i SYLLABUS osmania university UNIT - I CHAPTER - 1 : THERMODYNAMICS Concepts of System, Processes and Properties, Laws of Thermodynamics, Concept of Entropy and Clausius Inequality, Steady Flow Energy Equation for an Open System, Conditions of Reversible and Irreversible Processes, Calculations of Change in Internal Energy, Enthalpy, Entropy and Work Done. CHAPTER - 2 : IC ENGINES Working of Four Stroke and Two Stroke Petrol and Diesel Engine with p-v Diagrams, Valve Timing Diagram, Calculation of Indicated Power, Break Power, Specific Fuel Consumption, Mechanical and Thermal Efficiencies. CHAPTER - 3 : RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSORS Single and Multistage Compressors, Workdone, Efficiency of Multistage Compressors, Effect of Clearance Volume. UNIT - II CHAPTER - 4 : HEAT TRANSFER Basic Modes of Heat Transfer, Fourier s Law of Conduction, Newton s Law of Cooling, Stefan-Boltzmann Law of Radiation and Concept of Black Body, One Dimensional Steady State Conduction, Heat Transfer Through Plane Walls Without Heat Generation, Critical Radius of Insulation for Cylinders. CHAPTER - 5 : HEAT EXCHANGERS Classification and Application of Heat Exchangers in Industry, Derivation of LMTD in Parallel and Counter Flow Heat Exchangers and Problems.
ii Contents UNIT - III CHAPTER - 6 : REFRIGERATION Types of Refrigeration Systems, Air Refrigeration System, Vapor Compression System, Ammonia-Water Absorption, Refrigeration System, Thermoelectric Refrigeration System, COP and Representation Cycle on T-S and P-H Diagrams, Types and Properties of Refrigerants, Eco-Friendly Refrigerants, Introduction to Psychrometry and Psychrometry Processes. UNIT - IV CHAPTER - 7 : BASIC MANUFACTURING PROCESSES Welding, Brazing and Soldering, Brief Description of Process, Parameters and Associated Principles of Gas Welding, Arc Welding. CHAPTER - 8 : CASTING Sand Casting, Die Casting and Principles, Applications. CHAPTER - 9 : FORMING Basic Concepts of Forming Process, Rolling, Wire Drawing. CHAPTER - 10 : PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF BASIC MACHINING PROCESS Turning, Drilling and Shaping. UNIT - V CHAPTER - 11 : BASIC LINK MECHANISM Applications of Four Bar Planar Mechanisms, Single Slider Crank Mechanisms. CHAPTER - 12 : GEARS Classifications of Gears, Nomenclature, Gear Trains, Simple, Compound, Reverted and Epi-Cycle Gear Trains. CHAPTER - 13 : BELT AND ROPE DRIVES Open and Cross Belt Drives, Length of Belt, Ratio of Tensions of Flat Belt, Condition for Maximum Power Transmission for Flat Belt.
