ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w þ 1

ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w þ 1 Common course in Malayalam for BCom/BBA I SEMESTER CUCBCSS - 2014 Admision UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION CALICUT UNIVERSITY P.O., MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA - 673 635 508 ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w þ 1 1

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION Study Material COMMON COURSE IN MALAYALAM I SEMESTER ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w þ 1 Prepared by : Scrutinized by tum.-cm[ ]n.-sf. Atkm.-s{]m-^-kÀ, si.-f.-f- v.-fw.-bq-wnän hna³kv timtfpv, at cn tum. si.-fw. \koà Atkm.-s{]m-^-kÀ, ae-bm-f- ]T\ hn-`mkw, ^mdqjv timtfpv Type settings & Lay out Computer Section, SDE Reserved ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w þ 1 2

DffS- -w samuyqä-þ1 KZyw 5 samuyqä þ 2 hnhà \w 17 samuyqä þ -3- - t\mhâ 22 samuyqä þ 4 bm{xm-hn-h-cww 32 ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w þ 1 3

ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w þ 1 4

samuyqä-þ1 KZyw kmlnxyw-, kmaq-ln-iw, kmwkvim-cniw F o Xe- -fnse tej-\- -fmwv Cu samuyqfnâ DÄs mån- n-«p-å-xv. F n-s\-gp-xp- p, Fgp- nsâ ]Wn- p-c-bnâ cn\ F s\ cq]w simåp p F o hnj-b- -sf- än {]ikvx IYm-Ir- mb Fw.-Sn.bpw Ih-bn{Xn kpk-x-ip-amcnbpw Fgp-Xnb tej-\- Ä CXn-ep- v. kz -amb ZpxJ fpw BËm-Z- fpw hnlz-e-x-ifpw kz]v\- fpw Iog-S- p-t¼mä Fgp-Xnsb ]äq. Fgp v kzmx-{ y-amwv, BËm-Z-am-Wv, \ne-\nev]p-amwv. CXmWv Fw.-Sn. F n-s\-gp-xp p F tej-\- nâ hnizo-i-cn- p- -Xv. A\-iz-c-Xbn-te- på a\p-jysâ ssi\o-«-emwv kmlnxy cn-\-sb v kpk-x-ip-amcn Is - p p. Bscms tbm ]dªp Ign-ª-Xv, ]dªp sim n-cn- p- -Xv, C\nbpw ]d-bm-\p-åxv þ CXmWv Ihn-X. Ae-dn- p-g- -Sn- p kà m-ß-i-x-bpss simsp- m-änâ Xtâ-Xmb {]mw-hmbp IqSn þ CXmWv Ih-bn-{Xn-bpsS ] w. Im«nse Infn- q«w F F³. F. \ko-dnsâ tej\w h\-tem-i-t - på Hcp IqSn- m-gvnbv v hi-sbm-cp- p- p. \n_-ô-\-ifpw D]m-[n-I-fp-an-ÃmsX ImSn-s\, AXnsâ FÃm {]Wn k¼-s Spw at\m-lm-cn-x-tbmspw IqSn BtÇ-jn- p kàæ hym]n-bmb ZÀi\w Cu tej-\- n-ep- v. ] n-tem-i-t mspw ImSn-t\m-Sp-apÅ a\p-jysâ lrz-b-im-tn-\y- nsâ ImgvN-Ifpw ChnsS ImWmw. Fw.-Sn.-bpsS IYm temi nsâ khn-ti-j-x-i-fmwv ]cn-xy-à-cpss cmjv{sobw F tej-\- nâ NÀ -sn- p- -Xv. Øqe-cm-jv{Sobw At±-l- nsâ cn-\-i-fn-en-ã. IY GXp ]Ým- -e- nâ \S- mepw X\n p kp]-cn-nn-x-amb IqS-Ãq-cmWv Fw.-Sn. Bcq-V-ambn Icp-Xp- - Xv. ]e Xc- n-epå GIm-In-X-IÄ A\p-`-hn- p- -hcpw s]mxp-hmbn kaq-ltam IpSpw-_tam ]cn-xy-pn- -h-cp-amwv At±-l- nsâ IYm-]m-{X- Ä F v tej-i³ \nco- n- p- p. Ihn-X-tbm- S-Sp- p-h-cp Cu `mh- Ä Bhn-jv -cn- m-\mbn Fgp- p-im-csâ `mj `mh-ko-xm-ß-i-am-bn. Fw.-Sn.-bpsS ka-im-en-i-cmb `mc-xob kmln-xy-im-c³amà CtX coxn ]n³xp-sà -Xmbn ImWmw. kmln-xy-ir-xn-isf Bkv]-Z-am n kn\na \nà½n- p coxn ae-bm-f- nâ Ipd-ªp-h-cp- -Xnsâ Nn{X-amWv ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bpss kmln-xy-_ôw F tej-\- nâ a[p Cd-h- c Ah- X-cn- n- p- -Xv. ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bpss IYm-]-c-amb DÄ -cp- n-s\bpw BJym-\-ssi-en-tbbpw \½psS kmlnxyw hf-sc-tbsd kzm[o-\n- n-«p- v. Ne- n-{x-am-[y-a-t msv kmlnxyw Iqdp ]peà n. A\p-hÀ -\- Ä {]txy-i-kr-jvsn-i-fmbn ]e-t mgpw amdn. Ne- n{xw F am[y-a- n-\-\p-cq-]- ambn BJym\w F{X-t mfw kuµ-cym-ß-i-ambn F Xv C\nbpw ]Tn-t taj-e-bm-wv. hnnm-cs ac-hn- n- p-ibpw hnim-cs Cf- n-hnsp-ibpw snbvxv A[n-Im-c-Øm-\- Ä a\p-jy-cm-in v hcp- n-sh hn\-i-fmwv ^mkn-k- nsâ a\x-èmkv{xw F tej\w NÀ sn p- -Xv. \mkn XS-  ]mf-b- -fnse Zpc- -Zr-iy- sf Nn{Xo-I-cn- p bqsp³ timtkm- Wnsâ Xnbdn Bâ v {]mivsokv Hm^v slâ F ]pkvxiw ^mkn-k- nsâ `oi-cx Xpd p Im«p- p. Hcp htc-wy-hà -s ]cn-io-e\w snbvxp hfà n-sb-sp- p-i, hà -þ-ssp-h-]-c-ambn Xmgv -hsc D q-e\w sn pi F X z-imkv{xw BZÀi-ambn Icp-Xp- -XmWv AXnse {]Xntcm-[-tk-\-bmb Cu akvxn-jv -{]- m-f-\-taäv ItTm-c-lr-Z-b-ap-Å-h-cm-Ip- p. Ic-Sn-IÄ v XS-hp- ]p-ån-isf Fdn-ªp-sIm-Sp v AXp-I p ckn- p-i, ISp NqSnepw XWp- nepw XS-hp-Imsc amdn-am-dn-bp«pw ]«n-wn- n«pw simãpi F n- s\ k -ev]n- m-\m-im ImTn-\y- Ä ZrIvkm n hnh-c-w-ambn ]pkvxiw Ah-X-cn- n- p- p. t{im[- nepw hntzz-j- nepw A[n-jvTn-X-amb XXzim-kv{X- Ä {]Ñ- -ambn B[p-\n-I-Im-e pw \ne-\nâ p p F v tej\w \nco- n- p- p. ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w þ 1 5

Fgp- p-im-c-s\- p-dn v : Fw.-Sn.-hm-kp-tZ-h³ \mbà {]apj IYm-Ir- v, t\mh-en-ìv, Xnc- -Ym-Ir- v, kn\n-am-kw-hn-[m-b-i³ cn\-iä : School of Distance Education (t\m-hâ) \mep-si-«v, aªv, Imew, Akp-c-hn- v, c m-aq-gw, Ad-_n-s m- v, ]mxn-cmhpw ]I shfn- hpw (I-Y-IÄ) _Ô-\w, \nsâ HmÀ½-bv v, Ccp-«nsâ Bßm-hv, Ifn-ho-Sv, Fsâ {]nb-s «IY-IÄ, Fw.- Sn.-bpsS sxc-sª-sp IY-IÄ (te-j-\- Ä) ImYn-Isâ Ie, ImYn-Isâ ]Wn- p-c, Infn-hm-Xn-en-eq-sS, GIm-In-I-fpsS i_vzw (_m-e-km-ln-xyw) amwn-iy- -Ãv, X{ - m-cn, Zb F s] Ip«n (Xn-c- -Y) Fw.-Sn.-bpsS Xnc- -Y-IÄ, Hcp sndp-]p- ncn \à Xnc- -Y-bv på \mj-\â ^nenw AhmÀUv Hcp h-s- ³ hoc-kmy 1989 IShv 1991 kzbw 1992 ]cn-wbw 1994 Úm\-]oTw 1995 ]ß-`q-j 2005 sp.-kn.-um-\n-bâ AhmÀUv 2013 k n-zm-\-µ³ {]apj aebm-f-i-hn, \ncq-]-i³, hnhà -I³ cn-\-iä (I-hn-X) A p kqcy³, Bß-Ko-X, Ihn-X, C y³ kvsi p-iä, Fgp- -Ñ-s\-gp-Xp-t¼mÄ, ]qr-\- Im-ew, tkm{i-«okpw timgn-bpw, Ch-s\- q-sn, hosp-amäw, Ib-äw, Ihn-_p-²³, tzim-s-\w, sxcsª-sp Ihn-X-IÄ, hn v, km y- Ä, ad- p-sh hkvxp- Ä, _lp-cq-]n, XYm-KXw \ms-i- Ä ià³ X¼p-cm³, KmÔn KZy-te-J-\- Ä Ipcp-t -{Xw, kwhm-z- Ä, kao-]-\- Ä, kwkv m-c- nsâ cmjv{so-bw, kw`m-j-w- Ä, s{_lvxnsâ Ie ae-bm-i-hn-xm-]t-\- Ä At\z-j-W- Ä, ]S-hp-IÄ, kuµ-cyhpw A[n-Im-chpw aplqà - Ä, kmln-xyhpw {]Xn-tcm- [hpw ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w þ 1 6

