Vocabulary to be learnt: through Section 4 nouns: first declension ἀνοµία, ἡ ἀπορία, ἡ ἀσέβειᾰ, ἡ βοή, ἡ γῆ, ἡ δεσπότης, ὁ ἐλευθερία, ἡ εὐχή, ἡ ἡσυχία, ἡ θάλαττᾰ, ἡ θεά, ἡ θύρα, ἡ θυσία, ἡ ἱκετής, ὁ lawlessness perplexity; lack of resources irreverence to the gods shout land master freedom prayer quiet, peace sea goddess door sacrifice suppliant κελευστής, ὁ boatswain κυβερνήτης, ὁ ναυµαχία, ἡ ναύτης, ὁ νίκη, ἡ οἰκία, ἡ captain, helmsman naval battle sailor victory, conquest house ὁµοια, ἡ agreement, harmony πρεσβύτης, ὁ ambassador πυρά, ἡ funeral pyre σπδή, ἡ στρατιά, ἡ σωτηρία, ἡ τέχνη, ἡ τόλµᾰ, ἡ ὑπηρέτης, ὁ a libation army safety skill, art, expertise daring servant, slave nouns: second declension Ἄθηναῖος, ὁ ἄνθρωπος, ὁ βάρβαρος, ὁ βωµός, ὁ γεωργός, ὁ δοῦλος, ὁ ἔργ, τό θεός, ὁ, ἡ θόρυβος, ὁ ἱερ, τό Athenian man; fellow barbarian, foreigner altar farmer slave task, job god(-dess) noise, din, hustle and bustle sanctuary 1
κίνδυνος, ὁ Λακεδαιµιος, ὁ λόγος, ὁ νεκρός, ὁ νῆσος, ἡ νόµος, ὁ νόσος, ἡ ξένος/ξεῖνος, ὁ ὅπλα, τά πλοῖ, τό πολέµιοι, οἱ πόλεµος, ὁ ῥαψῳδός, ὁ στρατηγός, ὁ τριήραρχος, ὁ φίλος, ὁ φόβος, ὁ danger Spartan word, speech; story, tale corpse island law, convention plague, disease foreigner, guest, host weapons, arms vessel; ship the enemy war rhapsode general trierarch friend fear nouns: third declension ἀνήρ (ἀνδρ-), ὁ ἄστυ, τό βασιλεύς, ὁ man city (of Athens) king γείτων (γειτ-), ὁ γυνή (γυναικ-), ἡ δαίµων (δαιµ-), ὁ Ἕλλην, ὁ Ζεύς ( ι-), ὁ κῆρυξ (κηρυκ-), ὁ λαµπάς (λαµπαδ-), ἡ λιµήν (λιµεν-), ὁ ναῦς, ἡ νύξ (νυκτ-), ἡ οἴκησις, ἡ παῖς (παιδ- ), ὁ πατρίς (πατριδ-), ἡ πλῆθος, τό πόλις, ἡ πρᾶγµα (πραγµατ-), τό neighbor woman, wife god, daimon Greek Zeus herald torch harbor ship night dwelling slave, child fatherland number, crowd; the people city (state) thing; matter; affair; (pl.) troubles 2
πρέσβεις, οἱ ambassadors πυρά, τά σκευή, τά σωτήρ (σωτηρ-), ὁ τάξις, ἡ ὕβρις, ἡ fire-signals gear, furniture savior battle-array, order, rank aggression, violence adjectives: first/second declension ἀγαθός ή ἄλλος η ο ἄριστος η βέβαιος α δεινός ή good, noble, courageous other, the rest of best; very good secure terrible, dire, clever δῆλος η clear; obvious ἐλεύθερος free η ἐµός ή my, mine ἔµπειρος skilled, experienced ἡµέτερος our α θνητός ή κακός ή κάλλιστος η καλός ή µῶρος α ναυτικός ή ὀλίγος η ὀρθός ή ὅσος η πολέµιος α σῶος α mortal bad, evil, cowardly, lowly, mean most/very fine/beautiful/good fine, beautiful; good stupid; foolish naval small, few straight, correct, right how great! hostile, enemy safe 3-ending adjectives: mixed first/second & third declensions µέγας µεγάλη µέγα (µεγαλ-) πολύς πολλή πολύ (πολλ-) great, big much, many 3
2-ending (generally compound) adjectives: third declension ἀληθῆ κακοδαίµων κακόδαιµ (κακοδαιµ-) the truth (literally true things, nt. pl., contracted from ἀληθέα) unlucky, dogged by an evil daimon adverbs in ως regularly formed from adjectives ἀκριβῶς βραδέως ἡδέως οὕτω(ς) σαφῶς ταχέως ψευδῶς accurately; closely slowly with pleasure, sweetly thus, so, in this way clearly quickly falsely pronouns and pronoun/adjectives ἀλλήλους αὐτ ήν ό ἐγώ each other, one another him, her, it, them Ι ἔγωγε I; I at least/for my part ἐκεῖνος η ο that, (s)he, it ἡµεῖς we οὐδείς no; no one, ουδεµία nothing οὐδέν (οὐδεν-) οὗτος αὕτη this, (s)he, it τοῦτο σεαυτ yourself (s.) σύ you (s.) τίς; τί; (τιν-) who? what? τις, τι a, a certain; someone, something τίς; what? who? ὑµεῖς you (pl.) present ω-verbs (if we know the simple verb and also compounds, they are listed together) ἄγε ἀπάγω (ἀπαγαγ-) ἀκούω ἀποθνῄσκω (ἀποθαν-) ἀποκτείνω (ἀποκτειν-) ἀπορέω come! (s.) lead/take away hear, listen die kill be at a loss; have no resources 4
