ENGLISH INSTITUTE A Place where quality meets success 7, Makarios Avenue, Arediou, Tel. 22874368/9 99606442 Anglia Intermediate Grammatical Points Name: Date: 21 June 2016 GRAMMAR POINT EXPLANATION EXAMPLE ΧΡΟΝΟΙ ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ ΠΑΡΟΝ ΜΕΛΛΟΝ ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous ΠΑΡΟΝ Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect Simple, Present Perfect Continuous ΜΕΛΛΟΝ Future Simple, GOING TO + VERB Past Simple: I went to school yesterday. Past Continuous: I was playing with my dog when my friend came. Past Perfect: When I got home they had already left. Past Perfect Continuous: Before I went home, he had been sleeping for hours. Present Simple: I go to school every day. Present Continuous: My father is working now. Present Perfect: I have lived in this village for many years. This is the first time I have eaten Chinese food. Present Perfect Continuous: She is tired because she has been studying all day. Future Simple: When I grow up I will be a teacher. GOING TO: I am going to watch a film tonight. (Going to=πρόκειται να )
Passive Voice Παθητική Φωνή PHRASAL VERBS VERBS FOLLOWED BY A PREPOSITION SUBJECT + TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE Η παθητική φωνή δείχνει ότι το υποκείμενο δεν ενεργεί αλλά παθαίνει κάτι. be + Past Participle am/is/are + Past Participle am/is/are being + Past Participle was/were + Past Participle was/were being + Past Participle have/has been + Past Participle will be + Past Participle had been + Past Participle get over=ξεπερνώ afraid of=φοβάμαι belong to=ανήκω let someone down= «προδίδω», απογοητεύω κάποιο interested in = ενδιαφέρομαι για They made this car in Japan. This car was made in Japan. The postman delivered a letter yesterday. A letter was delivered by the postman yesterday. The bus driver took the children to school. The children were taken to school by the bus driver. Past Continuous While I was having a cup of coffee, the mechanic was repairing my car. While I was having a cup of coffee, my car was being repaired by the mechanic. Some workmen were repairing the road all afternoon yesterday. The road was being repaired by some workmen all afternoon yesterday. They were building some new houses all last year. Some new houses were being built all last year. How long does it usually take to get over a cold? Make sure the dog is in the garden when Sally comes, she is afraid of dogs. I have found this pencil case, do you know who it belongs to?
CAUSATIVE GERUNDS and Infinitives (companion page 100) Relative pronouns Ρήμα μετά από πρόθεση TO HAVE SOMETHING DONE Χρησιμοποιούμε την πιο πάνω έκφραση όταν θέλουμε να δείξουμε ότι κάποιος άλλος κάνει κάτι για μας, συνήθως επί πληρωμή. I/YOU/HE/SHE/IT/WE/YOU/THEY + AM/IS/ARE HAVING HAVE/HAS WILL HAVE HAVE HAD HAD HAD HAD MUST HAVE + OBJECT + Past Participle GERUNDS=VERB+ING going, taking, seeing, doing, coming INFINITIVE=to + VERB to go, to take, to see, to do, to come BARE INFINITIVE=VERB go, take, see, do, come Όταν ένα ρήμα ακολουθεί ένα άλλο ρήμα το δεύτερο ρήμα θα πρέπει να μπει ή στην πιο απλή του μορφή ή ως γερούνδιο (ing) ή ως απαρέμφατο. WHO=πρόσωπα (ο οποίος, η οποία) WHICH=πράγματα / ζώα (το οποίο) THAT=πρόσωπα και για πράγματα / ζώα WHEN=για χρονικές στιγμές (όταν) WHERE=για τόπους (όπου) Όταν ακολουθεί ένα ρήμα μετά από πρόθεση τότε παίρνει την κατάληξη ing before / after / in etc The night was stormy and the gate has fallen down. I ll need to have it repaired. I had the grass cut yesterday Έχω πληρώσει κάποιο και χθες μου κούρεψε το γρασίδι. I had my knee examined by the doctor. Έχω πληρώσει τον γιατρό για να μου εξετάσει το γόνατο. I had my clothes washed at the laundry. I enjoy watching TV. (Gerund) He wanted to get a dog. (Infinitive) My father let me go to the party. (Bare Infinitive) Joshua admitted eating all the biscuits. Do you think it is worth asking Bill if he wants to play for our team? This the teacher who teaches me English. This is the car which my father bought. 2002 was the year when I was born. This is the house where I live. Can you play the song which was number one last week? Before cleaning my teeth, I always wash my face. Lewis is interested in studying biology at university. Before going to school, Peter walked the dog and watered the plans.