a[p Cd-h- c kn\n-am-k-th-j-i³, kwhn-[m-b-i³, Pqdn, \ncq-]-i-kw-l-s-\-i-fnse apjymw-kw, tic-f-tìäv ^nenw suh-e- vsaâ v timà -td-jsâ ]m\â Ub-d-IvSÀ, kn\nam kmln-xy-s - p-dn- på ]T- \- Ä v {]txyi AwKo-Im-cw. cn-\-iä : kv\m\-l-«- Ä (I-Y-IÄ), ae-bmf kn\n-abpw kmln-xy-hpw, Aen-hnsâ aµm-c- Ä (kn- \n-am-]-t-\- Ä), ie-`-bm-{x-iä (bm-{x), kwkvim-cw, bpàn, kaqlw (A-aÀXy-sk³ hnhà - \w), ae-bmf kn\n-a-bnse Ahn-kva-c-Wo-bÀ, Ime- nsâ AS-cp-IÄ (kn-\n-am-n-cn-{xw), temi-kn- \n-a-bpss aq mw I v, \ qcw (^o- À ^nenw), \njmzw (Xn-c- -Y) hotc-{µ-ip-amà {]apj Nn -I-\pw, Fgp- p-im-c\pw cmjv{so-b-{]-hà -I-\pw, hb-emà AhmÀUv, kmlnxy A m-zan AhmÀUv, HmS- p-gâ AhmÀUv, \me- m-s³ ]pc-kvimcw XpS n \nc-h[n AwKo-Im-c- Ä e`n- n-«p v. ka-\z-b- nsâ hk- w, _p²sâ Nncn, Km«pw ImWm- -c-sp-i-fpw, Bßm-hn-tes mcp XoÀ -bm{x, {]Xn-`-bpsS thcp-iä txsn, N -¼pg : hn[n-bpss th«-arkw, Xncn-ªp-t\m- pt¼mä, tcmj- nsâ hn p-iä, A[n-\n-th-i- nsâ ASn-sbm-gp- p-iä, cmasâ ZpxJw, sslah-x-`q-hnâ (h-b-emà AhmÀUv), Ba-tkmWpw Ipsd hymip-e-x-ifpw. kpk-x-ip-amcn {]kn-²-i-h-bn-{xn, kmaq-ly-{]-hà -I, ]cn-ønxn {]hà -I, {]Ir-Xn-kw-c- W kan-xnbp-ssbpw A`-bm-bp-tSbpw Øm]I sk{i-«dn cn-\-iä : ap p- n n kmaq-ly-tk-h-\- n-\på `m«nb AhmÀUv, tk{i«v tkmä A À tziob ]pc-kvimcw, hr -an{x AhmÀUv, ]ß{io F o AwKo-Im-c- Ä In«n-bn- «p- v. kz]v\-`p-an, CcpÄ n-d-ip-iä ]mxn-cm- q- Ä (km-lnxy {]hà I AhmÀUv) A¼-e-aWn (h-b-emà AhmÀUv) Ipdn-ªn- q- Ä, Xpem-hÀj- (hniz-zo]w AhmÀUv), cm[-sb-hnss (A-_p-Zm_n ae-bmf kampw AhmÀUv), IrjvW-I-hn-X-IÄ (P- m-jvsan ]pc-kvi-im-cw), tzh-zm-kn, aw-se-gp v F³.-F.-\-koÀ {]apj h\y-pohn t^mt«m-{km-^à, ]cn-øn-xn-kw-c- -W-{]-hÀ -I³, t_mws_ \mnz-dâ lnìdn skmssk-än-bpss Øncmw-Kw, Sanctury Asia, Frontline, Outlook Traveller XpS- nb {]kn- ²o-I-c-W- -fnâ t^mt«m-k-lnxw Fgp-Xp- p. \oe-kncn amà«n-s\- p-dn pw \nc-h[n A]qÀÆ kky-p- p-hà - -sf- p-dn pw Poh³ XpSn- p Nn{X- -tfmss lrz-b-kv]àin-bmbn Fgp-Xn-bn- «p- v. amxr-`qan BgvN- -Xn- nâ ]c-¼-c-bmbn h tej-\- Ä ImSnsâ at\m-l-c-amb Bhnjv -c-w- -fm-wv. ImSns\ sn p sxmsp-t¼mä F t]cnâ AXv ]pkvx-i-am-bn. ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w þ 1 7

bp.-si.-ip-am-c³ IYm-Ir v, t\mh-en-ìv, ]{X-{]-hÀ -I³. cn-\-iä (t\m-hâ) he-bw, Hcn-S pw F m- -hà, t]meo-kp-im-csâ s] a- Ä, X ³Ip v kzcq-]w, Bk-àn, Fgp-X-s -«-Xv, Hä-hm- nâ Hcp Pohn-Xw, ImWp- -Xà ImgvN-IÄ IY ]pxnb Ccn- n-s- Ä, ]mhw Ių, sdbnâ m-f- nâ Hcp IpSpw_w [ym\n- p- p. Häbvs mcp kv{xo HmSp- -Xnsâ cl-ky-sa v? hosp kwkm-cn- p- p, Hcm-sf-t Sn HcmÄ, axn-{`-a- -fpss Imew, k -cn- p tkmh-wn, hfª ImepÅ IpS Fkv.-sI.-s]m-ä- msv (i- -c³ip«n s]mä- m-sv) (1913-þ1982) {]ikvx IYm-Ir- v, t\mh-en-ìv, k m-c-km-ln-xy-c-n-\-bnâ Gsd {]i-kvx³ cn-\-iä (t\m-hâ) \ms³t{]-aw, hnj-i-\y-i, Hcp tzi- nsâ IY IY bh-\n-ibv p ]n nâ ais\ sim azyw (I-hn-X). Fkv.sI.s]msä m-snsâ k m-c-km-lnxyw tic-f-km-lnxy A m-zan AhmÀUv (hn-j-i-\y-i-þ1962) ti{µ kmlnxy A m-zan AhmÀUv (Hcp tzi- nsâ IY) (1972) kmln-xy-{]-hà I kl-i-c-w-kwlw AhmÀUv (1977) Úm\-]oT ]pc-kvimcw 1980 F n-s\-gp-xp p þ Fw.-Sn. 1. Fgp- p-im-c\v Xm³ Pohn- n-cn- p Ime v In«p Bcm-[-\bpw {]kn-²nbpw Pohn-X- nsâ aäp ]e aþ-e- -fnepw {]hà n- p- -h-tcmsv Xmc-X-ay-s -Sp- p-t¼mä hfsc \nêm-camwv. hni-zo-i-cn- p-i. F n-s\-gp-xp p F p Nn n- p-i-bmwv Fw.-Sn. Fgp v BZm-b-I-c-amb sxmgnem-sw p sh n-«-ã, al- mb Imcy- Ä temi-t msp ]d-bm-tam p Icp-Xn-bn-«Ã {]kn- ²nbpw Ipd-hp-X-s. Hcp ^psvt_mä Ifn- m-c-\v, cmjv{so-b- m-c-\v AsÃ- nâ kn\n-am-\- S\v In«p ssib-snbpw A\p-tamZ-\- fpw BÄ q-«hpw Hcn- epw Fgp- p-im-c\v In«nbn-«n-à In«m-\n-S-bp-an-Ã. F nepw Fgp- p-im-c\v Ahym-tJy-b-amb Hcp {]tnm-z-\- n-\-sns «v Fgp-tX n hcp-i-xs sn p- p. 2. CsXmcp {]IrXn \nb-a-am-bn-cn mw Fw.-Sn. kqnn- n- p- -sx v? F p-sim v Fgp- p-im-c-\mbn F tnmzy- n\v IrXy-amb D cw Akm-²y-am- Wv. ss n-fnse Irjn- m-c³ Fdn-bp hn p-isf HmÀ mw. ]te-s pw how hn p-i-fpse hn[n ]e Xc- n-em-wv. NneÀ hn[n himâ ]«m-f- mcpw I -h-s- mcpw Hs Bhp- -Xp-t]mse aäp NneÀ Fgp- p-imcpw Bhp- p. Fw.-Sn.-]-d-bp \nk-a\w CXm-Wv. BZyw apxât Rm³ asäm- p-am-bn-cp- nã F v. ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w þ 1 8

