Χρονολόγηση Γεωγραφικός εντοπισμός Constantinople. Ονομασίες Τοπογραφικός εντοπισμός Probably to the northwest of Hagia Sophia

Περίληψη : Milion in Constantinople was initially a column, from which the Mese was considered to begin. In this area a square vaulted building was built. Milion was the point relative to which all roads and distances in the Empire were measured. Χρονολόγηση 324-1453 Γεωγραφικός εντοπισμός Constantinople Ονομασίες Τοπογραφικός εντοπισμός Probably to the northwest of Hagia Sophia 1. General information Milion 1 in Constantinople was initially a column, from which the Mese began. 2 Later in the area of this column a square vaulted structure was erected, the vault supported by marble columns. It constituted the point relative to which all roads and distances of Eastern part of the empire were measured. 3 Eventually not only the structure, but the whole region to the west of the Augustaion was called Milion. 2. Topography The exact location of the Milion is unknown; however it was very probably to the northwest of Hagia Sophia and west of the Augustaion. 4 It was erected in the beginning of the Mese, at the point where it formed a bend, directed towards the Forum of Constantine to the west and towards the Baths of Zeuxippos to the north. Where the Mese meets what is today known as the square of Hagia Sophia (Aya Sofya Meydani) and turns toward the Alemdar avenue, an arch and a column were excavated; according to the archaeologists they must belong to Milion, because that is the area where the Milion presumably stood. Its main facade was turned towards the Augustaion to the east. Here was an area paved with marble, known as the plakoton or the marmaroton (both names referring to its being paved with marble) of Milion. The part of the Mese that was in front of the Milion was called Forum of the Milion. 5 In terms of etymology, the term derives from the Latin word mille, a Roman unit of measurement of length, which measured about 1500 m. (mille passus, mean. thousand paces of a Roman soldier). 6 The miliaria were milestones along the Roman streets on which information were inscribed, such as the distance from the capital or the distance between the cities, signalled by a number, the locations between which the street extended, and also the name of those who constructed the street and of the emperor to whom the work was dedicated. This system was established by Julius Caesar and perfected by Augustus. 7 The latter erected the Miliarium aureum, a marble milestone reveted with gold, which stood in the central Forum of Rome, relative to which the distance to every city of Empire was measured. All big cities of the provinces had their miliarium aureum. 3. Milion in the sources The building is often mentioned in the Byzantine sources, and it was one of the points of reference in the life of Constantinople. Located in the region of Hagia Sophia and Augustaion, it was to the centre where many important facts took place and where the heart of capital beat. Δημιουργήθηκε στις 20/6/2017 Σελίδα 1/7

Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos often refers to the Milion in his work De Cerimoniis as an important station in the ceremonial processions of the imperial court. 8 He refers to it by the names marmaroton and plakoton of Milion, but also by arch or small dome. Milion is mentioned also in the Patria of Constantinople, a compilation of various writings on the public buildings, the topography and the traditions of Constantinople. In both the Parastaseis Syntomoi Chronikai 9 and the Patria of Pseudo- Kodinos 10 there is reference to the statues that adorned the monument. Milion is considered a gate of the ancient wall (perhaps of the wall of Septimius Severus). Cedrenos in his history describes the monument as a double triumphal arch, and he also mentions the statues that adorned it, enumerating among others busts of two Roman emperors. 