular Coupling Determined Using the Ratio of Ventricular End-Systolic Pressure and Stroke Volume (P es /SV) Designated E a

4 xvi Contents Diastolic Ventricular/Vascular Coupling MRI Imaging for Detection of Ventricular/Vascular Coupling Tissue Doppler Imaging and Elasticity Imaging Isolated Heart Preparations, Problems, and Pitfalls Development of the Isolated Heart Preparation Retrograde Perfusion Preparations (The Langendorff Preparation) Choosing between the Pressure-Regulated or Flow-Regulated Langendorff-Type Preparation The Isolated, Working, In Situ Heart-Lung Preparation The Isolated Working Left Heart Preparation The Langendorff-Type Perfused Working Left Heart Preparation The Biventricular Isolated Working Heart Preparation The Biventricular, Retrograde-Perfused, Working Heart Preparation Perfusion Solutions Support Animals Washed Red Blood Cell Addition to the Perfusate Problems and Pitfalls Exclusion Criteria Problems Common to Crystalloid Perfusion Contamination Temperature Metabolic Poisoning Pacing vs. Spontaneously Beating Preparations Frequency Response Testing of Ventricular Pressure Recording Systems Heterotopic Transplants Cardiovascular Effects of Anesthetics, Sedatives, Postoperative Analgesic Agents, and Other Pharmaceuticals Barbiturates Propofol α-chloralose Urethane α-chloralose + Urethane Steroid Anesthetic Agents Inhalation Anesthetic Agents General Halothane Isoflurane Desflurane Sevoflurane Ether Nitrous Oxide

5 xvii Trichloroethylene The Opioids Morphine Meperidine (Demerol) Methadone Levomethadone Pentazocine Fentanyl Butorphanol Buprenorphine Oxymorphone Naloxone Other Synthetic Opioids Dissociative Anesthetic Agents Ketamine Tiletamine Imidazole and Other Hypnotic, Amnesiac, Anxiolytic, or Antipsychotic Compounds Etomidate Metomidate Benzodiazepines Rilmenidine α-2 Adrenergic Receptor Agonists Medetomidine and Dexmedetomidine Clonidine β-2-adrenergic Receptor Agonists Clenbuterol KUR Fenoterol Rauwolfia Derivatives Reserpine Phenothiazine Derivatives Chlorpromazine and Promazine Acetylpromazine (Acepromazine) Other Phenothiazine Derivatives Triflupromazine, Levomepromazine, Prochlorperazine (thioridazine), Cyamemazine Butyrophenones Droperidol Haloperidol Azaperone Other Antipsychotic/Anxiolytic/Antidepressant (Tranquilizer) Drugs Tricyclic Antidepressants Selective Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors

6 xviii Contents Atypical Antipsychotics Sertindole Pimozide Clozapine Risperidone Amisulpride Minaprine Atypical Antipsychotics Aripiprazole Fezolamine Olanzapine Lortalamine Xylazine Drugs in Combination Providing Neurolept Analgesia/Anesthesia Metomidate + Azaperone Medetomidine + Butorphanol Medetomidine + Butorphanol + Midazolam Medetomidine + Buprenorphine + Ketamine Medetomidine + Midazolam Medetomidine + Hydromorphone Dexmedetomidine + Butorphanol Medetomidine + Ketamine Medetomidine + Ketamine + Midazolam Dexmedetomidine + Ketamine Ketamine in Combination with Tranquilizers Ketamine + Acepromazine Ketamine + Xylazine Ketamine + Xylazine + Guaifenesin Ketamine + Xylazine + Buprenorphine Ketamine + Diazepam Midazolam + Butorphanol Midazolam + Fentanyl + Fluanisone Midazolam + Methadone + Propofol + Isoflurane + Continuous Infusion of Propofol and Fentanyl Acepromazine + Meperidine Fentanyl + Droperidol (Innovar-Vet ) Azaperone + Metomidate Acepromazine + Etorphine Fentanyl + Morphine Fentanyl + Propofol Xylazine + Morphine Oxymorphone + Bupivacaine Tiletamine + Zolazepam (Telazol, Zoletil ) Local Anesthetic Agents Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Agents

7 xix Neuromuscular Blocking Agents Aminoglycoside, Fluoroquinolone, and Anthracycline Antibiotics Naturally Occurring and Iatrogenic Animal Models of Valvular, Infectious, and Arrhythmic Cardiovascular Disease Congenital Cardiac Defects, General Information Genetically Engineered Models, General Information Naturally Occurring Models of Valvular Disease Iatrogenic Models of Valvular Disease Infectious Cardiovascular Disease Bartonella sp Borrelia sp Coxsackievirus sp Diphtheritic Myocarditis Encephalomyocarditis Virus Autoimmune Myocarditis Infectious Complications Following Burn Injury Arrhythmic Cardiovascular Disease Naturally Occurring Cardiac Arrhythmias Iatrogenic Cardiac Arrhythmias Iatrogenic Models of Ischemic Heart Disease Global Ischemia Regional Ischemia Iatrogenic, Transgenic, and Naturally Occurring Models of Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure Naturally Occurring Models of Cardiomyopathy Heritable HCM in Cats DCM in Dogs Cattle with Cardiomyopathy and Woolly Hair Coat Syndrome Primates Whales Iatrogenic Models of Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure Ventricular Arrhythmia Increasing the Ventricular Workload Rapid Cardiac Pacing Pressure Overload Volume Overload Valvular Stenoses or Insufficiencies