3. Fw.-Sn.-F Fgp- p-im-csâ _meyw ]ms- nsâ Ic-bnse XIÀ Xd-hm-Snsâ api-fnâ Ac shfn- - nâ Fgp-Xnbh ho pw Ab-hn-d n, Fgp-Xm-\p-t±-in- p- -h-sb- p-dn v kz]v\- Ä I v _me-\mb Fw.-Sn. Ign-ªp. kmlnxyw sxmgn-em- m-sat m Fgp- n\p {]Xn-^-e-ap-s t m Adn-hn- Ãm-bn-cp- p. Bcpw ImWmsX, t\m«p-]p-kvx-i- -fnâ \n p Iodn-sb-Sp Xmfp-I-fn Ah³ Fgp-Xn- q-«n. kmln-xy- nâ IpSpw-_-]m-c-¼-cy-an-Ãm-bn-cp- p. Hmtcm ]pxnb hmb- \-bnepw kz w temis hn]p-e-am- n-s m v kà -th-z-\-b-dnª _mey-am-bn-cp p AXv. 4. Fgp-Xp- Xv Hcp Is -  IqSn-bm-Wv. hni-z-am- pi? Fgp-Xp-t¼mÄ Xsâ ap¼nâ ]{X- mcpw {]km-[-icpw hmb-\- m-cp-an-sã v Fw.-Sn. ]d-bp- p. IY-bpsS Bßo-b-Po-hnXw X nâ -s -bm-wv. ZpxJ- fpw BËm-Z- -fpw-kz- ]v\- fpw a\-êns\ Iog-S- p-t¼mä Fgp-XmsX h. Fgp-Xp- Xv B\-µm-t\z-j-W- nse Is - -em-wv. B\-µ- nsâ A\- -amb At\z-j-W-amWv Pohn-Xw. Hmtcm hyàn- pap v Hc-t\z-j-W-]-Yw. Xsâ taje Fgp- n-tâ-xm-sw v Fw.-Sn. Adn-bp- p. 5. Fgp- nse kzmx{ yw cp ]pxnb IY Bß-kw-Xr-]vXn-tbmsS Fgp-Xn- -gn-ªmâ Fgp- p-im-c³ B\µw A\p-`-hn- p- p. a[p-tcm-zm-c-amb B A\p-`-h- n-\p-th n Xm³ F{X thz-\bpw kln- p-sa v Fw.-Sn.-]-d-bp- p. Pohn-X- nsâ bmsxmcp taj-ebpw Xcm kzmx-{ yamwv Fgp v Xcp- -Xv. ho«nepw tpmen-ø-e pw kaq-l- nepw ]c-x-{ -\mb Fgp- p- Im-c³, Fgp- nsâ temis {]Pbpw cmpm-hp-am-wv. B kzmx-{ y-amwv \ne-\n-ev]v. Akw-Xr-]vX-amb Bßm-hn\p howp-in-«p BËm-Z- nsâ Akp-e-`-\n-an-j- Ä pw kzmx- { y- n\pw th n-bmwv Fw.-Sn.-F-gp-Xp- -Xv. ]cn-xy-à-cpss cmjv{sobw þ k n-zm-\-µ³ 1. Fw.-Sn.-bpsS cn-\m-tem-is apgp-h³ D n-j- m- p kq va-cm-jv{so-b- n-te- på Infn-hm-Xn-emWv Cu {]kvxmhw þ GXv? NneXp ]d-bm³ txm p- -Xp-sIm- mwv HcmÄ Fgp-Xp- -Xv. Nne tnmzy- Ä a\- Ên-ep-ÅXp sim pw. tnmzy- Ä Xt m-sp-x-s -bm-hmw. kaq-l-t m-tsm, Ime-L-«-t mtsm, a\p-jy-cm-in-tbmtsm {]Ir-Xn-tbm-tSm, Cuiz-c-t\mtSm Bhmw. Ihn-Xbpw IYbpw \ms-i-hp-saãmw ]nd- p- Xv C -s\-bm-sw v ImYn-Isâ Ie bnâ Fw.-Sn.-F-gp-Xp- p. 2. sshbàn-i-amwv Fw.-Sn.-bpsS cmjv{sobw þ hni-z-am- pi cmjv{s- -fp-ssbpw `c-w-iq-s- -fp-ssbpw hn[n \nà -bn- p Øqe-cm-jv{So-b- nâ Fw.-Sn.-bpsS IY-IÄ {]tnm-z\w Is - p- n-ã. kp]-cn-nn-x-amb {Kmaw, a\p-jy-{]-ir-xnbnse sshnn-{x-b- Ä þ CsX-Ãm-am-W-t±-l- nsâ \nxy-{]-tnm-z-\w. \ -bpss \nd-ip-samb hyàn `oi-c\pw simspw-{iq-c³ arzp-e-lr-z-b-\p-am-ip EXp-t`-Z- Ä At±-ls \nc- cw BI-Àjn- p p. 3. Cu anên-ên- n- m-cn-bpss hm p-iä Xsâ-bm-WtÃm F v Fw.-Sn.-A-Zv`p-X-s -Sp- p- v. hni-z-am- p-i. Ata-cn- ³ Fgp- p-im-cn-bmb bqtum\ shâän Hcp {]mtz-ini Fgp- p-im-cnbmbn Adn-b-s -Sp- -Xn {]iv\-an-ãm- -h-fm-wv. FXp {]tz-is - än Fgp-X-W-sa v Fgp- p-im-c-t\msv \ncq-]-i³ ]d-tb- -Xn-Ã. X\n- -dn-bm-hp {]tz-i-s bpw a\p-jyscbpw ]än Xm³ Fgp-Xn-s m- n-cn- p p F v bqtum\ A`n-am-\-]qÀÆw ]d-bp- p. Cu hm p-iä XtâXp Xs -bm-wtãm F v Fw.-Sn. AZv`p-X-s -Sp- p. Ata-cn- -bp-tsbpw hmcm-w-kn-bp-tsbpw ]Ým- -e- nâ IY-I-sf-gp-Xp-t¼mgpw At±-l- nsâ BcqVw IqS- ÃqÀ Xs -bm-wv. ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w þ 1 9

4. Fw.-Sn.-bpsS IYm-tem-I- nsâ ASn-Øm-\- Ä \mep-si-«p-i-fpss XIÀ, km¼- ni {]Xn-k-Ôn-IÄ, Ah a\p-jy-a-\-ênâ krjvsn- p A\y-Xm-t_m-[w, GIm-In-X, ]I, {]Xn-Imcw Bß \nµ CsXÃmw Fw.-Sn.-bpsS IYm-tem-I- n-se pw ]SÀ p-im-wmw. apjy IYm-]m-{X- Ä PoÀ n Xd-hm-Sp-I-fp-tSbpw Zcn{Z ]Ým- -e- -fp-tsbpw Akz-Ø-X-IÄ t]dp- -h-cm-wv. kzmà n-bmb Imc-W-hcpw \nêlm-b-\mb Cf-ap-d- m-c\pw A s hen-sbmcp bmymà y-ambncp p. Zpc-tZ-i- -fntebv v c -s «p t]mb-h-cmwv ]e IYm-]m-{X- -fpw. 5. Cu coxn-bnâ AhÀ ap³km-an-i-fnâ \n v hyxy-kvx-am-bn-cns ]n³km-an-i-sf {]h-nn- p-ibpw sn p p þ hni-z-am- p-i. Fw.-Sn-bpsS ka-im-en-i-cmb C y³ Fgp- p-im-cpss temi- nsâ sshim-cn-i-l-s- \-IÄ At±lw Xsâ kz w coxn-bnâ ] n-sp- -Xmbn ImWmw. Ch-cpsS IYm-]m-{X- Ä kz w tzi-ime _Ô- -fnâ thcp-å-h-cm-wv. Ah-cpsS GIm- -Xbv pw A\y-Xm-ssh-[- n\pw kaq-l- nâ thcp-i-fp v; X -sfbpw kaq-l-s bpw H n- p-\nà n hnnm-c-wsn- p- -Xn \n p-f-hm-ip- -XmWv Ah-cpsS Bß-\n-µ. Cu coxn-bnâ ]gb Fgp- p-imcnâ\n v AhÀ hyxy-kvx-cm-ip- p; ]n³km-an-i-fn- -te-bv v hgn Xpd- p-ibpw sn p- p. 6. GtX-Xp-X-c- n-epå GIm-In-X-I-fmWv Fw.-Sn.-bpsSbpw kam-\-cmb Fgp- p-im-cp-tsbpw IYm-]m-{X- Ä A\p-`-hn- p- Xv? ]gb {Kma- n-\m-bpå Krlm-Xp-c-Xzw, ]pxnb kaq-l- nsâ `mk-am-im-\m-im- - Xn-epÅ ss\cmiyw, kz w ico-c- nsâ sshir-x-s - p-dn- på Bß-]o-U-I-amb Nncwt_m-[w, ]nxr-ta-[m-hn- -]-c-amb kap-zm-b- nsâ hne- p-i-fnâ ]ns-bp cxn-hmrvow, ]nd \msp-hn-sm³ t{]cn- n- p Zmcn-{Zyw, t{]a-]-cm-p-bw, km m-â m-c- nsâ aqclqà w Xs hyà Xm t_m[- nsâ aplqà hp-am-ip {]Xn-Im-c-tamlw þ C{X Xo{h-amb Hcp sshim-cni aþew Bhn-jv -cn- m³ Ihn-X-tbm-S-Sp- p-h-cp Hcp `mjbpw AhÀ Is - n. Cu`m-h- Ä `mc-xob `mj-i-fnse ]e IYm-Ir- p- -fnepw kam-\-amsw p ImWmw. 7. Fw.-Sn. p tij-apå Fgp- p-im-cpss \ne-]msv Fw.-Sn. Xsâ {Kma- nâ Is - nb ]màiz-hà n-i-fmb a\p-jy-cpss Ah-Ø- Isf kmàæ-p-\o-\-am- p-ibpw AhnsS At±-l- nsâ {]ta-b-`m-h- sf ]pxnb IYm hyh-lm-c- nsâ A\n-hm-cy-amb ]cn-k-c- -fmbn \ne-hm-c-s -Sp- p-i-bpamwv ]n³x-e-apd snbvx-xv. tih-e-`m-hm-hn-jv m-c- n-te- på Cu \o w am[-hn- p-«n-bnepw Sn.-]-Zva-\m-`- \nepw Bcw-`n Im -\m-s³, tkxp, k -dnbamcnâ XpS-cp- Xv ImWmw. bymà kµà`- Ä ]n³hm- p-ibpw a\p-jym-h-ø-bpss \ne-\n-ev]n-sâbpw ]pxnb ImgvN- m-sp-iä cq]w simåp-ibpw sn p- -Xn\v DZm-l-c-W-amWv k -dn-b-bpss Hcn-S v t]msemcp IY. 8. B[p-\n-I-X-sb- p-dn v Fw.-Sn.-bpsS ImgvN- msv B[p-\n-IX Hcp Pqhn-X-ssN-X-\y- n-\m-bpå Zml-am-Wv, {]Xo- -bm-wv. kz w si«p-]m-sp-i-fnâ\n v tamn\w t\sm-\på sh¼-em-wv. Bß-ssN-X-\y-am-W-Xv. am\-h-cminsb apgp-h³ IW- n-se-sp v sim på Hcp X z-im-kv{x- nsâ t_m[-t{]-c-w-ifpss klm-b-t mss t\sp hnim-e-amb ImgvN- m-sm-wv. Imcq-cnsâ ac- m-h-iä C c- n-epå Hcm-[p-\n-I-I-Y-bm-sW v Fw.-Sn.-k-aÀ n- p- p. ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w þ 1 1 0