elements of mechanical engineering (b.e. o.u) ii year i semester (ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING) CONTENTS iii 1.1 INTRODUCTION... 1.2 1.2 MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC APPROACH OF THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM... 1.2 1.2.1 Macroscopic Approach... 1.2 1.2.2 Microscopic Approach... 1.3 1.3 CONCEPTS OF SYSTEM, PROCESSES AND PROPERTIES... 1.3 1.3.1 Thermodynamic System... 1.3 1.3.1.1 Open, Closed and Isolated Systems... 1.4 1.3.1.1.1 Open System... 1.4 1.3.1.1.2 Closed System... 1.5 1.3.1.1.3 Isolated System... 1.6 1.3.1.2 Adiabatic and Diabatic System... 1.6 1.3.1.3 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous System... 1.7 1.3.1.3.1 Homogenous System... 1.7 1.3.1.3.2 Heterogenous System... 1.7 1.3.2 Thermodynamic Properties... 1.7 1.3.2.1 Intensive and Extensive Properties... 1.7 1.3.3 State and Path of the Thermodynamic System... 1.8 1.3.3.1 State of the Thermodynamic System... 1.8
iv Contents 1.3.3.2 Path of the Thermodynamic System... 1.8 1.3.3.3 Point and Path Function... 1.9 1.3.4 Thermodynamic Process... 1.10 1.3.4.1 Cyclic Process... 1.10 1.3.4.2 Quasi-Static Process... 1.10 1.3.4.3 Reversible and Irreversible Process... 1.11 1.3.4.3.1 Comparison Between Reversible and Irreversible Process... 1.12 1.3.4.4 Isothermal, Adiabatic, Isobaric and Isochoric Process... 1.13 1.4 THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM... 1.13 1.5 LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS... 1.14 1.6 ZEROTH TH LAW W OF THERMODYNAMICS... 1.14 1.6.1 Temperature Scales... 1.14 1.6.1.1 Celsius Scale... 1.15 1.6.1.2 Fahrenheit Scale... 1.15 1.6.1.3 Kelvin Scale... 1.15 1.6.1.4 Rankine Scale... 1.15 1.6.2 The Relation between Various Temperature Scales... 1.15 1.7 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS... 1.16 1.7.1 Corollaries of First Law of Thermodynamics... 1.16 1.7.1.1 Corollary 1 : Internal Energy As a Property of System... 1.16 1.7.1.2 Corollary 2 : Conservation of Energy... 1.18 1.7.1.3 Corollary 3 : Perpetual Motion Machine of First Kind (PMM1)... 1.18 1.7.2 Energy Interaction... 1.18 1.7.2.1 Work ork... 1.19 1.7.2.2 Heat... 1.20
v 1.7.2.3 Comparison of Work and Heat... 1.20 1.7.3 The Ideal Gas Equation of State... 1.21 1.7.4 Specific Heats... 1.21 1.7.4.1 Specific Heat at Constant Pressure... 1.22 1.7.4.2 Specific Heat At Constant Volume... 1.22 1.7.4.3 Relation between Specific Heats and Gas Constant... 1.22 1.7.5 Enthalpy... 1.23 1.7.6 Calculations of Change in Internal Energy,, Enthalpy and Work Done... 1.23 1.7.6.1 Constant Volume (Isochoric) Process... 1.24 1.7.6.2 Constant Pressure (Isobaric) Process... 1.25 1.7.6.3 Constant Temperature (Isothermal) Process... 1.27 1.7.6.4 Reversible Adiabatic (Isentropic) Process... 1.28 1.7.6.5 Polytropic Process... 1.31 1.7.7 Steady Flow Energy Equation for an Open System... 1.40 1.7.7.1 Conditions for Steady Flow System... 1.40 1.7.7.2 Equation of Continuity... 1.40 1.7.7.3 Steady Flow Energy Equation (SFEE)... 1.41 1.7.7.4 Workdone in Flow Process... 1.42 1.7.7.5 SFEE For Engineering Devices... 