2008 5 RESOURCES SCIENCE Vol. 30,No. 5 May,2008 :1007-7588(2008) 05-0725 - 07 GIS 1,2, 2, 2 (1., 100085 ; 2., 100101) :, GIS, 3, GIS : (P) 610 10 4 t, 328 10 4 t, (P) 282 10 4 t, 01029tΠhm 2, ; 12181 %, 16111 %,,,;, 77111 % 22123 % 0166 %,,, 85125 % ; 294 10 4 t, 89190 %, : ; ; ;,,,,,,, [6 ],,,,,, ( [7 ], (, ;, P ), ), [8 ] ;,,, 80,,1994 [1 5 ] ( ) ( ), : 1 GIS 1. 1 [1,2 ], 2000 :2007-09 - 30 ; :2007-12 - 12 : ( : KZCX32sw2333) :,,,, E2mail : fyd003 @163. com :,E2mail : fengzm @igsnrr. ac. cn
726 30 5, 2000,, 112 GIS ( GIS),,,,,, GIS,,, ArcGIS813 [9 ] 2 [10 ], [11 ], : BA P = ( P t - in - P t - out )ΠLA (1) P t - in = F P + ORG P + IR P + PRE P (2) P t - out = BI P + L E P (3) : BA P, (tπhm 2 ) ; P t - in, (t) ; P t - out, (t) ;LA, (hm 2 ) ; F P ( ), (t) ; ORG P, (t) ; IR P, (t) ; PREN, (t) ; BI P, (t) ; L E P, (t) 3 311 ( P), ( ) 77111 % 22123 % 0166 %,,,,, 50 %,, 50142 %,, 90133 %, ( 1) 1 Table 1 Input structure of phosphorus nutrient of farmland in province level ( %) (P) (P) (P) 50. 42 48. 83 0. 75 100 60. 01 37. 03 2. 95 100 64. 33 34. 87 0. 80 100 66. 53 32. 65 0. 83 100 66. 91 32. 04 1. 05 100 68. 32 31. 35 0. 33 100 69. 09 29. 75 1. 17 100 69. 49 29. 79 0. 72 100 69. 98 29. 60 0. 41 100 70. 31 29. 02 0. 67 100 70. 42 28. 94 0. 64 100 71. 00 28. 07 0. 93 100 71. 70 27. 59 0. 71 100 72. 79 26. 83 0. 37 100 73. 88 25. 32 0. 80 100 74. 86 24. 33 0. 82 100 75. 41 23. 79 0. 80 100 78. 45 21. 18 0. 36 100 78. 77 18. 68 2. 54 100 79. 42 19. 78 0. 80 100 80. 28 19. 47 0. 24 100 80. 52 19. 00 0. 47 100 80. 74 16. 97 2. 30 100 80. 77 19. 03 0. 20 100 81. 14 15. 61 3. 25 100 81. 28 16. 91 1. 81 100 81. 33 18. 44 0. 23 100 83. 61 15. 69 0. 70 100 83. 93 15. 54 0. 53 100 84. 18 15. 16 0. 67 100 90. 33 9. 41 0. 26 100 85125 %, (,, ) 14175 %,
: GIS 727,, (P, ) 470 10 4 t, 41194 %, 10 % (P) 01049tΠhm 2,, ( 2) 2 310 10 4 t, 161 10 4 t, 1 0152, Table 2 Input structure of organic phosphorus fertilizer of farmland in province level ( %) 100 10. 84 89. 16 12. 38 47. 66 7. 75 13. 87 18. 35 100 100 14. 58 85. 42 30. 83 21. 63 6. 20 15. 62 25. 71 100 100 12. 49 87. 51 35. 71 28. 51 7. 93 17. 00 10. 85 100 100 12. 59 87. 41 32. 38 25. 16 11. 82 9. 15 21. 49 100 100 15. 44 84. 56 24. 93 36. 76 18. 76 5. 32 14. 23 100 100 6. 96 93. 04 34. 35 33. 60 3. 45 17. 08 11. 51 100 100 13. 11 86. 89 45. 08 31. 92 3. 39 13. 38 6. 23 100 100 18. 92 81. 08 40. 09 33. 52 3. 98 9. 97 12. 45 100 100 17. 66 82. 34 3. 61 42. 76 6. 31 24. 92 22. 40 100 100 23. 90 76. 10 6. 39 42. 78 8. 55 22. 37 19. 91 100 100 23. 28 76. 72 3. 41 53. 51 4. 05 7. 99 31. 04 100 100 17. 03 82. 97 22. 42 40. 99 3. 64 11. 12 21. 83 100 100 18. 14 81. 86 16. 23 50. 37 1. 46 11. 29 20. 66 100 100 19. 94 80. 06 26. 12 49. 04 0. 63 5. 11 19. 10 100 100 15. 04 84. 96 34. 81 25. 33 9. 18 18. 64 12. 05 100 100 15. 45 84. 55 29. 87 37. 82 6. 75 12. 14 13. 41 100 100 17. 16 82. 84 21. 14 49. 19 1. 18 10. 74 17. 75 100 100 17. 59 82. 41 18. 88 58. 64 1. 73 5. 76 15. 00 100 100 16. 27 83. 73 29. 13 46. 70 0. 27 3. 41 20. 50 100 100 11. 46 88. 54 44. 19 41. 14 1. 47 1. 23 11. 96 100 100 9. 42 90. 58 55. 28 30. 98 3. 02 1. 29 9. 44 100 100 10. 53 89. 47 7. 37 67. 98 1. 57 4. 87 18. 22 100 100 14. 52 85. 48 15. 45 61. 68 2. 94 5. 72 14. 21 100 100 8. 84 91. 16 26. 60 54. 08 1. 93 1. 13 16. 26 100 100 10. 80 89. 20 25. 15 57. 36 3. 11 1. 06 13. 33 100 100 0. 94 99. 06 58. 70 6. 62 27. 45 0. 15 7. 08 100 100 14. 18 85. 82 16. 14 44. 95 3. 55 9. 83 25. 54 100 100 7. 72 92. 28 34. 45 34. 22 7. 39 2. 83 21. 11 100 100 1. 52 98. 48 55. 98 14. 58 16. 03 0. 97 12. 44 100 100 12. 61 87. 39 25. 49 34. 73 11. 25 9. 07 19. 45 100 100 10. 70 89. 30 45. 19 9. 51 25. 67 5. 01 14. 62 100 100 14. 75 85. 25 27. 46 41. 94 5. 27 9. 98 15. 35 100