9.- \m-b-i\pw {]Xn-\m-b-I-\p-am-Im³ `mky-an-ãm-sx-t]mb CS- -c- m-c-s\- p-dn v Fw.-Sn.-]-dbp hm p-iä CS- -c- m-cs\ kw_-ôn- n-s-t mfw Pohn- pi F -Xp-Xs Hcp alm-xym-k-am- Wv. AXXp Imes Nn«-h-«- Äs m- n v \ne-\nâ m³ _m[y-ø-\m-w-bmä. Ah\v t]td `mc- Ä c m-wvþ Pohn- pi F -Xm-sW- m-swm- v. asäm v Ahsâ s]cp-amä- -«- sf BsI kzm-[o-\n aqey-t_m-[w. api-fn-tebv p t\m n-bmepw Xmtg p t\m nbmepw s\sp-hoà n-smt\ Ah\v hgn-bp-åq. Cu CS- -c- m-c-\mwv Fw.-Sn.-bpsS F - t bpw IYm-]m-{Xw. 10. Fw.-Sn.-I-Y-I-fnse Xnc-kvIr-X-cp-am-bp-Å-X- -bo-`mhw Fw.-Sn.-bpsS BZys {]i-kvx-i-y-bmb hfà p-ar-k- Ä apxât Xnc-kvIr- Xcpw ]oun-x-cp-amb IYm-]m-{X- sf ImWmw. ]e-hn-[- nâ NqjWw sn -s -Sp-Ibpw D]-tbm-Kn p hen-s -dn-b-s -Sp-Ibpw sn p FÃm apjy-cp-tsbpw {]Xn-\n-[n-bmWv Pm\- ½. Ccp-«nsâ Bßm-hnse them-bp-[\pw Ipt«y-S n bnse Ipt«y-S- nbpw Hmt mfn se Hmt mfpw \mep-si-«nse A p- nbpw t]mse At\-Iw. IYm-]m-{X- Ä A]-am-\hpw GIm- -Xbpw sim v hoà p-ap-«p- -h-cm-wv. 11. hni v Fw.-Sn. IY-I- -fnâ Imcq-cn-sâbpw _jo-dn-sâbpw (hn-i- v, ssskà, P -Zn\w (_-joà) Ime-N{Iw s]mxnt mdv (Im-cqÀ)) IY-I-fn hni- nsâ Xo vw-{]-im-i-\- Ä \mw I n-«p- v. Fw.-Sn.-I-Y- I-fnepw AXv Xo{hhpw k oà -hp-amb Hcp hnim-c-am-wv. `qx-im-e-a-lna ]d-ªn-cp Xdhm-Sp-Isf AXv ITn-\-ambn _m[n- p. \msp-hm-gn w _m n-sh Zpc-`n-am-\hpw hà am\ bmymà y-amb hni pw X½n-epÅ kwlàjw A m-es IY-I-fn s]mxp-hmbn-cp- p. Fw.-Sn-.bn-eXv A]-IÀj-Xm-t_m-[hpw A]-am-\hpw IqSn- -eà H m-bn- o-cp- p. Ipdp- sâ Ieym-W- nse Ip«nbpw kzà w Xpd- p kab nse Ip«n-\m-cm-b- W\pw IÀ ns-i - nse D nbpw -Hcp ]nd- m-fnsâ HmÀ½ - - bnse Ip«nbpw ]Ån-hmfn - se tima-chpw hni- nsâ At\Iw am\- fpw kµà`- fpw Ah-X-cn- n- p- p. 12. ]cn-xy-à-cpss cmjv{so-b-amwv Fw.-Sn.-bpsS cn-\-i-fnse cmjv{sobw -hni-z-am- pi (D-]- \ymk amxr-i) (te-j-\- nsâ kw{klw þ elp-]-\ym-k- fpw Ipdn- p-ifpw DZm-l-cn- h IqSnt À mâ D -c-ambn þ Ah-K-Wn- -s -«-hcpw GIm-In-Ifpw A\y-Xm-t_m[w t]dp- -hcp-amb IYm-]m-{X- sf DZm-l-cn- -Ww) ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bpss kmln-xy-_ôw a[p Cd-h- c 1. ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bnse kmln-xy-_-ô- nsâ Bcw-`-Im-e-s - p-dn v Ipdn-s -gp-xp-i. kn.-hn.-cm-a³]n-å-bpss Ncn-{Xm-Jym-bn-I-bmb amà m-þ-hའ-tbmss-bmwv aebmf kn\n-a-bnse kmln-xy-_ôw Bcw-`n- p- -Xv. \nà`m-ky-h-imâ Cu kn\na {]ZÀin- n- m-\m-bn-ã. BZys i_vz-nn-{x-amb _me\pw ASp- -Xmbn h Úm\mw-_n-Ibpw bym-{iaw IY-sbbpw t\mh-en-s\bpw B{i-bn- p-å-xm-bn-cp- p. 1928 apxâ 50 hscbp {]kn² kmln-xy-im-c- mà IYbpw Xnc- -Y-bp-sa-gpXn kn\n-asb k¼- -am- n. kn\n-abpss t]cp-iä BZy-Ime ae-bm-f-t\m-h-ep-i-fpss kzm[o-\-ap-åh Bbn-cp- p. ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w þ 1 1 1