8 xx Contents Other Iatrogenic Models of Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure Anthracycline-Induced Cardiomyopathy Diabetic and Lipid-Toxic Models of Cardiomyopathy Chronic Myocardial Ischemia Models of Cardiomyopathy Toxicosis and Mineral-Deficient Models of Cardiomyopathy Autoimmune Models of Cardiomyopathy Hyperthyroid and Hyper-Adrenergic Models of Cardiomyopathy Chronic Hypoxia Models of Cardiomyopathy Liver Cirrhosis Models of Cardiomyopathy Murine Cysticercosis Model of Cardiomyopathy Commercially Available Inbred-Rat Models of Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure Transgenic Models of Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure Mouse and Rat Models of Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and HCM Mouse and Rat Models of DCM Overexpression Models Iatrogenic, Congenic, and Transgenic Models of Hypertension Renovascular Hypertension K1C and 1K1C Renovascular Hypertension in Rats K1C and 1K1C Renovascular Hypertension Models in Mice Renovascular Hypertension Models in Rabbits K1C Renovascular Hypertension in Dogs Renovascular Hypertension in Pigs Genetic Models of Hypertension Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat Stroke-Prone SHR Dahl Salt-Sensitive and Insensitive Rats Other Salt-Sensitive (Salt-Induced) Models of Hypertension Angiotensin-II-Induced Hypertension DOCA-Induced Hypertension NO-Synthesis Blockade Hypertension Glucocorticoid-Induced Hypertension Intrauterine Growth-Restricted Induced Hypertension Other Transgenic and Congenic Models of Hypertension The mren-2 Model ATR-1 Models Angio-II Overexpression Models G-Protein Models enos Models Endothelin Models Chromogranin-A Models PPAR-α Models

9 xxi Bradykinin-2 Models Estrogen Models Corin Models Vitamin D Receptor Models Glucocorticoid Receptor Models Smoothelin Models Adiponectin Models Aryl Hydrocarbon Models Parathyroid Hormone Type 1 Receptor Models Profilin Models Oligodeoxynucleotide Models Multiple Transgenic Models Congenic Models Other Models of Systemic Hypertension Pulmonary Hypertension Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension Transgenic Models of Pulmonary Hypertension Naturally Occurring, Iatrogenic and Transgenic Models of Atherosclerotic Disease Characteristics of Plaque Rupture and Resulting Thrombosis Implication of New Players in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerotic Disease Animal Models Naturally Occurring Animal Models of Atherosclerosis Primate Models of Atherosclerosis Swine Models of Atherosclerosis Dog and Cat Models Rabbit Models Transgenic Rabbit Models Rat Models Transgenic Rat Models Mouse Models Mice Models of Glucose Intolerance Graft Vasculopathy Hamsters Sand Rats Animal Models for the Study of Neurohumeral and Central Neural Control of the Cardiovascular System The Autonomic Nervous System in Blood Pressure Homeostasis and Cardiorespiratory Reflex Responses Rostal and Caudal Ventrolateral Medulla

10 xxii Contents Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Periaqueductal Gray Anterior and Posterior Hypothalamic Areas Median Preoptic Nucleus Nucleus Cuneatus Lateral Parabrachial Nucleus and the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus Caudal Vestibular Nucleus Gender Effects on Central Control of Cardiovascular Responses Neurohumeral Control Renin-Angiotensin System Serotonin Vasopressin Endogenous Ouabain-Like Substance Opioids Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransderase Neuropeptide Y Leptin Dopamine-β-Hydroxylase β-Hydroxylase and Aldosterone Synthase Orexin Urotensin-II Cholecystokinin Other Transgenic Animal Models Used in Cardiovascular Studies Sex-Related Responses Kinases Oxidases and Oxygenases Adenosine and Adrenergic Receptors Nitric Oxide Synthase Metabolic Syndrome Xenotransplantation Na + /Ca 2+ and Na + /H + Exchangers Inflammatory Cytokines Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Renin-Angiotensin System Bradykinin-2 Receptor Apolipoprotein-E and Low-Density Lipoprotein Knockout Models Toll-Like Receptors Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) Long QT Syndrome

11 xxiii Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Orphan Nuclear Receptors Troponin Chromogranin A Lectin-Like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Junctin Connexin Phospholamban Fas Ligand Proteases, Metalloproteinases, and ATPases Binary Calsequestrin/P2Xr-Purinergic Receptor (CSQ/P2X4R) Transgenics pro-anp Gene Disrupted Mouse Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Endothelin Elastin α-2-antiplasmin camp Response Element Binding Protein Fatty Acid Transport Protein: CD Clotting Factor XIII Apelin T-Box Transcription Factor Thrombospondin-1 and Its Receptor CD Polyomavirus Middle T Antigen Thrombopoietin Receptor Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Osteopontin ATP-Binding Membrane Cassette Transporter-A The K + /Cl Cotransporter KCC Aldosterone Synthase Overexpression Cysteine and Glycine-Rich Protein-2 (CSRP-2) Parathyroid Hormone Type-1 Receptor and PTH/PTH-Related Protein Vitamin D Receptor Thromboxane Receptor (Tp) T and B Cells Vanilloid Type-1 Receptors (TRPV-1) Serotonin Transporter (SERT) CC Chemokine Receptor-2 (CCR-2) Thymosin β Index