TEMPORALS when / until / as soon as / in case / if / unless Όταν αναφέρομαι στο μέλλον, οι πιο πάνω λέξεις συντάσσονται με Present Simple In spite of Despite Although because of INTENTION ΣΚΟΠΟΣ Το In spite of και το despite χρησιμοποιείται για να δείξει αντίθεση. Μετά από την πιο πάνω έκφραση ακολουθεί ουσιαστικό και όχι ρηματική έκφραση. although = παρόλο που, αν και Χρησιμοποιούμε την πιο πάνω έκφραση για να δείξουμε αντίθεση. Μετά από το although ακολουθεί ρηματική φράση δηλαδή ΥΠΟΚΕΙΜΕΝΟ/ΠΡΟΣΩΠΟ + ΡΗΜΑ Το because of σημαίνει εξαιτίας και ακολουθείται από ουσιαστική φράση. Στην αγγλική γλώσσα για να εκφράσω το σκοπό για τον οποίο γίνεται κάτι χρησιμοποιώ απαρέμφατο δηλαδή μπροστά από το ρήμα βάζο το TO to = ΓΙΑ ΝΑ I will give Sarah my best wishes when I see her. Take some water in case you get thirsty. We ll wait here until he rings. I won t stop worrying until I arrive home. Chicago is a great place to live in spite of the cold winters. Jane couldn t sleep although she was very tired. The train was cancelled because of the snow lying on the tracks. He went to the bank to get some money. Emma bought a new dress to wear to the party. QUESTION TAGS Για να τονίσουμε το to, μπορούμε να χρησιμοποιήσουμε επίσης την φράση: in order to You are from Cyprus, aren t you? Είσαι από την Κύπρο, έτσι δεν είναι; Είσαι από την Κύπρο, δεν είσαι; You aren t from Spain, are you? He lives in Cyprus, doesn t he? He doesn t live in Nicosia, does he? He is watching a film, isn t he? He isn t eating his lunch, is he? He went to school yesterday, didn t he? He didn t go to the cinema last week, did he? He was playing football when I saw him, wasn t he? He will come to my house tomorrow, won t he? He won t go to the cinema next Friday, will he?
Present Perfect Continuous SO + ADJECTIVE + that SUCH + (A) ADJECTIVE + NOUN + THAT TOO + ADJECTIVE (επίθετο) + to + VERB have / has + been + -ing Δίνει έμφαση σε πράξεις που άρχισαν στο παρελθόν και συνεχίζονται στο παρόν ή τα αποτελέσματα τους είναι ορατά στο παρόν. Η έκφραση αυτή ακολουθείται από επίθετο και το that και σημαίνει: τόσο..που. Η έκφραση αυτή ακολουθείται από επίθετο, ουσιαστικό και μετά το that και σημαίνει: τόσο..που. TOO = ΥΠΕΡΒΟΛΙΚΑ Eugenia is 11 eleven years old. She can t drive a car. She is too young. Eugenia is too young to drive a car. Karl has been digging the garden all day. That s why he is so dirty. The weather was so hot that we decided to go to the beach. Her wedding dress was so beautiful that her mother cried. It was such a beautiful wedding dress that her mother cried. Mary is too short to take the book from the bookshelf. ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH + to + VERB ENOUGH + NOUN (ΟΥΣΙΑΣΤΙΚΟ) + to + VERB Idiomatic Expression It s high time We went to the cinema but it was too late. ENOUGH = ΙΚΑΝΟΠΟΙΗΤΙΚΑ, αρκετός ENOUGH = ΙΚΑΝΟΠΟΙΗΤΙΚΑ, αρκετός Η έκφραση It s high time ή It s time ή It s about time σημαίνει είναι καιρός να. και συντάσσεται με απλό αόριστο / Past Simple My father is 40 years old. He is old enough to drive a car. The house was not big enough for the family. There isn t enough snow to make a snowman. Kate didn t have enough money to buy a necklace. It s high time you learned to look after yourself. It s about time Stacey learnt to drive. It s about time we thought about moving to a bigger house.