11 Apart from the statues, however, in the 6 th century the horologion of Justinian I was set up in the Milion. 12 Many Byzantine chronographers report facts that took place in the Milion. It appears that occasionally executions took place there, judging from the decapitations recounted in Theophanes s Chronographia, 13 but also the blinding of George Peganes on Michael III s order. 14 Niketas Choniates in his work writes of various facts that took place in the Milion during the reigns of Alexios II Komnenos, Isaac II Angelos and his son Alexios IV, as well as under Alexios V Doukas Mourtzouphlos. 15 4. Description and history of the monument The Milion was built by Constantine the Great in the first half the 4 th c., imitating the Miliarium aureum of Augustus 16, in the context of transferring the centre of the Empire. Now the measurement begins from Constantinople. The original column made of gold was framed within a tetrapylon, the arches of which formed a cross, and the central square was covered with a dome. 17 The floor was elevated and access was through a monumental stairway. The columns that carried the dome stood on the ground floor. 18 The location of the monument in the area of the Mese, the Augustaion and Hagia Sophia advocate the important place it held in the life of city. So did the many statues that adorned it according to the sources. 19 In the first half the 4 th c. the monument was adorned with statues of Tyche, Constantine and Helen flanking the Cross, equestrian sculptures of Trajan and Hadrian, as well as of Theodosios II. In the 6 th century Justinian I places a solar clock there, and under Justin II (565-578) statues of his spouse Sophia, his daughter Arabia and his nephew Helen were placed there. 20 In the first half the 8 th c., and while the monument was already adorned with mosaic representations of the six Ecumenical Councils, Emperor Bardanes Philippikos, a supporter of Monotheletism, issued a decree according to which only the first five Ecumenical Councils would be depicted in the arches of the Milion. In this way he wanted to manifestate his opposition to the sixth Ecumenical Council, which had condemned Monotheletism. The representation of the sixth Ecumenical Council was destroyed and its place took a mosaic of the emperor and patriarch Sergios. Bardanes successor, Anastasios II added a new mosaic of the sixth Ecumenical Council. Later, however, these mosaics were replaced by Constantine V with chariot race scenes featuring his favoured charioteer, Ouranikos. 21 The Milion was a nodal point in Constantinople, from which big crowds constantly passed by. It constituted a ceremonial station of many imperial processions, the point where the emperor was honoured by the Blues or the Whites. Because of its location but also its architectural form it constituted a base of operations during riots. 22 This happened in the 6 th century, in the Nika riot, and the late 11 th century, during the conflicts between Nikephoros III Botaneiates and Alexios I Komnenos. In the big fire that destroyed the city in 1204 during the fall to the Crusaders, the Milion was burned down. 23 In the late 13 th century the region passes by imperial decree under the jurisdiction of Hagia Sophia. The Milion does not seem to have attracted much attention by pilgrims and travellers to Constantinople. In early 15 th c., Buondelmondi hints at the existence of the monument, while in the 16 th c. Pierre Gylles mentions the Milion as an already lost monument. About the monument's end nothing is known. 24 During the excavations of 1967-1968 the foundation of a wall and one Δημιουργήθηκε στις 20/6/2017 Σελίδα 2/7

