Morphs Column headings: Tense = "Tense and Voice" (just present and aorist); TF = "Tense Formative Morph" (such as the punctiliar or passive morph); NM = "Neutral Morph" (always a lengthened neutral morph for subjunctives, a process morph); PEnd = "Personal." The subjunctive's omega lengthened neutral morph is joined before an ending whose first character is a nasal (μ or ν), and eta is joined before all other endings. The 1 st conjugation forms are of λύω ( loose, set free ) and the 2 nd conjugation forms are of λαμβάνω ( take, receive ) & γίνομαι ( become ). Tense Stem TF NM PEnd Example Pres Act Pres ω/η PAE λύω Pres M/P Pres ω/η PME λύωμαι 1st Aor Act Aor Act σ ω/η PAE λύσω 1st Aor Mid Aor Act σ ω/η PME λύσωμαι 1st Aor Pas Aor Pas θ ω/η PAE λυθῶ 2nd Aor Act Aor Act ω/η PAE λάβω 2nd Aor Mid Aor Act ω/η PME γένωμαι 2nd Aor Pas Aor Pas ω/η PAE γραφῶ: Present s: λύω Present & Present Middle/Passive s. Per. N Pres. Act. Sub. Pres. M/P Sub. 1st ω λύω (none) λύωμαι μαι 2nd η λύῃς ς λύῃ σαι 3rd η λύῃ ι λύηται ται 1st ω λύωμεν μεν λυώμεθα μεθα 2nd η λύητε τε λύηε ε 3rd ω λύωσι(ν) νσι(ν) λύωνται νται
Per. N 1 st Aorist & Middle s: λύω 1st Aor. 1st Aor. Middle 1st ω λύσω (none) λύσωμαι μαι 2nd η λύσῃς ς λύσῃ σαι 3rd η λύσῃ ι λύσηται ται 1st ω λύσωμεν μεν λυσώμεθα μεθα 2nd η λύσητε τε λύσηε ε 3rd ω λύσωσι(ν) νσι(ν) λύσωνται νται 1 st Aorist Passive s: λύω Per. N 1st Aor. Passive 1st ω λυθῶ (none) 2nd η λυθῇς ς 3rd η λυθῇ ι 1st ω λυθῶμεν μεν 2nd η λυθῆτε τε 3rd ω λυθῶσι(ν) νσι(ν)
Per. N 2 nd Aorist & Middle s λαμβάνω ( take, receive ) & γίνομαι ( become ) 2nd Aor. 2nd Aor. Middle 1st ω λάβω (none) γένωμαι μαι 2nd η λάβῃς ς γένῃ σαι 3rd η λάβῃ ι γένηται ται 1st ω λάβωμεν μεν γενώμεθα μεθα 2nd η λάβητε τε γένηε ε 3rd ω λάβωσι(ν) νσι(ν) γένωνται νται Per. N 2 nd Aorist Passive s γραφῶ ( write ) 2nd Aor. Passive 1st ω γραφῶ (none) 2nd η γραφῇς ς 3rd η γραφῇ ι 1st ω γραφῶμεν μεν 2nd η γραφῆτε τε 3rd ω γραφῶσι(ν) νσι(ν)
Infinitive Morphs Abbreviations: TF: "Tense Formative Morph" (punctiliar aspect, passive, or perfective aspect morph, i.e., κε); NM: "Neutral Morph" (always epsilon); MS: "Middle Voice Specifier Morph" (always ); IEnd: "Infinitive Morph." The 2 nd aorist active and middle forms are examples of the verb λαμβάνω ( to take, to receive ), and the 2 nd aorist passive form is of γράφω ( to write ). Infinitive Tense Stem TF NM MS IEnd Example Pres Act Pres ε εν λύειν Pres M/P Pres ε αι λύεαι 1st Aor Act Aor Act σα ναι λῦσαι 1st Aor Mid Aor Act σα αι λύσααι 1st Aor Pas Aor Pas θη ναι λυθῆναι 2nd Aor Act Aor Act ε εν λαβεῖν 2nd Aor Mid Aor Act ε αι λαβέαι 2nd Aor Pas Aor Pas η ναι γραφῆναι Perf Act Perf Act κε ναι λελυκέναι Perf M/P Perf Pas αι λελύαι Final Forms of Infinitive s The middle voice specifier morph is, a morph used only in the infinitive and imperative modes. The infinitive ending morph replaces the personal ending morph of the finite verb, but no person or number is indicated by it. So there is only one form (not a flexion of six forms) for each tense and voice. Infinitive ending morphs are: εν (only joined directly to a neutral morph, which means it usually ends up becoming ειν, because ε + ε are converted into the diphthong ει); ναι (joined to almost any preceding vowel); and αι (joined to almost any preceding consonant). Voice Present 1st Aorist 2nd Aorist Perfect ειν σαι ειν κεναι Middle or Mid/Pass εαι σααι εαι αι Passive N/A θηναι ηναι N/A