2. BZy-Im-e-kn-\n-a-I-fn \oe- p-bnen -\på {]mamwyw \oe- p-bnâ (1954) ae-bmf kn\n-abv v kz -amb apj-ñmb \ÂIn. bymà ]Ým- -e- n-epå Hcp IY-bm-bn-cp p Cu kn\n-a-bp-ts-xv. kmaqly bmymà y- sf DÄs m-åm³ {ian BZy-kn-\n-abpw CXm-bn-cp- p. {]ikvx kmln-xy-im-c-\mb Ddq_v IY-sb-gpXn ]n.-`m-kv -c\pw cmap-im-cym«pw IqSn kwhn-[m\w snbvx-xmwv \oe- p-bnâ - ]pd- n-d- n-b-xv. 3. ae-bmf kn\n-a-bnse A\p-hÀ -\- -fpss kphà -Imew GXm-bn-cp p? Adp-]-Xp-I-fm-bn-cp p \½psS kn\n-a-bnse A\p-hÀ -\- -fpss kphà -Im-ew. si.-f-kv.-tk-xp-am-[-h-\mwv Cu Ime v Gähpw IqSp-X kmln-xy-ir-xn-iä kn\n-a-bm- n-b-xv. Ct±lw ssiimcyw snbvx {]ta-b- Ä v {it²-b-amb sshhn-²y-ap- v. t\mhep-ifpw IY-Ifpw \ms-i- fpw Xsâ kn\n-a-iä v Ah-ew-_-ambn At±lw kzoi-cn- p. XIgn, tii-h-tz-hv, {ioip-am-c³ \mbà, ap«- p-hà n, Fkv.sI s]mä- m-sv, ae-bm-äqà cma-ir-jvw³, si.-sn.-ap-l-½-zv, txm nâ `mkn F n-h-cp-ts-sbãmw cn-\-isf B{i-bn v tkxp-am-[-h³ kn\n-a-iä \nà½n- p. Úm\ kpµ-cn, Hma-\- p-«³, HmS-bn \n v, AÀ - \, duun, Øm\mÀ n kmdm½, \ms³s]- v, b n, ASn-a-IÄ, Iq«p-Ip-Spw-_w, IS mew F nh At±-l- nsâ {]kn-²-amb A\p-hÀ -\- -fm-wv. 4. kmln-xy-_-ô- n\v \ndw a p F ]-Xp-Ifpw XpSÀ bpw Npcp n hni-zo-i-cn- p-i. F ]-Xp-I-fnse Nn{X- Ä ]cn-tim-[n- m-e-dnbmw þ kmln-xy-ir-xn-i-tf- mä t_mivtkm-^okv hnpbw sim p IY-I-fmWv kn\na cq]-s -Sp- m³ kwhn-[m-b-ià kzoi-cn- -sx- v. ASqÀ tkm]m-e-ir-jvwsâ kzsb-h-c-amwv ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bnâ \h-x-cw- K- n\v XpS w Ipdn- -Xv. Iem-kn-\n-a, hmwn-py-kn-\n-a, H p-xoà p-kn-\na F n- s\ \½psS kn\na Xcw-Xn-cn- -s -«Xpw C m-e- m-wv. hmwn-py-kn-\n-am-cw-k v A\p-hÀ - \- -fp- m-bn-ã. Hmt mä, time- Ä, Hcn-S-s mcp ^bâhm³, hmcn- p-gn, NnZw-_-cw, ]pcp-jmà w, cpivanwn F n-h Cu Zi-I- -fnse Gähpw ià-amb A\p-hÀ -\- -fm-bn-cp- p. sxm q-dp-i-fn-se- n-b-t m-tg pw hfsc Ipd- p-c-n-\-iä am{x-amwv Ne- n-{x-cq-]- n-se nbxv. axn-ep-iä, hmkvxp-lm-c, C -se, s]m ³am-S, Hä-b-Sn- m-x-iä, sszh- nsâ hnir-xn-iä, Aán-km n F o Nn{X- Ä A\p-hÀ -\- -sf \ne-bnâ D - X-\n-e-hmcw ]peà p- -h-bm-wv. ImWn-Isf ckn- n- p- -Xn-\pÅ ]pxnb t^màap-e-i-fpambn kn\na At\z-jWw XpS-cp-t¼mÄ kmln-xy- n\v Øm\-an-Ãm-Xm-Ip p F -XmWv kxyw. ae-bmf kn\na {]I-Sn- n kmaq-lym-h-t_m-[hpw bym-xy Pohn-X-Nn-{Xo-I-c-Whpw kmln-xy-ir-xn-i-fnâ \n pw kzmwio-i-cn KpW- -fm-bn-cp- p. kn\n-asb Kuc-h-X-c-ambn-I kwhn-[m-b-i-scãmw sndp-i-y-i-tftbm t\mh-se-äp-i-tftbm Ah-ew-_n v Ne- n{x cn-\bv p apxnà p. A\p-hÀ -\- -fpss Xnc-Èo-e-bn-te v ]IÀ p- -Xn-e-Ã. am[y-a- nsâ kt -X- fpw kuµ-cy-in- -W-hp-ap-]-tbm-Kn v BJym\w F{X-t mfw Ne- n-{x- ]-c-am n F -Xn-em-sW v \nco- n-t - -Xp- v. ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w þ 1 1 2

^mkn-k- n-sâ a\x-èmkv{xw Fw.-]n.-ho-tc-{µ-Ip-amÀ 1.- ^m-kn-k- nsâ `oi-c-ap-j- sf tej-i³ hnh-cn- p- -sx- s\? PÀ½-\n-bnse \mkn XS-  ]mf-b- -fpss Nn{X- Ä ]cn-n-b-s -Sp- p- -XmWv ^mkn-k- nsâ a\x-èmkv{xw F tej-\w. ]pcm-x\ {Koknse knän tìäp-i-fpss amxr- I-bn Hcp `c-w-iq-s-amwv Fkv.-F-kv.-F \mknìv kwl-s\ hn`m-h\w sn p- -Xv. P\- kw-jy-bpss A p ix-am-\- nâ \n v Ah-cpsS Gähpw \à ]pjv]- Ä `cww \S- p- Ibpw aäp-å-hà A\p-k-cn- p-ibpw A²zm-\n- p-ibpw sn p-i. CXmWv Hcp hiw. asämcp-h-i-am-is«hà -ssu-h-]-c-ambn Xmgv -hsc D q-e\w sn -em-wv. Fkv.-F-kv.-F k ² kwl-s\ Hcp h[-b-{ -am-bn-cp- p; timsn- -W- n\v a\p-jysc ]oun- n- p-ibpw kwl-cn- p-ibpw sn m-\på Hcp b{ w. ISp NqSnepw ISp XWp- nepw XS-hp- Imsc InS- p-i, ]«n-wn- n«p simãp-i, kl-x-s-hp-imsc ]ou-\-ap-dbv v km n-i-fm- p- I, ark-im-e-bnse Ic-Sn-I-fpsS CS-bn-tebv v XS-hp-Imsc Fdn-ªp-sIm-Sp- pi þ C cw ss]im-nni IrXy- -fm-bn-cp p ta[m-hn-iä \nàæ-ln- p-sim- n-cp- -Xv. hnth-n-\hpw ]ou-\hpw bqwn-th-gvkn-än-i-sf-hsc _m[n- n-cp- p. hnip² càw, ]pwy-`q-an, hnip² bp²w F n-hbv v hnim-c-]-cn-thjw \ÂIp-Ibpw AtXm-sSm w D q-e\w snt - p i{xp-k-aq-ls k -ev]n- p-ibpw sn p- p. CXv FÃm Ime pw temi pw ImW-s - Sp- p-s v tej-i³ hne-bn-cp- p- p. 2. akvxnjvi {] m-f\w \mkn-k- nsâ {][m\ amà -am-bn-cp- p. F p-sim v? hniz-kn- m-\på a\p-jy-sâ {]h-w-xsb D]-tbm-K-s -Sp- n-bmwv ^mknkw kmwkvim-i-cn-ihpw `uxn-i-hp-amb taj-e-isf Iog-S- p- -Xv. a\p-jy-cpss akvxn-jvi-{]- m-f\w A\m-bm-k-amsW v FtUzÀUv HmhnÂk At±-l nsâ tkmtjym-h-tbmfpn - F {KÙ- nâ ]d-bp- p- v. Adn-bm³ {ian- p- -Xn-te-sd-hn-iz-kn- m-\mwv a\pjy\v Xm -cyw. tziob - imkv{x-ú- mà tzio-b-c-ãm- -hsc ]oun- n- pi F kmwkvim-cni ^mknkw D -X-]m-c-¼-cy-apÅ tkm«n³ bqwn-th-gvkn-än-bnâiqsn {]I-S-ambn-cp- p. FÃm tkzñm `c-w-iq-s- fpw kzx-{ -a-\-êp-isf ASn- -aà p- p. X n-jvs- Ä -\p-k-cn v kwlm-cm-ß-i-amb X z-im-kv{x- Ä \nà½n-s Sp- p-ibpw sn p- p. \ymb-hm-z- Ät m [À½- nt\m CS-bn-Ãm- -hn[w GIm-[n-]-Xy- Ä akvxnjv {] mf-\- -fn-eqss Imcyw t\sp- p. 3. \mknkw hnizm-k- -fn-te pw kzmx-{ y- n-te pw IS p Ib-dnb tkzñm-[n-]xy {]h- W-X-bm-bn-cp p þ hnh-cn- pi (D-]-\ym-k-am-Xr-I) (\mkn XS-  ]mf-b- -fnse Zpc- -Zr-iy- -fpss ZrIvkm n hnh-c-w-amb timtkm- Wnsâ ]pkvxiw þ Fkv.-F-kv.-`-Ssâ k  w þ ]pxn-b-`-c-w-{iaw þ \à ]pjv]- -fpss `c-whpw þcm-jv{s- nsâ si«n- -Sp- Âþ Hcp ]pxnb a\p-jy-kr-jvsnbpw AXns\ FXnÀ p- -h-cpss D q-e-\-hpw-þ-ar-zp-kz-`m-h-iä ]ou-i-i-cm-hp- p. þ a\p-jysc (X-S-hp-Im-sc) sh psim- på \nà±-b-amb ]co- -W- Ä-þ-tKm-«n³ bqwn-th-gvkn-än-bnse kmkvim-cni ^mknkw-þ-kz w cmjv{s-t tbm tzi-s -tbm, hwi-s tbm am{xw hniz-kn- p ^mknìpw ]nim-np-ambn a\p-jy³ amdp X{ w-þ-t{im-[- nepw hntzz-j- nepw A[n-jvTn-X-amb X zim-kv{x- -sfãmw \mi- n-te p \bn- p- p) ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w þ 1 1 3

