+1, EU GMO EU GMO GMO

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1 +1+ EU EU GMO

2 +1, EU GMO EU GMO GMO

3 +1- Bergkamp Zander Bergkamp Fisher McNelis

4 +1. GMO

5 +1/ OSPAR a serious irreversible significant

6 +10 Freestone

7 +11 Kiss and Shelton prevention prevention Cameron Birnie and Boyle BSE Pfizer Commission v. Denmark ILC

8 +12 ILC significant detectable serious substantial ILC ILC ILC

9 +13 ILC ILC ILC Trouwborst

10 +2* gravity duration and/or a b

11 +2+ Trouwborst EU EU //CE EU significant significant significance a

12 +2, serious harm provisional measure ICJ ICJ ITLOS ITLOS TAC ITLOS WTO serious injury

13 +2- WTO serious injury WTO Agreement on Safeguards serious injury WTO WTO WTO

14 +2. irreversible Morris

15 +2/ Trouwborst gravity temporal character long term irreplaceable irreplaceable CITES irreplaceable

16 +20 Trouwborst gravity Trouwborst gravity

17 +21 ILC

18 +22. EU the chosen level of protection. WTO the level of environmental or health protection they consider appropriate WTO. i ii the chosen level of protection... the risk level that is acceptable to

19 +23 the society... the desired level of protection... Proportionality the appropriate level of protection.... i ii i

20 +3*. the risk level that is acceptable to the society.. ii.... i ii Codex

21 +3+ Scott WTO/SPS

22 +3, SPS FSO WHO FAO Food safety risk analysis BOX....

23 +3- FAO/WHO Christoforou EC Schomberg EC

24 +3... EU Christoforou

25 +3/ de Sadeleer... the extent of possible damage, persistency, reversibility and delayed effect the possibility of occurrence and the severity.. may have serious consequences

26 +30 de Sadeleer GMO EC EC Schomberg negative negative adverse EU EU

27 +31 EU EC r EC EU TFEU EU WTO Codex Pfizer Christoforou

28 +32 de Sadeleer Schomberg EC Christoforou Schomberg normative prescriptive EU

29 +33 WTO/SPS EU WTO SPS SPS deemed appropriate by the Member establishing a sanitary or photosanitary measure SPS SPS SPS SPS SPS SPS EC WTO SPS SPS

30 ,** SPS WTO prerogative WTO WTO WTO WTO WTO

31 ,*+ EU EU EU WTO WTO EU

32 ,*, ITLOS EU ECJ WTO

33 ,*- EU GMO GMO EU EU GMO EU GMO GMO GMO //EEC //EC GMO GMO GMO

34 ,*. EU EU GMO GMO GMO

35 ,*/ GMO EC GMO EU GMO EU EU EU GMO GMO GMO

36 ,*0 GMO EC GMO GM EC EC GMO EU EU GMO GMO GMO

37 ,*1 may be irreverisible GMO GMO Christoforou GMO Christoforou alevel of no risk GMO

38 ,*2 GMO GMO GMO GMO GMO GMO EU GMO GMO

39 ,*3 EU GMO. i ii. i

40 ,+*

41 ,++ circular Bergkamp Bergkamp. WTO Schomberg

42 ,+, Commission of the European Communities, Communication from the Commission on the Precautionary Principle, COM final. Id., para.. Lucas Bergkamp, Understanding the precautionary principle Part I in Environmental liability, Vol., Hunton & Williams, at. Joakim Zander, The Application of the Precautionary Principle in Practice Cambridge University Press, at,. Elizabeth Fisher, The European Commission s Communication on the Precautionary Principle, Journal of Environmental Law at. Natalie McNelis, EU Communication on the Precautionary Principle, Journal of International Economic Law at. No. http :// James Cameron, The Precautionary Principle in International Law, in Tim O Riordan, James Cameron and Andrew Jordan eds., Reinterpreting the

43 ,+- Precautionary Principle Cameron May, at. No. Patricia W. Birnie and Alan E. Boyle, International Law and the Environment, Third Edition, Oxford University Press, at. Trouwborst, Precautionary Rights And Duties of States, Martinus Nijhoff, at. ILC Trouwborst, supra note, at. Trouwborst OSPAR OSPAR David Freestone, THE ROAD FROM RIO : INTERNATIONAL ENVIRON- MENTAL LAW AFTER THE EARTH SUMMIT, Journal of Environmental Law at. Alexandre Kiss and Dinah Shelton, International Environmental Law nd ed. Transnational Publisher Inc, at. Cameron, supra note, at. Birnie and Boyle, supra note, at. UK v. Commission Case C/ [] ECRI, para..

44 ,+. Pfizer Animal Health SA v. Council Case T/ [] ECRII, para.. Commission v. Denmark Case C/ [] ECRI, para.. Draft Articles on Prevention of Transboundary Harm from Hazardous Activities,. Commentary to Article, para.. significant serious significant serious Commentary to Article, para.. Draft principles on the allocation of loss in the case of transboundary harm arising out of hazardous activities,. Commentary to Article, paras. Commentary to Article, para.. Trouwborst Trouwborst, supra note, at. Birnie and Boyle, supra note, at. Commentary to Article, para.. Draft articles on the law of the nonnavigational uses of international watercourses,. to a significant extent Commentary to Article, para.. Commentary to Article, para.

45 ,+/ Trouwborst, supra note, at. Id., at. Id., at. Id., at. Id., at. Id., at. Directive //EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of April on environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental damage. Southern Bluefin Tuna Cases Australia and New Zealand v. Japan, International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, Request for provisional measures, Order of August. para.. paras.. para.. ITLOS GATT/CP/. WTO Trouwborst, supra note, at. R. K. D. I.

46 ,+0 D. A. E. B. Julian Morris, Defining the precautionary principle, in Julian Morris ed., Rethinking Risk and the Precautionary Principle ButterworthHeinemann, at. Trouwborst, supra note, at. Id., at. Id., at. Id., at. Id. Id., at. Trouwborst, supra note, at. Zander

47 ,+1 EU EC EU Zander, supra note, at. Commission of the European Communities, Comments from the European Commission Services to the Codex Secretariat, available at http ://ec.europa. eu/food/fs/ifsi/eupositions/ccgp/archives/ccgpen.html. Codex Joanne Scott, The WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, Oxford University Press, at. FAO/WHO FAO/WHO Pfizer para.

48 ,+2 Theofanis Christoforou, Genetically Modified Organisms in European Union Law in N. de Sadeleer ed., Implementing the precautionary principle : approaches from the Nordic countries, EU and USA Earthscan, at. René von Schomberg, The precautionary principle and its normative challenges, in Elizabeth Fisher, Judith Jones and René von Schomberg eds., Implementing the precautionary principle : Perspectives and prospects Edward Elgar, at. Bergkamp, supra note, at Theofanis Christoforou, The precautionary principle and democratizing expertise : a European legal perspective, Science and Public Policy, Volume, Number, at Nicolas de Sadeleer, The Precautionary Principle in European Community Health and Environmental Law : Sword or Shield for the Nordic Countries? in N. de Sadeleer ed., Implementing the precautionary principle : approaches from the Nordic countries, EU and USA Earthscan, at.

49 ,+3 Joined Cases T/, T/, T/ to T/, T/, T/ and T/ :Artegodan GmbH and Others v Commission of the European Communities[], para.. de Sadeleer, supra note, at. Schomberg, supra note, at. EU EU EU EU : RoHS Pfizer Case T/, para.. Codex Id., at para.. Christoforou, supra note, at. de Sadeleer, supra note, at. Schomberg, supra note, at. Schomberg, supra note, at. Report of the Appellate Body : EC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products Hormones, AB, WT/DS/AB/R Jan.,, para..

50 ,,* Report of the Appellate Body : Australia Measures Affecting Importation of Salmon, AB, WT/DS/AB/R Oct.,, para.. Report of the Panel : Japan Measures Affecting Agricultural Products, WT/DS/R Oct.,, paras.. Report of the Panel : Japan Measures Affecting the Importation of Apples, Recourse to Article. of the DSU by the United States, WT/DS /RW June, para.. WTO/SPS SPS consisitency SPS Schomberg, supra note, at //EEC GMO EU... Case C /, March

51 ,,+ Case C/, September EU GMO SPS WTO EU WTO SPS EU WTO Christoforou, supra note, at... Christoforou no risk Theofanis Christofourou, The regulation of genetically modified organisms in the European Union : The interplay of science, law and politics, Common Market Law Review at. Scott Joanne Scott and Ellen Vos, The Juridification of Uncertainty : Observations on the Ambivalence of the Precautionary Principle within the EU and the WTO in Christian JOERGES Renaud DEHOUSSE

52 ,,, eds., Good governance in Europe s integrated market Oxford University Press, at. Lucas Bergkamp, Understanding the precautionary principle Part in Environmental liability, Vol., Hunton & Williams, at ;Bergkamp, supra note, at. WTO para. Schomberg, supra note, at. EU EC

53 ,,- WTO SPS SPS WT/DS//AB, Oct.. SPS EC,, p.

54