1.45 1.7.8 Limitations of First Law of Thermodynamics... 1.48 1.8 SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS... 1.48 1.8.1 Terminology Used in Second Law of Thermodynamics... 1.48 1.8.2 Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statement... 1.49 1.8.2.1 Kelvin-Planck Statement... 1.49 1.8.2.2 Clausius Statement... 1.50 1.8.3 Conditions of Reversible and Irreversible Processes... 1.51 1.8.4 Clausius Inequality... 1.51 1.8.5 Concept of Entropy... 1.52 1.8.5.1 Change of Entropy... 1.52
vi Contents 1.8.5.2 Entropy as a Thermodynamic Property... 1.52 1.8.5.3 Characteristics of Entropy... 1.53 1.8.6 Calculations of Entropy... 1.54 1.8.6.1 Change in Entropy for Constant Volume (Isochoric) Process... 1.55 1.8.6.2 Change in Entropy for Constant Pressure (Isobaric) Process... 1.55 1.8.6.3 Change in Entropy for Constant Temperature (Isothermal) Process... 1.56 1.8.6.4 Change in Entropy for Adiabatic Process... 1.56 1.8.6.5 Change in Entropy for Polytropic Process... 1.56 1.9 THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS... 1.64 1.10 SOLVED PROBLEMS... 1.65 UNIT - I [CH. - 2] ] [IC ENGINES]... 1.81-1.126 Short Questions and Answers... 1.72-1.80 2.1 INTRODUCTION... 1.82 2.1.1 Advantages of I.C Engines Over E.C Engines... 1.82 2.1.2 Applications of I.C engines... 1.82 2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF IC ENGINES... 1.83 2.3 BASIC ENGINE COMPONENTS AND NOMENCLATURE USED... 1.84 2.3.1 Engine Components... 1.84 2.3.2 Nomenclature... 1.86 2.4 WORKING OF IC ENGINES WITH P-V V DIAGRAMS... 1.88 2.4.1 Working of Four our-stroke Petrol (SI) Engines... 1.88 2.4.2 Working of Four Stroke Diesel Engines... 1.91 2.4.3 Working of Two wo-stroke Petrol (SI) Engines... 1.93 2.4.3.1 Working of Two wo-stroke Petrol Engine... 1.93 2.4.3.2 Two Stroke Cycle Diesel Engine... 1.94 2.4.3.3 p-v Diagram for Two Stroke Petrol Engine... 1.95 2.4.3.4 p-v Diagram for Two Stroke Diesel Engine... 1.96 2.4.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Two wo-stroke Cycle Engines... 1.97
vii 2.5 VALVE VE TIMING DIAGRAM GRAM... 1.98 2.5.1 Valve Timing Diagram for a Four our-stroke Petrol Engine... 1.99 2.5.2 Valve Timing Diagram for a Four our-stroke Diesel Engines... 1.100 2.6 ENGINE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS... 1.101 2.6.1 Mean Effective Pressure (P m )... 1.101 2.6.2 Indicated Power... 1.102 2.6.3 Brake Power... 1.102 2.6.4 Friction Power... 1.104 2.6.5 Specific Fuel Consumption... 1.104 2.6.6 Mechanical Efficiency... 1.104 2.6.7 Thermal Efficiency... 1.105 2.7 COMPARISON OF PETROL (S.I).I) AND DIESEL (C.I) ENGINE... 1.110 2.8 COMPARISON OF TWO-STROKE AND FOUR-STROKE I.C ENGINES... 1.111 2.9 SOLVED PROBLEMS... 1.112 Short Questions and Answers... 1.119-1.126 UNIT - I [CH. - 3] ] [RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSORS]... 1.127-1.160 3.1 INTRODUCTION... 1.128 3.2 CLASSIFICATION OF AIR COMPRESSOR... 1.128 3.3 CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OPERATION OF RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSORS... 1.128 3.4 SINGLE STAGE GE RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR... 1.130 3.4.1 Workdone Without Clearance Volume... 1.131 3.4.1.1 Workdone When Air is Compressed Polytropically (pv n = Constant)... 1.132 3.4.1.2 Workdone When Air is Compressed Adiabatically (pv γ = Constant)... 1.133 3.4.1.3 Workdone When Air is Compressed Isothermally (pv = Constant)... 1.133