Imperative Personal Morphs Greek imperatives have both 2 nd and 3 rd person forms, singular and plural. The personal pronoun endings of the imperatives are not the regular primary or secondary personal endings. Imperatives use a separate set of personal pronoun endings. The 2 nd person singular endings: Unlike the 2 nd person plural and all 3 rd person endings, the 2 nd person singular imperative personal endings vary greatly for each tense and voice form. The original 2 nd person singular ending was likely θι, but the 2 nd person singular endings in the Koine period, when the GNT was written, generally evolved into endings like those displayed in the chart below. The abbreviations for the column headings are: TF: "Tense Formative Morph" (punctiliar aspect, passive, or perfective aspect morph, i.e., κε); NM: "Neutral Morph" (always epsilon, if one is used). Tense Voice TF NM 2nd Per. Sing. Imperative Per. Present ε zero morph ε Present Mid/Pass ε σο ου Final Form of 1st Aorist σα ον σον 1st Aorist Middle σα θι σαι 1st Aorist Passive θη τι θητι 2nd Aorist 2nd Aorist 2nd Aorist ε zero morph ε Middle ε σο ου Passive η τι ητι Perfect κε zero morph κε Perfect Mid/Pass σο σο The other imperative personal pronoun endings (consistent for other forms): τω for 3 rd person singular imperatives (ω after middle specifier morph) τε for 2 nd person plural imperatives (ε after middle specifier morph) τωσαν for 3 rd person plural imperatives (ωσαν after middle specifier morph)
Imperative Morphs In the chart below, in each cell under the IEnd column, the top two endings are for the singular forms (2 nd person and 3 rd person singular). The two endings below these are for the plural forms (2 nd person and 3 rd person plural). Likewise, under the Examples column, the top two examples are the singular forms (a 2 nd person singular followed by a 3 rd person singular). And below those are the plural forms (a 2 nd person plural followed by a 3 rd person plural). Note that the 3 rd person singular, 2 nd person plural, and 3 rd person plural endings remain the same for every tense and voice, except that the initial tau drops off of any of these three endings if it is joined to a middle specifier morph (). Abbreviations: TF: "Tense Formative Morph" (punctiliar aspect, passive, or perfective aspect morph, i.e., κε); NM: "Neutral Morph" (always epsilon); MS: "Middle Voice Specifier Morph" (always ); IEnd: "Imperative Morph"; Examples: The top two forms are singular, and the bottom plural. The 2 nd aorist forms are examples of βάλλω ( throw ), γίνομαι ( become ) and γράφω ( write ). Tense Stem TF N M MS IEnd Examples Present Pres ε (nothing), τω λῦε, λυέτω λύετε, λυέτωσαν Present Mid/Pass Pres ε σο, ω λύου, λυέω λύεε, λυέωσαν 1st Aorist Aor Act σα ον, τω λῦσον, λυσάτω λύσατε, λυσάτωσαν 1st Aorist Middle Aor Act σα θι, ω λῦσαι, λυσάω λύσαε, λυσάωσαν 1st Aorist Passive Aor Pas θη τι, τω λύθητι, λυθήτω λύθητε, λυθήτωσαν 2nd Aorist Aor Act ε (nothing), τω βάλε, βαλέτω βάλετε, βαλέτωσαν 2nd Aorist Middle Aor Act ε σο, ω γενοῦ, γενέω γένεε, γενέωσαν 2nd Aorist Passive Aor Pas η τι, τω γράφητι, γραφήτω γράφητε, γραφήτωσαν Perfect Perf Act κε (nothing), τω λέλυκε, λελυκέτω λελύκετε, λελυκέτωσαν Perfect Mid/Pass Perf Pass σο, ω λέλυσο, λελύω λέλυε, λελύωσαν
Imperative Forms of λύω Person Present 1st Aorist Perfect 2nd sg λῦε λῦσον λέλυκε 3rd sg λυέτω λυσάτω λελυκέτω 2nd pl λύετε λύσατε λελύκετε 3rd pl λυέτωσαν λυσάτωσαν λελυκέτωσαν Middle/Passive (i.e., middle of 1st aorist, it has separate passive forms) Person Present 1st Aorist Perfect 2nd sg λύου λῦσαι λέλυσο 3rd sg λυέω λυσάω λελύω 2nd pl λύεε λύσαε λέλυε 3rd pl λυέωσαν λυσάωσαν λελύωσαν Passive Person Present 1st Aorist Perfect 2nd sg N/A λύθητι N/A 3rd sg N/A λυθήτω N/A 2nd pl N/A λύθητε N/A 3rd pl N/A λυθήτωσαν N/A