marble column with its base came to light, but such evidence do not permit the reconstruction of the structure. 25 1. It is also called Milliarion, arch or vault of the Milion, fournikon (mean. small dome) and even embolos of the Milion, see Πασπάτης, Α.Γ., Τα Βυζαντινά Ανάκτορα και τα πέριξ αυτών Ιδρύματα (Αθήνα 1885), pp. 102-103. 2. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 2 (ed. A. Kazhdan), s.v. Mese (New York Oxford 1991), p. 1346. 3. Talbot Rice, D., Constantinople: Byzantium Istanbul (London 1965), p. 18. 4. Πασαδαίος, Α., Ο Πατριαρχικός Οίκος του Οικουμενικού θρόνου (Θεσσαλονίκη 1976), p. 45. 5. Guilland, R., Étude de Topographie de Constantinople Byzantine (Berlin 1969), p. 29 6. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 2 (ed. A. Kazhdan), s.v. Milion (New York Oxford 1991), p. 1373. 7. http://www.penelope.uchicago.edu/thayer/e/texts/secondary /SMIGRA*/Miliare Βλ. επίσης Smith, W., A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (London 1875), pp. 762-763. 8. Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos, De cerimoniis aulae byzantinae I, ed. J.J. Reiske (CSHB, Bonn 1829). On the Milion according to Porphyrogenitos text, see Antoniades, Ε.Μ., Έκφρασις της Αγίας Σοφίας 1 (Αθήνα 2 1983), pp. 53-54. 9. Parastaseis Syntomoi Chronikai, Preger, T. (ed.), Scriptores originum Constantinopolitarum 1 (Leipzig 1901; repr. 1975), pp. 31-2, 38, 41-2. 10. Pseudo-Kodinos, Patria Constantinopoleos, Preger, T. (ed.), Scriptores originum Constantinopolitarum 2 (Leipzig 1907; repr. 1975), pp. 141, 166, 206-7. 11. Bekker, I., (ed.), Georgius Cedrenus Ioannes Scylitzae ope 1 (CSHB, Bonn 1838), p. 564. 12. Bekker, I., (ed.), Georgius Cedrenus Ioannes Scylitzae ope 1 (CSHB, Bonn 1838), p. 650. de Boor, C., (ed.), Theophanes Chronographia (Leipzig 1883), p. 216. 13. De Boor, C. (ed.), Theophanes Chronographia (Leipzig 1883), pp. 420, 442. 14. De Boor C. (ed.) - P. Wirth (corr.), Georgii Monachi Chronicon 2 (Leipzig 1978), p. 745. See also Symeon Logothetes, Chronographia, I. Bekker (ed.), Leonis Grammatici Chronographia (CSHB, Bonn 1842), p. 247. 15. Van Dieten, J. (ed.), Nicetae Choniatae Historia (CFHB 11.1, Berlin 1975), pp. 235-6, 554-5, 572. 16. Müller-Wiener, W., Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls (Tübingen 1977), p. 216. 17. Πασαδαίος, Α., Ο Πατριαρχικός Οίκος του Οικουμενικού θρόνου (Θεσσαλονίκη 1976), p. 46. See also Janin, R., Constantinople Byzantine. Développement Urbain et Répertoire Topographique (Paris 2 1964), p. 103; Mango, C., The Brazen House. A Study of the Vestibule of the Imperial Palace of Constantinople (Copenhagen 1959), p. 47. 18. Πασπάτης, Α.Γ., Τα Βυζαντινά Ανάκτορα και τα πέριξ αυτών Ιδρύματα (Αθήνα 1885), p. 103. 19. Janin, R., Constantinople Byzantine. Développement Urbain et Répertoire Topographique (Paris 2 1964), p. 103-104. 20. Müller-Wiener, W., Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls (Tübingen 1977), p. 216. Δημιουργήθηκε στις 20/6/2017 Σελίδα 3/7

21. Guilland, R., Étude de Topographie de Constantinople Byzantine (Berlin 1969), p. 28; Mango, C., Βυζάντιο. Η Αυτοκρατορία της Νέας Ρώμης (trn. Δ. Τσουγκαράκης) (Αθήνα 2 1990), p. 313; Mango, C., The Art of the Byzantine Empire. 312-1453. Sources and Documents (New Jersey 1972), pp. 141, 153. 22. Guilland, R., Étude de Topographie de Constantinople Byzantine (Berlin 1969), pp. 28, 29. 23. Guilland, R., Étude de Topographie de Constantinople Byzantine (Berlin 1969), pp. 29-30. 24. Besides, Buondelmonti s referrence should not be considered as evidence of the monument s survival at the time, Guilland, R., Étude de Topographie de Constantinople Byzantine (Berlin 1969), p. 30. 25. Müller-Wiener, W., Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls (Tübingen 1977), p. 218. Βιβλιογραφία : Mango C., The Brazen House. A Study of the Vestibule of the Imperial Palace of Constantinople, Kopenhagen 1959, Arkæologisk-kunsthistoriske Meddelelser edgivet af Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 4.4 Κωνσταντίνος Πορφυρογέννητος, Περί βασιλείου τάξεως, Reiske, J. (ed.), Constantini Porphyrogeniti imperatoris de cerimoniis aulae Byzantinae libri duo, 1, Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, Bonn 1829 Müller-Wiener W., Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls, Byzantion Konstantinupolis Istanbul bis zum Beginn d. 17. Jhs., Tübingen 1977 Guilland R., Études topographiques de Constantinople byzantine, vols 1, 2, Berlin Amsterdam 1969 Janin R., Constantinople byzantine. Développement urbain et répertoire topographique, 2, Paris 1964 Gilles P., The antiquities of Constantinople, London 1729, Ball, J. (trans.) Mango C., The Art of the Byzantine Empire 312-1453, 2nd ed., Toronto-London-Buffalo 1986 Πασπάτης Α., Τα βυζαντινά ανάκτορα και τα πέριξ αυτών Ιδρύματα. Μεθ ενός χάρτου τοπογραφικού, Αθήναι 1885 Kazhdan A., "Mese", A. Kazhdan et al. (ed.), Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 2, Oxford-New York 1991 Δικτυογραφία : Milion - Byzantium 1200 http://www.byzantium1200.com/milion.html Milion - Wikimedia Commons http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:million1_2007.jpg Γλωσσάριo : monotheletism Δημιουργήθηκε στις 20/6/2017 Σελίδα 4/7

Doctrine developed in the 7 th century by Patriarch Sergios, who wanted to reconcile the Orthodox with the monophysites of the Byzantine Empire. Monothelitism supported that Jesus had two natures but only one will. Despite the efforts of Emperor Herakleios (610 641) to impose the new doctrine, monothelitism, was renounced as a heresy in 680. Sixth Ecumenical Council/ Quinisext/ Dome (Constanitnople, 681/ 691) The Sixth Ecumenical Counsil (also called: Quinisext<Penthekti or Dome Counsil<in Trullo, mean. in the dome) assembled at Constntinople twice, the years 680/1 (the Sitxth) and 691/2 (the Quinisext/Dome), to discuss the restoration of the association with the Holy See of Rome as well as to clarify practical issues of everyday life for the Cristians. triumphal arch (Rom.:) A structure in the shape of a monumental archway, built to celebrate the victory of a Roman general or Emperor. (Byz. Archit.) The arch formed above the Horaia Pyle (Royal Door), which frames the curve of the conch of the apse and separates the bema from the nave. Tyche (Fortuna) A symbol of wealth and prosperity, Tyche was considered a deity in the Graeco-roman world (it latin version being Fortuna) and it was often associated with certain cities, as an expression of their power and success. Its iconogrpaphic expression was a personification of the city in the form of a goddess of great importance for this particular city. Πηγές Reiske, J.J. (ed.), Constantini Porphyrogeniti imperatoris de cerimoniis aulae Byzantinae I (Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, Bonn 1829). Parastaseis Syntomoi Chronikai, Preger, T. (ed.), Scriptores originum Constantinopolitarum 1 (Leipzig 1901; repr. 1975), pp. 31 2, 38, 41 2. Pseudo Kodinos, Patria Constantinopoleos, Preger, T. (ed.), Scriptores originum Constantinopolitarum 2 (Leipzig 1907; repr. 1975), pp. 141, 166, 206 7. George Kedrenos, Synopsis Historiarum, I. Bekker (ed.), Georgius Cedrenus Ioannes Scylitzae ope 1 (Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, Bonn 1838), pp. 564, 650. de Boor, C. (ed.), Theophanes Chronographia (Leipzig 1883), pp. 216, 420, 442. de Boor, C. (ed.) P. Wirth (corr.), Georgii Monachi Chronicon 2 (Leipzig 1978), p. 745. Symeon