728 30 5 190 10 4 t, 01061tΠhm 2, 1 0170 ; 192 10 4 t, 01044tΠhm 2, 1 0144 ; 88 10 4 t, 01040tΠhm 2, 1 0153,,, (P) 01012tΠhm 2 01102tΠhm 2,, : (0 0102) tπhm 2,, 23133 % ; (0102 0104) tπhm 2, 23159 % ; (0104 0106) tπhm 2, 20153 % ; 0106 tπhm 2, 30167 %, ;, 3 ; 1 (tπhm 2 ) Fig11 Quantum of chemic fertilizer phosphorus input of farmland on county level (tπhm 2 ) 64158 %, 56139 %, 87132 %,, 61186 % 63197 % 67186 % 68192 %,, 0103tΠhm 2,, 120 10 4 t,,,, 0140tΠhm 2 ( 1) 312 ( P) 294 10 4 t, 01038tΠhm 2 ; 116 10 4 t, 01027tΠhm 2 ; 57 10 4 t, 01026tΠhm 2,, 89190 %,, 01007tΠhm 2, : 162 01057tΠhm 2, 0101tΠhm 2, 10 4 t, 132 10 4 t, 1 ( 2) : 0181, (0 01020) tπhm 2, 27141 % ;
: GIS 729 2 (tπhm 2 ) Fig12 Spacial distribution of biologic phosphorus output on county level 313 (1), ( P) 610 10 4 t, 328 10 4 t, ( P) 282 10 4 t, 01029tΠhm 2 010387tΠ hm 2, 010254tΠhm 2, 010233tΠhm 2,,,, 01078tΠhm 2,,,,,, : 3 Fig13 Ratio of profit and loss of phosphorus nutrient of farmland on county level 11144 % ; (01020 01035) tπhm 2, - 10 % A 10 %, 26160 % ; 6149 %, (01035 01050) tπhm 2, 7172 % ; 27120 % ; 10 % < A 30 %, 01050tΠhm 2, 10148 %, 16193 % 10197 % ; 30 % < A 60 %,, 16150 %, 17104 % ;,, > 60 % ( A ),, 55141 %, 52182 %, P = BA P Π P t - out LA : P, ; 1 3 (4) [1,2 ], 5 ( 3) : < - 10 %, 9125 %,,,
730 30 5 [12 ],,,,,, 12181 %,, 16111 %,,,,,, [13 ],,, 9, ( P) 1414kg,,,,, 80 % [14,15 ],,,, 30 g L - 1,, [16 ],,,, 4, GIS,, GIS,,,, : (1) ( P) 610 10 4 t, 328 10 4 t, (P) 282 10 4 t, 01029tΠhm 2 010387tΠhm 2, 010254tΠhm 2, 010233tΠhm 2, (2), (3), ( ) 77111 % 22123 % 0166 %,,,, (4) 294 10 4 t, 89190 %,,,, ( References) : [ 1 ] Peterburgskii A. V. and N ik ifo rova I. P. Nutrient balance and soil productivity in the Severo2O setian ASSR[ USSR] [J ]. Soviet A Gricultural Sciences ( USA),1981, 6 : 32 34. [ 2 ] Uhlen G. and Tveitnes S. Effects of long2term crop rotations, fertilizers, farm manure and straw on crop productivity[j ]. J. Agric. Sci.,1995, 9 : 143 161. Norw. [ 3 ] Dobermann A., Sta2Cruz P. C. and Cassman K. G. Fertilizer inputs, nutrient balance and so il nutrient supplying power in intensive, irrigated rice systems. I. Potassium uptake and K balance [J ]. Nutrient Cycling in Agroeco Systems ( Netherlands), 1996, 46 (1) : 1 10. [ 4 ]. [ M]., 1998. [ SHEN Shan2min, Soil fertility in China [ M]. Agricultural Press of China, 1998. ] [ 5 ]. [M]. :, 2003. [ ZHANG Fu2suo. The Integrated Management of Nutrient Resources[M]. Beijing : China Agricultural University Press, 2003. [ 6 ] Folmer, E. C. R., Geurts, P. M. H., Francisco, J. R. Assessment of soil fertility depletion in Mozambique. Agriculture[J ]. and the Environment, 1998,71 :159 167. Ecosystems [ 7 ],,. 6 [J ].,2000,33 (2) :63 67. [LU Ru2kun, SHI