viii Contents 3.4.2 Efficiencies of Reciprocating Air Compressor... 1.136 3.4.2.1 Isothermal Efficiency... 1.136 3.4.2.2 Adiabatic Efficiency... 1.137 3.4.2.3 Mechanical Efficiency... 1.137 3.4.2.4 Volumetric Efficiency... 1.137 3.4.3 Effect of Clearance Volume on Workdone and Efficiency... 1.137 3.4.3.1 Effect of Clearance Volume on Work Done... 1.138 3.4.3.2 Effect of Clearance Volume on Volumetric Efficiency... 1.139 3.5 MULTIST TISTAGE COMPRESSION... 1.141 3.5.1 Two wo Stage Air Compressor... 1.142 3.5.2 Workdone in Multistage Compression... 1.143 3.5.3 Advantages of Multistage Compression... 1.148 3.6 SOLVED PROBLEMS... 1.149 Short Questions and Answers... 1.158-1.160 UNIT - II [CH. - 4] ] [HEAT TRANSFER]... 2.1-2.32 4.1 INTRODUCTION... 2.2 4.2 BASIC MODES OF HEAT T TRANSFER... 2.3 4.2.1 Conduction... 2.3 4.2.2 Convection... 2.4 4.2.3 Radiation... 2.5 4.2.4 Comparison of Conduction, Convection and Radiation... 2.5 4.3 FOURIER S LAW OF CONDUCTION... 2.5 4.3.1 Thermal Conductivity... 2.6 4.3.2 One Dimensional Steady State Conduction... 2.6 4.3.3 Conduction Heat Transfer Through Plane Walls Without Heat Generation... 2.8
ix 4.3.4 Conduction Through a Composite Wall all... 2.9 4.3.5 Conduction Through a Hollow Cylinder... 2.10 4.3.6 Analogy Between Ohm s Law and Fourier ourier s Law of Conduction... 2.11 4.4 NEWTON S LAW OF COOLING... 2.16 4.5 THERMAL RADIATION... 2.18 4.6 CONCEPT OF BLACK BODY... 2.19 4.7 STEFAN BOLTZMANN LAW... 2.19 4.8 CRITICAL RADIUS OF INSULATION FOR CYLINDERS... 2.21 4.9 SOLVED PROBLEMS... 2.23 Short Questions and Answers... 2.26-2.32 UNIT - II [CH. - 5] ] [HEAT EXCHANGERS]... 2.33-2.44 5.1 INTRODUCTION... 2.34 5.2 CLASSIFICATION AND APPLICATIONS OF HEAT T EXCHANGERS CHANGERS... 2.34 5.2.1 Classification According to Heat Transfer Process... 2.34 5.2.2 Classification According to Constructional Features... 2.35 5.2.3 Classification According to Flow Arrangement... 2.36 5.2.4 Applications of Heat Exchangers... 2.37 5.3 DERIVATION OF LMTD IN PARALLEL AND COUNTER FLOW HEAT EXCHANGERS... 2.37 5.3.1 Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger... 2.38 5.3.2 Counter Flow Heat Exchanger... 2.39 Short Questions and Answers... 2.43-2.44
x Contents UNIT - III [CH. H. - 6] ] [REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION]... 3.1-3.66 6.1 INTRODUCTION... 3.2 6.2 BASIC TERMINOLOGY... 3.2 6.3 HEAT PUMP AND REFRIGERATOR... 3.3 6.4 TYPES OF REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS... 3.5 6.5 AIR REFRIGERATION SYSTEM... 3.5 6.5.1 COP and Air Refrigeration Cycle On T-S Diagrams... 3.5 6.5.1.1 Air Refrigerator Working on Reversed Carnot Cycle... 3.5 6.5.1.2 Air Refrigerator Working on Bell-Coleman Cycle... 3.11 6.5.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Air Refrigeration Systems... 