Fsâ Ihn-X-sb- än School of Distance Education þkp-k-x-ip-amcn 1. Hcp IhnX P\n- p {]{In-bsb kpk-x-ip-amcn F -s\-bmwv hà n- p- Xv? ]qtam-«p-hn-cn-bpw-t]m-se, Xnc-ame Db-cpw-t]mse A{X-ta kzm`m-hn-ambmwv Xsâ Ihn-X-sb-gp-s v kqk-x-ip-amcn ]d-bp- p. ap³iq«n Nn n- p-d- n hnj-btam cq]-tc- Jtbm ]Xn-hn-Ã. B -cn-i-amb GtXm Hc-kw-Xr-]vXn-bpsS k½à±-amwv Fgp-Xn- p- -Xv. hm p-iä Bi-b- -fmbn cq]w simåp-ibpw hnjbw \nà -bn- -s -Sp-Ibpw sn p- p. Hmtcm ]cnbpw ASp hcnbv v cq]w \ÂIp- p. A s\ IhnX P\n- p- p. 2. kqk-x-ip-amcn Xsâ cn-\-i-fpss ]Ým- ew HmÀ p- -hn[w Pnhn-X- nse thz-\m-i-chpw AkzmØyP\-I-hp-amb Ime-L-«-am-bn-cp p AXv. Fs - nepw Fgp-Xntb Xocq F p txm n-b-im-ew. I -S- -t mä DÅn I Xv IS-em- Wv. ] - n-c-am-e-i-fm-wv. Gen-b-«nsâ hcn-i-fpss HmÀ½-bn IpXn- p-s]m pw Xnc-am-e-I-fpsS ]pd- p-ti-dn-t m-ip-t¼mä Fs -gpxn QW QW QW \mz-ap-xnà pw awn- n-e apg- p-t¼mä F c m-as CucSn BZy-t -Xn-t\mSv s]mcp- -s -«n-ã. BZys CucSn sh«n ho pw Fgp-Xn-b-t mä s]s«p cq]-ap- m-bn. \r -am-sp I sâ ]mz- - tfâ p Imfn-b-\mbn ]oun-x-\mb a\p-jym-ßm-hv. thz-\-isf Cuiz-cm-\p-{K-l-ambn kzoi-cn- p Ip\n-bm inc-êpå a\p-jy-po-hn-x- nsâ ImgvN ]n o-sp-h hcn-iä apgp-an- n- p. t_m[-a-\-ên-s\- m-tfsd At_m-[-a-\-ÊmWv cn-\-bn-se v Ih-bn-{Xn p txm p- p. ]cn-nn-x-amb hcn-ifpw ax-hn-izm-k- fpw kaq-l-a-\-ênsâ t{]c-w-i-fp-saãmw Cu {]{In-b-bn-ep- v. Hcp ià-amb hn-imcw simå-enâ Ch-sbÃmw Hcp at\m-l-c-nn-{xambn, Ihn-X-bmbn cq]w simåp- p. asäm v kôy - F Ihn-X-bpsS ]Ým- -e-am-wv. simspw-nq-spå Hcp Znhkw ITn-\-amb Xe-th-Z-\-bp-ambn ]I apgp-h³ Ih-bn{Xn Ign- p- Iq«n kqcy-\-kvx-an- -t mä sxãm-izmkw txm n. sndnb Pohn-X- nsâ \nc- -c-t -i- Ä D -`m-jn-wn-bn-se- -t]mse apg- n-s m- n-cp- Xv AS- n. ]pds kôy-bpss {]im- X lrzy-am-bn. F p shbn-em-bn-cp q! ]Xp- th A n hs - p-i-bm-bo... F pw a\-ênsâ Nmª NnÃ-s m-¼nþ emzy \ -{X-ap-WÀ p aw- p-i-bmbo F pw Ihn-X-bpsS Icp-Wm-io-X-f-amb amdn-s- nâ a\êv A`bw txsn. Ccp-«nsâ ] nþ X\n- p-taâ s]mcp- -bn-cn- p- -X-dn-ªp. FgpXn XoÀ -t mä Bizmkw A\-ev]-am-bncp- p. t i-amb PohnXw [ochpw Biz-kvX-hp-am-Ip Hcp ]cn-wmaw an Ihn-X-I-fn-epap- m-bn. ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w þ 1 1 4

3. kqk-x-ip-am-cn-bpss Imhy Pohn-X- nse {][m-\-s «Nne hyàn-iä School of Distance Education Ihn-Xsb kvt\ln- p-hm³ ]Tn- n- Xv ]nxmhpw Ihn-bp-amb t_mt[-iz-c-\m-wv. hnh[ `mjm kmln-xy- -en-eqss ssi]n-sn p \S- n- Xv A½-bm-Wv. Ccp hàj-k- Ôy-I-fn IpSpw-_-k-Z-Êp-I-fn Aѳ Xsâ apg- p i_vz- nâ tic-f-km-\hpw HmW- m«pw snmãp-am-bn-cp- p. Hfn-hn Ihn-X-b-b v ]cn-{`-an- p-\n Xs amxr-`q-an-bn-te pw Ihn-X-bpsS cmp-ho-yn-bn-te#vipw kzmkxw snbvx F³.-hn.-IrjvW hmcn-b-cmwv asämcmä. B t{]mõm-l-\-amwv Xs Ih-bn-{Xn-bm- n-bxv F v kpk-x-ip-amcn Icp-Xp- p. alm-i-hnpn. s{]m^.-f³.-tkm-]m-e-]n-å, _mem-a-wn-b-½, sshtem- nån apx-emb Kpcp-P- \- sf AhÀ IrX-Ú-X-tbmsS kvacn- p- p. 4. Imhy Pohn-X- nâ Ih-bn{Xn ]peà n-t m-cp ImgvN- msv PohnX kwko-x- nsâ ASn-Øm-\-{ipXn hnjm-z- n-tâ-xm-wv. sh¼p Hmtcm lrz-b-_-ôhpw ZpxJ- nsâ \ndw amd-ep-i-fm-wv. a²yw Aev]-ap-bÀ he-bm-im-c-amwv {]]- - n\pw AXnse kàæ-im-cy- Ä pw F v tejn-ibv p txm p- p. \nê-lm-b- X-bn-em-cw-`n v AXn s Ah-km-\n- p a\pjy ico-cm-h-ø-iä, Zo]-\m-fs Npgep ie-`- Ä. kqcys\ hew shbv p `pan, \nxy-\q-x-\-amb Pohn-X-N-{Iwþ F nepw FÃm {]mkz-ø-x-ifpw Hgp-In-hoWp ebn- p- Xv im n-bpss alm-k-ap-{z- n-em-sw v hniz-kn-t - p-h-cp- p. \½psS ssibnâ, Adn-hn Cu hà -am\ \nan-j-ta-bp-åq. AXns\ kvt\lw sim pw shfn w sim pw \nd-bv pi þ A{Xsb sn m-\påq F v Ih-bn{Xn Icp-Xp- p. 5. A\-iz-c-X-bn-te v \o«p ssibmwv Ihn-Xbpw þ hni-z-am- p-i. Pohn-X-Nn-{X- Ä \iz-c-x-bp-ts-xm-wv. ]pâs m-sn- p-¼nse aªp-xp-ån, hogp ]qhv, Ipanf FÃmw Wn-I-am-Wv. ad-hn-bpss alm-ô-im-c- n-em-gm-xn-cn- m³ sh¼âsim v a\p-jy³ inem-kvxw-`- epw XmPva-l-ep-Ifpw IpSo-c- fpw krjvsn- p- p. kmln-xy-c-n-\bpw A\-iz-c-X-bn-te- på ssi\o-«-em-wv. Hsc-gp- p-im-ct\m Fgp- p-im-cntbm Fgp-Xp- Xv kzµw hm p-iä am{x-a-ã. Bscms tbm ]d-bm³ {ian- -Xv, ]dªp Ign-ª-Xv, C\nbpw BÀs m-s tbm ]d-bm-\p-åxv kmlnxyw ]d-ªp-sim- n-cn- p- p. A\p-`q-Xn-IÄ hm p-i-fn-sem-xp- p- n-ã. ]d-bp hm p-ifpw tiä p ImXp-Ifpw kzoi-cn- m³ k -²-amb a\-êp-ifpw tnà mte km^-ey-ap-åq. B Adn-thmsS `bm-ëm-z- fpw hn\-bhpw B\-µhpw DÄs m v kpk- X-Ip-amcn Fgp-Xp- p. D.#n-cn Hcp Km\-k-ap{Zw Cc-¼p Xn BËm-Zn- p-sim- mwv B Fgp- v. ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w þ 1 1 5