Logothetes, Chronographia, I. Bekker (ed.), Leonis Grammatici Chronographia (Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, Bonn 1842), p. 247. van Dieten, J. (ed.), Nicetae Choniatae Historia (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae, Series Berolinensis 11.1, Berlin 1975), pp. 235 6, 554 5, 572. Παραθέματα The Milion in the imperial ceremony, according to Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos Monday of the Diakinisimos week (p. 51): «δοχή θ εν των φουρνικώ του Μιλίου. Υποστρεφόμενος ο αυτός δήμαρχος των Βενέτων μετά του δήμου του λευκού ποιεί εκείσε δοχήν. Τα δε της ευφημίας άκτα άδονται παρά τε των κρακτών του λαού, καθώς και εν τοις λοιπαίς δοχαίς» on the feast of the Ascension (p. 56): «δοχή ιγ εν τω φουρνικώ του Μιλίου. Υποστρεφόμενος ο δήμαρχος των Βενέτων μετά του δήμου του λευκού, ποιεί εκείσε την δοχήν. Και πάλιν μετά μικρόν της τοιαύτης δοχής δέχεται ο δημοκράτης των Πρασίνων, ήγουν ο εκσκούβιτος, μετά του περατικού δήμου των Πρασίνων» on the feast of the Pentecost (p. 63): «Και από των εκείσε δηριγευόμενος ο βασιλεύς υπ αυτών πάντων διέρχεται διά των εκσκουβίτων και των σχολών, και εξέρχεται την μεγάλην πύλην, και διερχόμενος διά μέσω του μιλίου και του Αυγουστέως Δημιουργήθηκε στις 20/6/2017 Σελίδα 5/7

εισέρχεται εν τη πύλη του ωρολογίου της μεγάλης εκκλησίας» the Demoi at the Milion (p. 84): «και δέχονται τον βασιλέα εν τω φόρω των περατικών Πρασίνων, εν τω πλακωτώ του μιλίου της πολιτικής μέρους των Πρασίνων, δέχονται τον βασιλέα εν τω ζευξίππω των περατικών μερών βενέτων, δέχονται τον βασιλέα εν τη χαλκή» (p. 106 107): «Είθ ούτως το μέρος των Πρασίνων διασώζει μέχρι του φόρου. Είθ ούτως το μέρος των Βενέτων της πολιτικής μέχρι του πραιτωρίου και πάλιν μέχρι του μιλίου. Μέρος των Βενέτων της πολιτικής μέχρι της καμάρας του μιλίου. Της πολιτικής το μέρος των Βενέτων δέχονται τον βασιλέα εν τω μιλίω, ήγουν εν τη καμάρα, και διασώζουσι μέχρι του μαρμαρωτού. Των περατικών μερών Πρασίνων δέχονται τον βασιλέα εν τω μαρμαρωτώ και διασώζουσι μέχρι του ζευξίππου». Palm Sunday (p. 375): «Δέχονται οι του μέρους των Βενέτων εν τη καμάρα του μιλίου, και του υπάρχου διερχομένου, ακτολογούσι ταύτα, δηλονότι έμπροσθεν αυτού προπορευόμενοι» return of Basil I (p. 502): και διελθόντες την μέσην έως του μιλίου εισήλθον διά του εμβόλου εις το ωρολόγιον, και απέθεντο τα στέμματα εν τω ένδον της ωραίας πύλης μητατωρίω» return of Theophilos (p. 506): «και διοδεύσας ο βασιλεύς από των εκείσε διά του σίγματος και της προς τον Άγιον Μώκιον μέχρι του μιλίου. Εν τω μιλίω απέβησαν των ίππων οι της συγκλήτου και πεζεύοντες δηρίγευσαν έμπροσθεν του βασιλέως έως του φρέατος της Αγίας Σοφίας» Great Saturday (p. 185): «κατελθών δε ο βασιλεύς τα γραδήλια του αθύρα, εξέρχεται επί το μίλιον, και διοδεύων την μέσην ανέρχεται εν τω φόρω και τελεί εκείσε άπαντα ακολούθως, ον τρόπον ανωτέρω εδηλώθη» Hypapante (σελ. 156): «και προσκυνήσαντες αλλήλους και ασπασάμενοι, διέρχεται μεν ο βασιλεύς διά του δεξιού μέρους του ναού, του νάρθηκος και του ωρολογίου ιππεύσας δε από των εκείσε διέρχεται διά του μιλίου, φόρου τε και μακρού εμβόλου του Μαυριανού και του Πετρίου, και απέρχεται μέχρι της Παναγίας Θεοτόκου εν Βλαχέρναις» Reiske, J.J. (ed.), Constantini Porphyrogeniti imperatoris de cerimoniis aulae Byzantinae I (Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, Bonn 1829) Parastaseis Syntomoi Chronikai Theodosios column at the Milion (p. 31 2): Εν δε τω λεγομένω Μιλίω Θεοδοσίου στήλη ίστατο έφιππος χαλκή, ήν ανεγείρας πολλά σιτηρέσια τη πόλει προστέθηκεν on the statues adorning the monument (p. 38 39): Άνωθεν της Χαλκής εν τω Μιλίω τω προς Ανατολήν Κωνσταντίνου και Ελένης άνωθεν της καμάρας. Ένθα και σταυρός και η Τύχη μέσον του σταυρού της πόλεως. Εν τω αυτώ Μιλίω Σοφίας της γυναικός Ιουστίνου του μετά τον μέγιστον Ιουστινιανόν και Αραβίας θυγατρός αυτής και Ελένης ανεψιάς Σοφίας ευμορφοτάτης πάνυ κεχρυσωμένη. Αρκαδίου και Θεοδοσίου υιού αυτού εν της πλησίον Θεοδοσίου στήλης του πατρός αμφότεραι έφιπποι. Είτε και σιτηρέσια εδόθη πολλά, εξαιρέτως δε τω πρασίνω μέρει κράζοντος του δήμου: ο γόνος Θεοδοσίου Κωνσταντίνον ενίκησεν the tradition about the Milion (pp. 41 42): Εν τω ωρέω Μιλίω Ηλίου Διός άρμα εν τετράσιν ίπποις πυρίνοις, ιπτάμενον παρά δύο στηλών, εκ παλαιών χρόνων υπάρχον. Ένθα Κωνσταντίνος ο μέγας ευφημίσθη μετά το νικήσαι Αζώτιον και Βύζαν και Άντην, κράζοντος του Βενέτου μέρους «είλες παλίνορσον ιμάσθλην, ως δε δις ηβήσας μαίνεαι εν σταδίω», του δε Πρασίνου μέρους λέγοντος «ου χρήζομέν σε λωβέ, οι θεοί ανώτεροι αυτού είλον». Του δε Ηλίου άρματος κατενεχθέντος εν τω Ιπποδρομίω, δορυφορούμενον εισήει στηλίδιον καινόν, παρά Κωνσταντίνου κατασκευασθέν, υπό Ηλίου φερόμενον Τύχη πόλεως Parastaseis Syntomoi Chronikai, Preger, T. (ed.), Scriptores originum Constantinopolitarum 1 (Leipzig 1901; repr. 1975), pp. 31 2, 38, 41 2. Pseudo Kodinos on the Milion the statues adorning the Milion (p. 166): Εν τη καμάρα του Μιλίου στήλαι Κωνσταντίνου και Ελένης εισίν. Ένθα και σταυρός οράται προς ανατολάς βασταζόμενος υπ αυτών. Μέσον δε του σταυρού η Τύχη της πόλεως, κατήνιον κλειδωμένον και Δημιουργήθηκε στις 20/6/2017 Σελίδα 6/7

εστοιχειωμένον, του άπαντος είδους ανελλιπή είναι και νίκην πάσαν των εθνών επιφέρειν, του μηκέτι ισχύειν ππροσεγγίσαι ή προσψαύσαι εντός ή επιφοιτήσαι, αλλά πόρρω απέχειν και υπονοστείν ως ηττωμένους. Η δε κλεις του κατηνίου κατεχώσθη εις τας βάσεις των κιόνων. Εν αυτώ δε τω Μιλίω στήλαι ίστανται Σοφίας της γυναικός Ιουστίνου του Θρακός και Αραβίας της θυγατρός αυτής και Ελένης ανεψιάς αυτής the Milion as an ancient gate of the city of Byzantium (p. 141): Και ανέβαινεν εις τα Χαλκοπρατεία το τείχος έως του Μιλίου. Ην δε κακείσε πόρτα των Βυζαντίων χερσαία Theodosios column at the Milion (pp. 206 7): Εν τω λεγομένω Μιλίω Θεοδοσίου στήλη ίσταται εφ ίππου χαλκού. Και εν τη χειρί κατέχει μήλον και στήλην ετέραν, ανδροείκελον άγαλμα έχον και στέφανον. ήν ανεγείρας πολλά σιτηρέσια τη πόλει δέδωκεν. Οι δε κίονες οκτώ και οι ποδίσκοι ομοίως και των Αρτοπωλείων οι οκτώ κίονες και των Τζυκαλαρείων και της χαλκής έχουσιν ιστορίας πολλάς, ας καλύνας εχρύσωσε... Pseudo Kodinos, Patria Constantinopoleos 29 30, 104, Preger, T. (ed.), Scriptores originum Constantinopolitarum 2 (Leipzig 1907; repr. 1975). George Kedrenos on the Milion: statues of emperors (p. 564): Ότι επάνω της του μιλίου αψίδος ίστανται στήλαι δύο, του τε μεγάλου Κωνσταντίνου και της μητρός αυτού, μέσον έχουσαι σταυρόν, όπισθεν δε Τραϊανός έφιππος, έχων σύνεγγυς τον Αίλιον Αδριανόν ιππότην the horologion of Justinian I (p. 656): Τούτου τω β έτει ανεκαίνισεν εκ θεμελίων Ιουστινιανός την του θεού μεγάλην εκκλησίαν... Εποίησε δε και το ωρολόγιον του μιλίου George Kedrenos, Synopsis Historiarum, I. Bekker (ed.), Georgius Cedrenus Ioannes Scylitzae ope 1 (Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, Bonn 1838). Χρονολόγιο first half of the 4th c.: Construction of the Milion; it is adorned with sculptures in the round 6th c.: The Milion s decoration is completed with Justinian s solar clock and the statues of the imperial family of Justin II. first half of the 8th c.: Decoration of the monument with mosaic representations of the Ecumenical Councils. Constantine V replaces them with scenes from the Hippodrome 1268 1271: By imperial edict, the Milion under the jurisdiction of Hagia Sophia after 1453: Probably still standing by the late 15th c., then disappears second half of the 20th: A few fragments are discovered, althoug they do not permit its reconstruction Δημιουργήθηκε στις 20/6/2017 Σελίδα 7/7