3.20 6.6 VAPOUR COMPRESSION SYSTEM... 3.21 6.6.1 Essential Components of a Vapour Compression System... 3.21 6.6.2 Vapour Compression Cycle on Pressure Enthalpy (p-h) Chart... 3.22 6.6.3 Simple Vapour Compression Cycle on T-s s Diagram... 3.24 6.6.3.1 Vapour Compression Cycle with Dry Saturated Vapour After Compressions... 3.24 6.6.3.2 Vapour Compression Cycle With ith Wet Vapour After Compression... 3.26 6.6.3.3 Theoretical Vapour Compression Cycle with Superheated Vapour After Compression... 3.26 6.6.3.4 Theoretical Vapour Compression Cycle with Superheated Vapour Before Compression... 3.27 6.6.3.5 Theoretical Vapour Compression Cycle with Undercooling or Subcooling of Refrigerant... 3.28
xi 6.6.4 Factors Affecting the Performance of a Simple Vapour Compression System... 3.29 6.6.4.1 Effect of Suction (or) Evaporator Pressure... 3.29 6.6.4.2 Effect of Condenser (or) Discharge Pressure... 3.29 6.6.4.3 Effect of Suction Vapour Superheat... 3.30 6.6.4.4 Effect of Liquid Sub-Cooling... 3.30 6.6.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Vapour Compression System... 3.31 6.7 VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM... 3.32 6.7.1 Simple Ammonia-Water ater Absorption Refrigeration System... 3.32 6.7.2 Practical Ammonia-Water ater Absorption System... 3.34 6.7.3 COP of an Ideal Vapour Absorption System... 3.35 6.7.4 Desirable Properties of Refrigerant-Absorbent Combination... 3.39 6.7.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Vapour Absorption System... 3.39 6.7.6 Comparison of Vapour Compression and Vapour Absorption Systems... 3.40 6.8 THERMOELECTRIC REFRIGERATION SYSTEM... 3.41 6.8.1 Analysis of a Thermoelectric Refrigerator... 3.43 6.8.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Thermoelectric Refrigeration System... 3.47 6.8.3 Applications of Thermoelectric Refrigeration System... 3.48 6.9 REFRIGERANTS... 3.48 6.9.1 Types of Refrigerants... 3.48 6.9.1.1 Primary Refrigerants... 3.49 6.9.1.2 Secondary Refrigerants... 3.49 6.9.2 Desirable Properties of an Ideal Refrigerants... 3.49
xii Contents 6.10 ECO-FRIENDL -FRIENDLY REFRIGERANTS... 3.50 6.11 INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHROMETR CHROMETRY... 3.52 6.11.1 Psychrometry Terms erms... 3.52 6.11.2 Psychrometry Chart... 3.52 6.11.3 Psychrometry Processes... 3.54 6.11.3.1 Sensible Heating... 3.55 6.11.3.2 Sensible Cooling... 3.55 6.11.3.3 Humidification and Dehumidification... 3.56 6.11.3.4 Cooling and Dehumidification... 3.58 6.11.3.5 Cooling and Humidification... 3.59 6.11.3.6 Heating and Dehumidification... 3.60 6.11.3.7 Heating and Dehumidification (Adiabatic Chemical Dehumidification)... 3.61 Short Questions and Answers... 3.62-3.66 UNIT - IV [CH. - 7] ] [BASIC MANUFACTURING PROCESSES]... 4.1-4.24 7.1 INTRODUCTION... 4.2 7.2 JOINING PROCESSES... 4.2 7.3 WELDING... 4.2 7.3.1 Types of Welding Processes... 4.3 7.3.2 Weldments and Weldability... 4.4 7.3.3 Gas Welding... 4.4 7.3.3.1 Oxyacetylene Welding elding... 4.4 7.3.3.2 Gas Welding Equipment... 4.4 7.3.3.3 Principle of Oxyacetylene Welding... 4.5 7.3.3.4 Types of Flames... 4.5