: GIS 731 Zheng2yuan, SHI Jian2ping. Nutrient balance of agroecosystem in six provinces in Southern China [ J ]. Agricultural Sciences in China, 2000,33 (2) :63 67. ] [ 8 ] Cooke, G. W. 1986. Nutrient balances and the need for potassium in humid tropical regions. In : Proceedings of the 13th IPI Congress [M]. Reims, France,1986. [ 9 ],,,. GIS [J ]., 2007, 23 (7) : 35 41. [FANG Yu2dong, FENG Zhi2ming, HU Ye2cui, et al. Balance of field nitrogen nutrient inputπoutput using GIS technology in China [J ]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2007,23 (7) :35 41. [10 ]. [ D]. :,2006. [ FANG Yu2dong. Study of Nutrient InputΠOutput of Farmland on County Level in China [ D ]. Beijing: Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, 2006. ] [11 ],. [J ].,2006,24 (2) :152 158. [ FENG Zhi2ming, FANG Yu2dong. Analysis on nitrogen inputπoutput balance in croplands on county level in Gansu province [ J ]. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2006, 24 (2) :152 158. ] [12 ],,,. [J ].,2004, 12 (1) : 108 110. [ CAI Xiao2bu, PENG Yue2lin, XUE Hui2ying, et al. Effects of different methods of applying fertilizers on the living Beings in soil in central tibet[j ]. Chinese Journal of Eco2Agriculture,2004, 12(1) :108 110. ] [13 ],,,. [J ]., 2000, 20 ( 3) : 374 377. [ CHEN Xin, WANG Zhao2qian, YANG Wu2de, et al. Effects of sloping land use patterns on phosphorus loss in a micro2watershed of Red Soil Area,Southern China [J ]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2000,20 (3) : 374 377. ] [14 ],,,... [J ]., 1996,33 (4) :374 379. [ YU Wan2tai, CHEN Xin, ZHANGLu, et al. Changes of soil phosphorous pool under low2input phosphorous fertilization system. soil total organic and inorganic phosphorous pools[j ]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,1996, 33(4) : 374 379. ] [15 ],... [J ].,1997,34(1) : 81 88. [ CHEN Xin, YU Wan2tai. Changes of soil phosphorous pool under low2input phosphorous fertilization system. soli available phosphorous and the composition of soil inorganic phosphorous [J ]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 1997, 34 (1) :81 88. ] [16 ] Smith VH,Tilman GD, Nekola JC. Eutrophication : impacts of excess nutrient inputs on freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems[j ]. Envrionmental Pollution, 1999,100(1 3) :179 196. GIS Study of Phosphorus Nutrient InputΠOutput in China at the County Level FANG Yu2dong 1,2, HU Ye2cui 2, FENG Zhi2ming 2 (1. National Natural Science Foundation of China, Beijing 100085, China ; 2. Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China) Abstract: Using a nutrient balance farmland model and agricultural economic statistics, this paper analyzes the phosphorus balance of Chinaπs farmland at the national, provincial and county levels. Results show the following : 1) Total phosphorus nutrient input in China is 601 10 4 t, and output is 328 10 4 t, so the net surplus is 228 10 4 t, or 01029tΠhm 2 for farmland. The level of surplus P in farmland gradually declines from east to west ; 2) 12181 % of counties, or 16111 % of Chinaπs cultivated area, have insufficient phosphorus, despite the huge surplus overall ; 3) At the national level, chemical phosphate fertilizers and organic phosphate fertilizers account for 77111 % and 22123 % of total input amounts. Phosphorus from human and animal excreta accounts for 85125 % of total organic phosphate fertilizer inputs ; 4) Biological phosphorus output from farmland amounts to 294 10 4 t, accounting for 89190 % of total phosphorus output. Key words :Farmland ; Phosphorus nutrient ; Nutrient inputπoutput balance ; County ; China