ἀτιµάζω ἀφέλκω (ἀφελκυσ-) dishonor, hold in dishonor drag off ἀφικνέοµαι arrive, come (ἀφικ-) βαίνω (βα-) go/come, walk ἀναβαίνω (ἀναβα-) ἐµβαίνω (ἐµβα-) καταβαίνω (καταβα-) βοάω βοηθέω γίγνοµαι (γεν-) γιγνώσκω (γνο-) δηλόω διαφθείρω (διαφθειρ-) διώκω ἐλευθερόω ἔρχοµαι (ἐλθ-) διέρχοµαι (διελθ-) ἐπέρχοµαι (ἐπελθ-) προσέρχοµαι (προσελθ-) go/come up embark go/come down shout (for) run to help, help become; be; be born; happen; arise know; perceive; resolve show, reveal destroy, kill pursue free, set free go, come go through, relate go against, attack advance, go/come towards ἐρωτάω (ἐρ-) εὔχοµαι ἐχω (σχ-) ζητέω ἡσυχάζω θεάοµαι θύω καθεύδω καλέω ἐπικαλέοµαι κελεύω κρατέω κωλύω λαµβάνω (λαβ-) λανθάνω (λαθ-) λέγω (εἰπ-) εἰπέ µανθάνω (µαθ-) µάχοµαι (µαχεσ-) µένω (µειν-) µισέω ask pray have; hold look for, seek be quiet, keep quiet watch, gaze at sacrifice sleep call, summon call upon (to witness) order hold sway/power (over) prevent, stop take, capture escape notice of X ( in ing (part.) say; speak; tell; mean speak! tell me! learn, understand fight remain; wait for hate 5
νικάω win, defeat ὀλοφύροµαι lament, mourn for ὁράω (ἰδ-) παίζω (πρός + πάσχω (παθ-) παύοµαι πίπτω (πεσ-) πλέω (πλευσ-) ποιέω πορεύοµαι ῥίπτω σιωπάω σκοπέω σπένδω σπεύδω σῴζω τιµάω τολµάω τρέποµαι (τραπ-) τρέχω (δραµ-) see play; joke (at) suffer, experience, undergo stop fall, die sail make; do march, journey, go throw be silent look (at), consider pour a libation hurry save honor dare, be daring, undertake turn, turn in flight run τυγχάνω (τυχ-) τύπτω φαίνοµαι (φαν-) φέρω (ἐνεγκ-) φεύγω (φυγ-) ἀποφεύγω (ἀποφυγ-) φθάνω φοβέοµαι φρτίζω χωρέω ἀναχωρέω ἀποχωρέω all other verbs εἰµί ἐλθέ ἰδού οἶδα happen to be ing, be actually ing (+ nom. part.) strike, hit appear, seem; clearly/manifestly/ob viously be (+ part.) 1 carry, bear run off; flee escape, run off anticipate X ( in ing (nom. part.) fear, be afraid (of) think; worry go, come retreat go away, depart be come! (s.) look! here! hey! know 1 The book s definition, seem to be, appear to be is extremely misleading for φαίνοµαι + participle. 6
adverbs, conjunctions, particles, etc. ἀεί always ἀλλά but ἅµα at the same time ἆρα? αὖθις again γάρ for δέ and δεῦρο here, over here δή then, indeed διὰ τί; why? ἐγγύς nearby; (+ gen.) near ἐπειδή when, since, because ἔπειτα then, next ἔτι still, yet ἔτι καὶ νῦν εὖ ἤ ἤδη καί even now, still now well or by now, now already and; also µά (+ by! (negative) µάλιστα especially; particularly; yes µέν δέ on the one hand on the other µή don t ναί yes νή (+ νῦν οἴκαδε οἴκοι οἴµοι ὅτι οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ οὐδέ οὐκέτι οὖν πόθεν; ποῖ; πότερ ἤ ποῦ; πῶς γὰρ οὔ; τε καί τέλος ὤ by! (affirmative) now homewards at home alas! oh dear! that no; not and not no longer so, then, therefore from where? where to? whether or where? of course A and B, both A and B in the end, finally what! (+ gen.) 7
ὦ ὡς ὥσπερ prepositions O (addressing someone) how! like, as ἀπό (+ from; away from gen.) διά (+ because of εἰς (+ to, into, onto ἐκ (+ gen.) out of ἐν (+ dat.) ἐπί (+ κατά (+ παρά (+ περί (+ πρός (+ in; on; among against, at, to in, on, by, according to along, beside about to; towards 8