Im«nse Infn- q«w þ F³.-F.-\-koÀ 1. Im«nse Infn- q-«-ambn \koà ]cn-n-b-s -Sp- p ] n-ifpw Ah-bpsS {]txy-i-x-ifpw Ien- -e- n- m-fn, ams-, In -cn-ssa-\, sim¼³ip-bnâ, \oà - n-iä þ Hmtcm- n-sâbpw Hm\-a- -amà cq]w, BIÀj-I-amb tnjvs-iä 2. ] n-ifpw {]Ir-Xnbpw X½n-epÅ _Ôw tej-\- nâ ]cm-aàin- p- -sx- s\? ] n-i-fpss Ne-\- fpw AwK-hn-t -]- fpw a\p-jy-tâ-sx- -t]mse IuXp-I-Ic-am-Wv. amxr-xz- nsâ at\m-l-c-amb Bhn-jv m-c- Ä, {]Ir-Xnsb sxãpw Atem-k-cs -Sp- m-sx-bpå PohnXw FÃmw hfsc lrzy-ambn Bhn-jv -cn- -s -«n-cn- p- p. 3. \ko-dnsâ _mey-ime kvac-w-i-fnâ hosp-ambn _Ô-s «v {]Xy- -s -Sp Infn-IÄ sxm n- -e- n, I\ym-kv{Xo- n-fn, Xp m-c³ ] n 4. Fsâ FÃm hgn-ifpw Im«n-te- m-bn-cp p - hni-zo-i-cn- pi _mey-ime IuXp-I- Ä {]Ir-Xn-bn-tebv v IqSp-X {i² ]Xn- n- m³ t{]cn- n- p. Hmtcm Nnd-I-Sn-\m-Zhpw ]q¼m-ä-bpss hà m-`-amb ]d- epw ImSnsâ hiy-`w-kn-bp-te- på W-ambn A\p-`-h-s -«p. 5. ] n-\n-co- -W-K-th-j-W-cw-K- Ä BÀ n-]n-sn- -Xmbn F p ]d-bm³ Imc-W-sa v? C v ] n-\n-co- Ww aõ-cm-[n-jvtn-x-am-wv. HcmÄ Hcp ] nsb ]pxp-xmbn Is - n-bmâ BZyw HmSn I¼yq-«-dnsâ ap¼n-se n AXv kz w t]cnâ Ah-Im-i-s -Sm-\mWv {ian- p- -Xv. aäp-å-h-cpss I p-]n-sp- - Ä X -fp-xm- p- -hcpw [mcm-f-ap- v. 6. ap³s]-gp-xn-bxv Hcn- ÂIqSn Fgp-Xn-t m-ip p - þ F m-wxv? Imc-W-sa v? ] n-ifpw ]q¼m-ä-ifpw Ip«n-IÄ v {]Ir-Xn-bn-te- på Nhn-«p-]-Sn-I-fm-Wv. Ahsc Ahn-sS- s Xf- n-smsx ImSnsâ hnim-e-x-bn-tebv v Xpd p hnsp-i. Ah-cpsS hgn- IÄ AhÀXs Is - n-s måpw - CXm#v ho p-sa-gp-xp- -Xv. Im«n ] n-iä am{xsa- DÅq F Ah-Ø-bn-tebv v ]pxnb Xe-apdsb hgn \S- p kml-n-cy- n-emwv Cu hm p-iä Fgp-Xn-t m-ip- -Xv. 7. imkv{x-tk-hjw Ä ]e-t mgpw ] n-isf hwi-t mss CÃm-Xm n þ hni-zo-i-cn- p-i. kvs]kn-sa³ tij-c-w- Ä Kth-j-W- n\v D]-I-cn-t - mw. F mâ ] n-ifpss F w KWy-ambn Ipd- p- -Xn\pw CXp Imc-W-am-hmw. 8. ] n-iä t^mt«m-{km-^àamsc `b-s -Sm-\n-S-bm-b-sX- p-sim v? Hfn- p-sh ] n- q-sp-iä hr n-bm n - t^mt«m-sb-sp- p-i, ASp t^mt«m- {Km-^ÀamÀ v Nn{Xw In«m-Xn-cn- m-\mbn IqSv \in- n- p-i, ] n-iä tnt -dp Nnà sh«n- -f-bp-i, ] n- qsv s]mfn v Iymad shbv p-i, IqSv XpWn-I-fn«v ad- p-sh v B Infn-bp-sSbpw s] -In-fn-bp-sSbpw ]cn-{`aw Iyma-d-bn-em- p-i, Nnd-Ip-ap-f-bv m Ipªp- sf Iq«n \n v amän-sh v t^mt«m FSp- pi XpS- nb {Iqc-X-IÄ ImcWw ] n-iä t^mt«m-{km-^àamsc `b-s -Sm-\n-S-bm-bn. ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w þ 1 1 6

samuyqä þ 2 hnhà \w hnhà -\- nsâ apjymw-i- -sf- p-dn- på elp-hmb ]cn-n-b-amwv samuyqä sim pt±-in- p- -Xv. 1. hnhà \w F m-se v? aqe-ir-xnsb asämcp IrXn-bn-tebv v kw{i-an- n- pi F mwv hnhà \w sim pt±-in- p- -Xv. {]kvxpx ]Z- n\p ]pd-sa, ]cn-`mj `mjm- -cw, XÀÖa F o ]Z- fpw AtX AÀ - nâ {]N-cn- p- p. s]mcpä \jvs-s -SmsX Hcm-ibw Hcp `mj-bnâ \n pw asämcp `mj-bn-tebv v amäp {]{In-b-bm-W-Xv. 2. hnhà -\wþ {][m\ \nàæ-n-\- Ä Hcp `mj-bnse ]mty-h-kvxp-sim v BtZsi sn pi F -XmWv hnhà \w (sp.- kn.-iymäv t^màuv) BZy-ambn AÀ - nepw c m-a-xmbn ssien-bnepw aqe-`m-j-bnse ktµ-i-t msv Gähpw ASp- -apå XpÃy-]mTw e y-`m-j-bnâ krjvsn- -emwv hnhà - \w. (bq-pn-³ss\-u) AÀ w ap³\nà n-sim v asämcp `mj-bn-tebv v amäp- -XmWv hnhà -\w. (kmap-hâ tpm k ) 3. t{kmx-`mj (Source Language) F m-se v? GXp-`m-j-bn \n mtwm hnhà \w sn p- Xv AXmWv t{kmx-`mj AYhm aqe-`m-j. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Xan-gn \n v ae-bm-f- n-tebv v hnhà \w sn p-t¼mä Xangv t{kmx-`m-jbpw ae-bmfw e y-`m-j-bp-am-wv. 4. e y-`mj (Target Language) F m-se v? GXp `mj-bn-te-bv mtwm hnhà \w sn p- Xv AXmWv e y-`m-j. 5. hnhà -\- n-eq-ss-bpå Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bw. hnhà -\- n\v Ccp-`m-j-I-fnepw {]mhowyw Bh-iy-am-Wv. c p `mj-i-fnepw icn-bmb Adnhpw kzm[o-\hpw DÅ BÄ p-am-{xta D a hnhà -I-\m-Im³ Ign-bq. t{kmx-`m-j-bn-epå ]cn-úm-\-t - mä e y-`m-j-bn-epå kzm[o-\- n\v hnhà -\- nâ {]m[m\yw IqSpw. kµà`-a-\p-k-cn v Imcyw {Kln- m\pw AXn\p ]änb coxn-bnâ hnhà \w \S- m\pw Ign-b-Ww. \o km[-\bpw A\p-`-hhpw hym]-i-amb hmb- \bpw Ds - nte ]Z-k-¼- p- m-hq. Hcp inev]w sa\-sª-sp- pw-t]mse F{X ]cn-{ian- mtam A{Xbpw `wkn-h-cp Hcp {]hr- n-bmwv hnhà -\w. 6. hnhà -t\m-]-i-c-w- Ä Gh? _rl- mb t{kmx-`mjm \nl- p, Zzn`mjm \nl- p, ]cym-b-]-z-tim-iw, sykmdkv (Hcp ti{µo-ir-xm-i-b- nsâ hnhn-[-cq-]- Ä {]I-S-am- p ]Z- -fpss kw{klw Hcp ]Z- nsâ Iogn simsp- p coxn. DZm :-þ kvt\lw, hmõ-eyw, {]W-bw, CjvSw etc.) D m-cw \nl- p, {]mtz-ini i_vz-t_m-[n\n, Awi-t_m-[n\n F n-h-bmwv apjyamb hnhà -t\m-]-i-c-w- Ä ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w þ 1 1 7