xiii 7.3.3.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Gas (Oxyacetylene) Welding... 4.6 7.3.3.6 Applications of Gas (Oxyacetylene) Welding... 4.7 7.3.4 Arc Welding elding... 4.7 7.3.4.1 Principle of Arc Welding... 4.7 7.3.4.2 Arc Welding Equipment... 4.8 7.3.4.3 Power Supply Source in Arc Welding... 4.8 7.3.4.4 Electrodes in Arc Welding elding... 4.10 7.3.4.5 Purpose of Flux Coated Electrodes... 4.10 7.3.4.6 Comparison of A.C and D.C.C Arc Welding elding... 4.11 7.3.4.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Arc Welding... 4.11 7.3.4.8 Applications of Arc Welding... 4.12 7.3.5 Resistance Welding... 4.12 7.3.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Welding... 4.14 7.4 SOLDERING AND BRAZING... 4.14 7.4.1 Soldering... 4.14 7.4.1.1 Soldering Accessories... 4.15 7.4.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Soldering... 4.15 7.4.1.3 Applications of Soldering... 4.16 7.4.1.4 Comparison of Soldering and Welding elding... 4.16 7.4.2 Brazing... 4.16 7.4.2.1 Process of Brazing... 4.17 7.4.2.2 Braze Welding... 4.17 7.4.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Brazing... 4.17 7.5 COMPARISON OF SOLDERING BRAZING AND WELDING... 4.18 Short Questions and Answers... 4.19-4.24
xiv Contents UNIT - IV [CH. H. - 8] ] [CASTING CASTING]... 4.25-4.54 8.1 INTRODUCTION... 4.26 8.1.1 Definition of Casting... 4.26 8.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Casting... 4.26 8.1.3 Applications of Casting Process... 4.27 8.1.4 Materials used for Casting Process... 4.27 8.2 CLASSIFICATION OF CASTING PROCESS... 4.28 8.3 SAND CASTING... 4.29 8.3.1 Sand Casting Terminology... 4.29 8.3.2 Properties of Moulding Sand... 4.30 8.3.3 Ingredients of Moulding Sand... 4.31 8.3.4 Types of Sand Casting... 4.32 8.3.4.1 Green Sand Moulding... 4.32 8.3.4.2 Dry Sand Moulding... 4.33 8.3.4.3 Shell Moulding... 4.33 8.3.5 Sand Casting Procedure... 4.34 8.3.6 Cores... 4.37 8.3.6.1 Desirable Properties of Cores... 4.37 8.3.6.2 Purposes of Cores... 4.38 8.3.6.3 Types of Cores... 4.38 8.3.7 Pattern... 4.39 8.3.7.1 Materials Used for Patterns atterns... 4.39 8.3.7.2 Requirements of a Good Patterns... 4.40 8.3.7.3 Functions of Pattern... 4.40 8.3.7.4 Types of Patterns atterns... 4.40 8.3.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Sand Casting... 4.42
xv 8.4 DIE CASTING... 4.43 8.4.1 Steps Involved in Die Casting (In Metal Mould)... 4.44 8.4.2 Types of Die-casting... 4.44 8.4.2.1 Hot Chamber Process... 4.44 8.4.2.2 Cold Chamber Process... 4.45 8.4.3 Advantages/Merits Die Casting... 4.46 8.4.4 Disadvantages/Demerits of Die Casting... 4.46 8.4.5 Applications of Die Casting... 4.46 8.5 COMPARISON BETWEEN SAND-CASTING AND DIE CASTINGS... 4.47 Short Questions and Answers... 4.48-4.54 UNIT - IV [CH. - 9] ] [FORMING FORMING]... 4.55-4.68 9.1 INTRODUCTION... 4.56 9.2 BASIC CONCEPTS OF FORMING PROCESS... 4.56 9.3 CLASSIFICATION OF METAL AL FORMING PROCESS... 4.57 9.3.1 Cold Working Process... 4.57 9.3.1.1 Advantages... 4.58 9.3.1.2 Disadvantages... 4.58 9.3.2 Hot Working Process... 4.58 9.3.2.1 Advantages... 4.58 9.3.2.2 Disadvantages... 4.59 9.3.3 Comparison between Hot Working and Cold Working Process... 4.59 9.4.4 ROLLING... 4.60 9.4.1 Characteristics of Rolling Process... 4.60 9.4.2 Hot Rolling Process... 4.60 9.4.3 Cold Rolling Process... 4.61 9.4.4 Roll Configurations... 4.61 9.5 WIRE DRAWING... 4.64 9.6 COMPARISON OF ROLLING AND WIRE DRAWING... 4.65 Short Questions and Answers... 4.66-4.68
xvi Contents UNIT - IV [CH. H. - 10] ] [PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF BASIC MACHINING PROCESS]... 4.69-4.104 10.1 INTRODUCTION... 4.70 10.2 LATHE... 4.70 10.2.1 Parts of a Lathe athe... 4.71 10.2.2 Classification of Lathe... 4.73 10.2.3 Lathe Machining Operations... 4.74 10.3 TURNING... 4.77 10.3.1 Turning Process Details/Working Principle rinciple... 4.77 10.3.2 Characteristics of Turning Process... 4.78 10.3.3 Taper Turning urning... 4.78 10.3.3.1 Taper Turning by a Form Tool ool... 4.79 10.3.3.2 Taper Turning by the Compound Rest est Method... 4.79 10.3.3.3 Taper Turning by Tailstock Offset Method... 4.80 10.3.4 Workpiece Geometry of Turning Process... 4.81 10.3.5 Advantages... 4.81 10.3.6 Disadvantages... 4.82 10.4 DRILLING... 4.82 10.4.1 Drilling Process Details / Working Principle rinciple... 4.82 10.4.2 Characteristics of Drilling Process... 4.82 10.4.3 Principal Parts of a Drill... 4.83 10.4.4 Twist Drills... 4.83 10.4.5 Classification of Drilling Machines... 4.84 10.4.5.1 Portable Drilling Machine... 4.84 10.4.5.2 Sensitive (or) Bench Drilling Machine... 4.85 10.4.5.3 Upright Drilling Machines... 4.86 10.4.5.4 Radial Drilling Machines... 4.86 10.4.5.5 Gang Drilling Machine... 4.87 10.4.5.6 Multiple Spindle Drilling Machine... 4.88
xvii 10.4.6 Drilling Machine Operations... 4.88 10.4.6.1 Drilling... 4.88 10.4.6.2 Reaming... 4.88 10.4.6.3 Boring... 4.88 10.4.6.4 Counter Sinking... 4.89 10.4.6.5 Counter Boring... 4.89 10.4.6.6 Spot Facing... 4.89 10.4.7 Workpiece Geometry of Drilling Process... 4.90 10.4.8 Advantages... 4.90 10.4.9 Disadvantages... 4.91 10.5 SHAPING... 4.91 10.5.1 Process Details / Working Principle... 4.91 10.5.2 Process Characteristics... 4.91 10.5.3 Types of Shapers... 4.92 10.5.3.1 Crank Shaper... 4.92 10.5.3.2 Geared Type... 4.92 10.5.3.3 Hydraulic Shaper... 4.93 10.5.3.4 Horizontal Shaper... 4.93 10.5.3.5 Vertical Shaper... 4.93 10.5.3.6 Travelling Head Shaper... 4.93 10.5.3.7 Standard (or) Plain Shaper... 4.93 10.5.3.8 Universal Shaper... 4.94 10.5.3.9 Push Type Shaper... 4.94 10.5.3.10 Draw Type Shaper... 4.94 10.5.4 Principal Parts of a Shaper... 4.94 10.5.5 Advantages of Shaping... 4.96 10.5.6 Disadvantages of Shaping... 4.96 10.5.7 Applications... 4.96