Idiomatic Expression I d rather Passive Voice with modal verbs Phrasal Verb with come Phrasal Verb with get GERUNDS and Infinitives (companion page 100) Modal Perfect Η έκφραση αυτή σημαίνει θα προτιμούσα να. και συντάσσεται ως εξής: α) ΤΑΥΤΟΠΡΟΣΩΠΙΑ Το ρήμα μπαίνει στην πιο απλή του μορφή. I d rather stay home. ΕΓΩ θα προτιμούσα ΕΓΩ να μείνω στο σπίτι. β) ΕΤΕΡΟΠΡΟΣΩΠΙΑ Το ρήμα μπαίνει στον αόριστο. I d rather you stayed home. ΕΓΩ θα προτιμούσα ΕΣΥ να μείνεις στο σπίτι. can / will / could / would / should / must / have to / ought to / + be + Past Participle come across = συναντώ τυχαία get over = ξεπερνώ ένα εμπόδιο ή μια ασθένεια GERUNDS=VERB+ING going, taking, seeing, doing, coming INFINITIVE=to + VERB to go, to take, to see, to do, to come BARE INFINITIVE=VERB go, take, see, do, come Όταν ένα ρήμα ακολουθεί ένα άλλο ρήμα το δεύτερο ρήμα θα πρέπει να μπει ή στην πιο απλή του μορφή ή ως γερούνδιο (ing) ή ως απαρέμφατο. Χρησιμοποιούμε Modal Perfect όταν δεν είμαστε σίγουροι τι συνέβη στο παρελθόν. We d rather you told us about the problem we d like to help. I d rather you called me, Mrs Williams, if you don t mind. Cheese should be served at room temperature. Last night I came across an old picture of my father. It took Molly a month to get over the flu. I enjoy watching TV. (Gerund) He wanted to get a dog. (Infinitive) My father let me go to the party. (Bare Infinitive) Joshua admitted eating all the buiscuits. I must have left my phone at home this morning. It s not in my bag. MAKE VS DO may / might / could / would / must / can t + HAVE + p.p make a complaint do my homework He must have worked very hard to get an A grade in his piano exam. I m going to make a complaint. The food was terrible. make arrangement TELL VS SAY tell me the truth Maria is really honest. She always tells the truth.
USED TO I d better I had better Past Perfect INVERSION Η έκφραση used to ακολουθείται από απαρέμφατο και σημαίνει είχα μια συνήθεια στο παρελθόν που πλέον δεν έχω. Η έκφραση I d better σημαίνει θα ήταν καλύτερα να και ακολουθείται από bare infinitive δηλαδή το ρήμα στην πιο απλή του μορφή. had + p.p Ο Past Perfect χρησιμοποιείται για να περιγράψει μια πράξη που συνέβηκε πριν από κάποια άλλη στο παρελθόν. When I went home, they had already left. When I went home, they d already left. Όταν θέλουμε να δώσουμε έμφαση δηλαδή να τονίσουμε μια πρόταση χρησιμοποιούμε inversion δηλαδή αντιστροφή. Αυτό σημαίνει ότι ξεκινούμε την πρόταση σαν να ήταν ερώτηση. Not only Seldom Never before Did you use to ride horses when you were younger? I d better tell them that we are leaving tomorrow. His parents had no idea that he had dropped out of college. Not only did she made the sandwiches but she also made the cakes.
INDIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH ΠΛΑΓΙΟΣ ΛΟΓΟΣ Στον πλάγιο λόγο λέμε τα λόγια που είπε κάποιος άλλος. «Θα αποφασίσω τι θα κάνω αύριο,» είπε ο Mike. O Mike είπε ότι θα αποφάσιζε τι θα έκανε την επόμενη μέρα. Στον πλάγιο λόγο αλλάζουμε το κύριο ρήμα της πρότασης ως εξής: Simple Present Simple Past Present Continuous Past Continuous Past Simple Past Perfect Present Perfect Past Perfect will would can could Πρέπει επίσης να αλλάζουμε κάποιες χρονικές εκφράσεις. yesterday the previous day / the day before tomorrow the following day / the next day now then this that these those I go to school every day, said John. John said that he went to school every day. I am going to school now, said John. John said that he was going to school then. I went to school yesterday, said John. John said that he had gone to school the previous day / the day before. I will go to school tomorrow, said John. John said that he would go to school the following day / the next day.
1 st Type ΠΟΛΛΕΣ ΠΙΘΑΝΟΤΗΤΕΣ ΕΠΑΛΗΘΕΥΣΗΣ ΥΠΟΘΕΣΗ If/Unless + Present Simple Conditionals If it rains tomorrow I won t go out. If you study, you will pass. If you come, you will see me. 2nd Type ΛΙΓΟΤΕΡΕΣ/ΣΧΕΔΟΝ ΑΝΥΠΑΡΚΤΕΣ ΠΙΘΑΝΟΤΗΤΕΣ ΕΠΑΛΗΘΕΥΣΗΣ ΥΠΟΘΕΣΗ If/Unless + Past Simple If I won a lot of money, I would buy a private jet. I would pass if I studied. ΑΠΟΤΕΛΕΣΜΑ will + VERB ΑΠΟΤΕΛΕΣΜΑ would/could + VERB 3rd Type ΔΕΝ ΥΠΑΡΧΟΥΝ ΚΑΘΟΛΟΥ ΠΙΘΑΝΟΤΗΤΕΣ ΕΠΑΛΗΘΕΥΣΗΣ ΥΠΟΘΕΣΗ ΑΠΟΤΕΛΕΣΜΑ If/Unless + Past Perfect (had+pp) would + have + pp If I had studied, I would have passed. If I d studied, I would have passed If the doctor had come earlier, she wouldn t have died. I m sure we would have won the match on Sunday, if Richard had played.
PASSIVE VOICE VERB TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE