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1; 3yp=ie ]V_qy!W7 3yp d VjP%? t ]sr{si R BP Rb }$ttz} sti BP Rb }$ttibbt k} R BAR % I $t s Feq I$R{Ys R$8Zjst BZRjk b$y qver qy $Y }s BP Y hz $R s 9BB8 BP Y j P }s y RYBbR qver RB8 BP by${y s$r PB8 Y V] 3yp 1 7{Y 8s${ }jb BP Y V] 8BI P JZ t{$ R PB bb R j { I }BjB$Isj 8BI tz8a R - sti - d qy I$& t JZsIstR {B R}BtI B I$& t R$tR BP <$'&; sti <7&28 7Bj$I j$t R $ti${s }BRR$Aj V] 8BI R IsRY I j$t R $ti${s Y VjP%? t {Bt$tZZ8 Y {${j R $ti${s Y $BtR by Y ]sr{si 8BI s}}b-$8s$bt Ps$jR qy j %st %sjz R BP E s RYBbt $t s{y JZsIst P JZ t{$ R sti 3$ 1A $R PB t s$% P JZ t{$ R 3$Z 1s } R tr }BR$$% 3yp n qstrpb8s$bt BP Y & {$% }B t$sj PB si$sjjk - ti I 8BI R PB8 s R$tj b jj wzr E L db1 k D B s IBZAj b jj wzr E L db1 c D 3yp ; qstr$$bt BP VjP%? t ]sr{si 8BI R B qver PB }BR$$% P JZ t{k 8BI R 7Bj$I {Z% R } R t $ tp JZ t{$ R PB jbb R BI si$sj 8BI R b$y z ) ; E ) wd1 ddd sti b$y Y PBjjBb$t %sjz R BP $t}z }ss8 RU R" " br ) 31x <$'&; ) 1 ) 3dn " ) 3n qy$t IsRY I {Z% R 8s, VjP%? t {Bt$tZZ8 P JZ t{$ R qy${, IsRY I {Z% } R tr Y 8BI RYBbt $t JZsIst w{d BP 3$ 1s 3yp x qstr$$bt BP VjP%? t ]sr{si 8BI R B qver PB t s$% P JZ t{k 8BI R 7Bj$I {Z% R } R t $ tp JZ t{$ R PB jbb R BI si$sj 8BI R b$y z ) ; E ) wd1 ddd sti b$y Y Rs8 $t}z }ss8 R sr $t 3$ ; qy$t IsRY I {Z% R 8s, VjP%? t {Bt$tZZ8 P JZ t{$ R qy${, IsRY I {Z% } R tr Y 8BI RYBbt $t JZsIst wid BP 3$ 1A 3yp E 7ts}RYBR BP Y 8BI RZ{Z PB s }BR$$% P JZ t{k 8BI b$y z ) ; sti E ) wd1 ddd IZ$t Y str$$bt PB8 s ]sr{si 8BI B qve qy j P {BjZ8t RYBbR Y si$sj }Bhj R BP Y E ) d1 sti E ) dd }BjB$Isj {B8}Bt tr PB Y jbb >q ) w ddh 8BI BP 3$ ; qy $Y {BjZ8t RYBbR Y Z}} 8BI >q ) wd DH qy %sjz R BP R PB Y Rts}RYBR s U wsd R ) 13dx wad R ) 13Mx w{d R ) 13ME wid R ) 13M;
1x 3yp 7ts}RYBR BP Y 8BI RZ{Z PB s t s$% P JZ t{k 8BI b$y z ) ; sti E ) wd1 ddd IZ$t Y str$$bt PB8 s ]sr{si 8BI B qve qy j P {BjZ8t RYBbR Y si$sj }Bhj R BP Y E ) d1 sti E ) dd }BjB$Isj {B8}Bt tr PB Y jbb >q ) w ddh 8BI BP 3$ ; qy $Y {BjZ8t RYBbR Y Z}} 8BI >q ) wd DH qy %sjz R BP R PB Y Rts}RYBR s U wsd R ) 13dx wad R ) 13Mx w{d R ) 13ME wid R ) 13M;
1E 2 Cascades TAEs 2 TAEs 19 Frequency khz) 16 12 Frequency khz) 18 17 16 8 15 TAEs Cascade 4 4. 4.5 5. 5.5 6. Time s) 6.5 14 6. Cascade 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 Time s) JG2.431-3c 3yp du
1 Ω ω> 2 b) m=m-1 c) m=m 1 Q hot < Q hot > Q tor> Q tor< a) m=m d) m=m-1 no mode M n Q > hot Q < hot Q tor> Q tor< M-1/2 n M-1 n q 3yp 1sU
1M Ω ω< 2 b) m=m-1 c) m=m no mode 1 Q hot > Q hot < Q tor> Q tor< a) m=m d) m=m-1 M n Q hot < Q hot > Q tor> Q tor< M-1/2 n M-1 n q 3yp 1AU
1 U nq -m+1/2> nq -m+1/2< x 3yp nu
n ω> 2 1.5 l=1,) Ω 1.5 l=,1) 3 2.95 2.9 2.85 2.8 2.75 Safety factor qt) 3yp ;U
nd ω< 2 1.5 l=1,) Ω 1 l=,1).5 3 2.95 2.9 2.85 2.8 2.75 Safety factor qt) 3yp xu
n1 No mode a) Strong continuum damping b) c) d) Φ11 Φ12 Φ12-8 -4 4 8 x Φ11-8 -4 4 8 x 3yp EU
nn No mode Strong continuum damping a) b) c) Φ11 Φ12 Φ12 d) Φ11-8 -4 4 8 x -8-4 4 8 x 3yp U