xviii Contents 10.6 PLANNING... 4.97 10.6.1 Process Details/Working Principle... 4.97 10.6.2 Process Characteristics... 4.97 10.6.3 Principal Parts of a Planar... 4.97 10.6.4 Workpiece Geometry of Shaping (or) Planning Process... 4.98 10.6.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Planning... 4.99 10.6.6 Application of Planning... 4.99 10.6.7 Comparison of Shaping and Planning... 4.100 Short Questions and Answers... 4.101-4.104 UNIT - V [CH. - 11] ] [BASIC LINK MECHANISM]... 5.1-5.20 11.1 INTRODUCTION... 5.2 11.2 BASIC CONCEPTS... 5.2 11.2.1 Kinematic Links... 5.2 11.2.2 Kinematic Pairs... 5.3 11.2.3 Constrained Motion... 5.5 11.2.4 Kinematic Chain... 5.5 11.2.5 Mechanism and Machines... 5.6 11.2.6 Mechanism and Machines... 5.7 11.2.7 Structure... 5.8 11.2.8 Inversion of Mechanism... 5.8 11.3 FOUR LINK MECHANISMS... 5.8 11.4 FOUR BAR PLANAR MECHANISM (QUADRIC CYCLE CHAIN)... 5.8 11.4.1 Grashof s Theorem... 5.9 11.4.2 Inversions of Four Bar Mechanisms... 5.9 11.4.3 Applications of Four Bar Mechanisms... 5.10
xix 11.5 SINGLE-SLIDER CRANK MECHANISMS... 5.11 11.5.1 Inversions and Applications of Single-Slider Crank Mechanisms... 5.11 11.5.1.1 First Inversion... 5.11 11.5.1.2 Second Inversion... 5.11 11.5.1.3 Third Inversion of Single-Slider Crank Chain... 5.13 11.5.1.4 Fourth Inversion of Single-Slider Crank Chain... 5.15 Short Questions and Answers... 5.16-5.20 UNIT - V [CH. H. - 12] ] [GEARS GEARS]... 5.21-5.44 12.1 INTRODUCTION... 5.22 12.2 GEAR TOOTH TH PROFILES... 5.23 12.3 CLASSIFICATION OF GEARS... 5.24 12.3.1 Spur Gears... 5.24 12.3.2 Helical Gears... 5.25 12.3.3 Double Helical and Herringbone Gears... 5.25 12.3.4 Bevel Gears... 5.26 12.3.5 Worm Gears... 5.26 12.4 GEAR NOMENCLATURE TURE... 5.27 12.5 LAW OF GEARINGS... 5.30 12.6 GEAR TRAINS... 5.30 12.6.1 Simple Gear Train... 5.31 12.6.2 Compound Gear Train... 5.32 12.6.3 Reverted Gear Train... 5.33 12.6.4 Epi-Cycle Gear Train... 5.34 12.7 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BELT DRIVES AND GEAR DRIVES... 5.35 12.8 SOLVED PROBLEMS... 5.36 Short Questions and Answers... 5.39-5.44
xx Contents UNIT - V [CH. H. - 13] ] [BELT AND ROPE DRIVES]... 5.45-5.76 13.1 INTRODUCTION... 5.46 13.2 BELT AND ROPE DRIVES... 5.46 13.2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Belt Drives... 5.47 13.2.2 Types of Belts... 5.47 13.2.2.1 Flat Belts... 5.48 13.2.2.2 V-Belts... 5.48 13.2.2.3 Circular Belts or Rope... 5.49 13.2.3 Belt Materials... 5.49 13.3 OPEN AND CROSS BELT DRIVES... 5.49 13.4 COMPOUND BELT DRIVE... 5.50 13.5 VELOCITY (OR SPEED) RATIO OF A BELT T DRIVE... 5.51 13.5.1 Effect of Belt Thickness on Velocity Ratio... 5.51 13.5.2 Effect of Slip on Velocity Ratio atio... 5.52 13.5.3 Effect of Creep on Velocity Ratio... 5.54 13.5.4 Velocity Ratio of a Compound Belt Drive... 5.54 13.6 LENGTH TH OF BELT... 5.55 13.6.1 Length of An Open Belt... 5.55 13.6.2 Length of a Crossed Belt Drive... 5.57 13.7 ANGLE OF CONTACT CT... 5.61 13.7.1 Angle of Contact For Open Belt Drive... 5.61 13.7.2 Angle of Contact For Crossed Belt Drive... 5.61 13.8 RATIO OF TENSIONS OF FLAT T BELT... 5.62 13.9 POWER TRANSMITTED BY Y A BELT... 5.65 13.9.1 Centrifugal Tension... 5.66 13.9.2 Initial Tension... 5.66 13.10 CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM POWER TRANSMISSION FOR FLAT BELT... 5.67 13.11 ROPE DRIVES... 5.68 13.12 SOLVED PROBLEMS... 5.69 Short Questions and Answers... 5.73-5.76 EXPECTED UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS Expected University Questions with Solutions... E.1 - E.14
xxi