7. {]kw-k-]-cn-`mj {]kw-k- nsâ ]cn-`mj XÕ-a-b-am-tbm, {]mkw-kn-i³ sxãp-\nà p-t¼mtgm sn mdp- v. {]kw-k- nsâ A y- n-tem, \nýn-x-amb CS-th-f-I-fntem ]cn-`m-j-i³ AXphsc ]d-ª-xnsâ Hcp kw{klw simsp- m-dp- v. C s\ A{]-k-à-am-bXp hn«v {]kà-am-bxp ]cn-`m-j-s -Sp- p- -Xn\v khn-cm-a-hn-hà \w F p ]d-bp- p. {]kwkw hncan- p-t¼mä sn p- -Xm-Wn-Xv. H«pw hyxym-k-an-ãmsx BZy w hnhà \w sn p- - XmWv Ahn-cm-a-hn-hÀ -\w. A -t mä sn p hnhà \w Xs Nne-t mä khn-cmahpw aäp Nne-t mä Ahn-cm-ahpw BImw. 8. b{ -hn-hà \w F m-se v? I¼yq-«-dnsâ klm-b-t mss hnhà \w sn -emwv b{ -hn-hà \w. CXn\v t\cs I¼yq-«-dns\ kö-am-t - -Xp- v. hnhà -\- n-\m-h-iy-amb Zzn`m-jm-\n-L- p, hymi-c-w- \nba Ä, XpS- n-bh t\c-s - tkm^väv shbdnâ X m-dm n I¼yq-«- dnâ ^ouv sn -Ww. t{]m{km-anmv hnz-kv²\pw `mjm-]-þn-x\pw Hcp-an- n-cp v t{]m{kmw X m-dm- -Ww. I¼yq-«-dn\v kzbw Nn n- mt\m `mh-\m-tem-i- p-\n v ]pxnb Imcy- Ä sim p-h-cmt\m km[n- p-i-bn-ãm- -Xp-sIm v a\p-jy-b-xv\-amwv apjyw. The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak F Cw ojv hmiyw I¼yq-«À djy-\n-tebv v hnhà \w snbvxt mä The Vodka is agreeable but the meat has gone bad F AÀ - n-epå djy³ hmiyamwv In«n-b-Xv. C cw A_-²- Ä Hgn-hm- m³ e y-`mjm hnzvkv²-cpss CS-s]-S th n-h-cpw. 9. hnhà -\- ]p-\x-krjvsn F m-se v? kzx-{ -ambn hnhà \w sn p coxn-bmwv hnhà \ ]p\x-kr-jvsn. Bibs kzoi-cn- p-sim v hnhà -I³ ChnsS kzmx{ y]qàæw s]cp-am-dp- p. I -È- m-scbpw aqe-`m-j-tbbpw B{i-bn- p-sh- nepw Fgp- -Ñsâ cmam-bw alm-`m-c-x- Ä ]p\x-kr-jvsn-i-fm-bn-cn- p- p. ]ÀÆ- -fnepw Iev]-\-I-fnepw hà -\-I-fnepw kzx-{ -ambmwv Fgp- -Ñsâ `mh\ hà n- -Xv. 10. en]y- -cww F m-se v? Hcp `mj asämcp `mj-bpss en]n-bnâ Fgp-Xp {]{In-b-bmWv en]y- -cww AYhm Translation. How old are you? F Xv lu HmÄUv BÀ bq? F m- p- Xv en]y- -c-w-am- Wv. CXn en]n am{xsa amdp- p-åq. `mj amdp- n-ã. Ing-h\pw ISepw GIm- -X-bpsS \qdv hàj- Ä, ]mtyà ]m m-en, Ip«n-Ir-jvWam-cm-cpsS ]cn-`m-j-iä F n-h-bpss `mk- Ä {]tbm-k-am-xr-i-i-sf \nebv v hmbn p ]cn-n-b-s -ts- -Xm-Wv. ssien-iä, ]g-s m-ãp-iä, \ntxym-]-tbmkw th n-h-cp ]Z- Ä F n-h-bpss CwK- o-jv-þ-a-e-bmf hnhà -\- Ä kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-n-b-s -S-Ww. ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w þ 1 1 8

XÀÖ-a-bn hcm-hp A]m-I-X-IÄ þ hnjvwp \mcm-b-w³ \¼q-Xncn 1. Hcp amxrim hnhà -\- n\v D m-ti KpW- Ä kmc-fyw, IrXy-X, hnhà -\-`m-j-bpss Po\n-b-Êp-ambn CW w F nh Hcp amxr- Im-hn-hÀ -\- n\p th KpW- -fm-wv. (Ch Hmtcm pw elp-hmbn hni-zo-i-cn- p-i) 2. hnhà \w sn -s «]pkvxiw Xsâ `mj-bn-epå IrXn F \nebv v hmb-\- m-ct\msv kwhmzw sn p- -sx-t mä `mj-bnâ Ir{Xn-a-ap- m-h-cpxv. hmiy- -fnâ \n pw hmiy- -fn-tebv pw JÞn- IIfn \n v JÞnIIfn-tebv pw A²ym-b-\- nâ \n v A[ym-b- n-te pw {Ia-ambpÅ hfà D m-bmte `mj-bpss Po\n-b-Êp-ambn CW- -ap- m-hq. At mtg ]pkvxiw kz`m-j-bn-epå IrXn-sb \nebv v hmb-\- m-c-t\msv kwhmzw sn q. 3. imkv{x-{kù hnhà -\- nâ {]txy-i-ambn {i²n-t Imcy- Ä IrXy-X-bmWv A`n-Im-ayw. `mj kc-f-am-h-ww. GXp imkv{x-hn-j-b-amsw XÀÖa snt - Xv B hnj-b- nâ hnhà -I\v \à Adn-hp- m-bn-cn-t - -Xm-Wv. aqe-{k-ù- Im-c³ Dt±-in- -sxt m AXns\ icn-bmb Xq - nepw Af-hnepw DÄs m-åm³ hnhà - I\v km[n- -Ww. `n imkv{x-im-j-i-fnâ kmt -XnI kwú-iä v `n hnhà -\- Ä thww. ]Zm-\p-]Z XÀÖa `mjsb k oà -am- pw. thj- n-se- -t]mse `mjbnepw BÀ`mSw s]må- -c- nsâ e Wat{X þ hnhà -\-hn-j-b- nâ CXnsâ {]kàn-sb v? hnhà -I³ Xsâ ]mþnxyw apgp-h³ shfn-hm- m-s\ a«nâ FSp- mâ s]m m hmn-i- Ä \nc- p-ibpw kmlnxyw - Ip n-\n-d-bv m³ {ian- p-ibpw Xtâ- Xmb {]I-S-\-hy-{K-X-IÄ apgp-h³ ImWn- p-ibpw sn p- Xv aqe-{k-ù- nsâ kmc-s - -s bpw amän-a-dn- pw. AXp-sIm- p-xs hm p-iä sim på BÀ`mSw hnhà - IÀ Hgn-hm-t - -Xm-Wv. 4. hnhà -Isâ ]mþn-xy- nsâ ]e apj- Ä hnj-b-t_m-[w, aqe-`m-jm-]-cn-nbw, kz`m-jm-]-z-t_m-[w, kz`mjm ssieo-]-cn-nbw C s\ hnhà -Isâ ]mþn-xy- n\v ]e apj- Ä D v. 5. hnj-b-t_m[w F -Xp-sIm v Dt±-in- p- -sx v? GXp hnj-b- nâs «{KÙ-amtWm hnhà \w sn p- Xv B hnj-b- nâ D m-bn-cn-t ASn-Øm-\-]-c-amb Adn-hmWv hnj-b-t_m-[w. ]qà -amb Adnhv hnhà - I\v D m-h-w-sa- n-ã. F mâ aqe-{k-ù- nse hm p-iä v XÀÖ-a-bn AÀ -tem- ]-tam, AÀ -t`-ztam hcm-xn-cn- m³ hnhà -I\v hnj-b-t_m[w A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. siankv{sn-bnse Hcp {KÙw XÀÖa sn p HcmÄ v cmk-hn-im-cw, aqe-i- Ä XpS- nb auen-i-im-cy- -fnâ Dd Adn-hp- m-i-ww. ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w þ 1 1 9

h m W n -P y -i m -k v{ X w F h m n s â ] c n -[ n -b n  h m W n P y w (commerce)am{x-aã School of Distance Education 6. `n -im-kv{x-im-j-i-fnâ ]Z- Ä v `n AÀ -amwv þ hni-zo-i-cn- pi kmt -XnI kwú-iä v hyxykvx imkv{x-im-j-i-fnâ hyxykvx AÀ -am-wp- Å-Xv. AXn-\m `n hnhà \w Bh-iy-am-Wv. DZm-l-c-W- n\v abnormal F ]Z n\v At[m-ew_w -F m-wv KWn-X-imkv{X XÀÖ-a. F mâ abnormal temperature F ]Zw At[m-ew-_-amb ]\n -F v hnhà \w sn m-dn-ã. Akm-[mcWw - F mwv ChnsS AÀ w Iev]n-t - -Xv. Standard, Unit, Force, Fuction, Objectives XpS- nb kmt -XnI kwú-iä v hyxykvx imkv{x-im-j-i-fnâ hyxy-kvxmà - Ä {]tbm-kn-t n hcpw. 7. Cw o-jnse ssien, AtX-]Sn ae-bm-f- n-em- p- Xv Atcm-N-I-am-Wv. þ hni-zo-i-cn- p-i. Cw o-jn-sebpw ae-bm-f- n-sebpw ssien-iä XnI pw hyxy-kvx-am-wv. AXpsIm- p-xs hm n\p hm v \nc- n-bpå XÀÖa Atcm-N-I-am-Ipw. Cw o-jnse Bibw hnhà \w snt - n-h-cp-t¼mä th n-s v tg Du  simsp v XpÃy-amb hmiy- -fnâ ]I-cp-I-bmWv th -Xv. hymi-c-w-]-c-amb kxy-k-ô-x-bm-i-cpxv e yw. Poh- Pm-e- Ä InW-än hf-cp- Xv \ntcm-[n- Ww -F {]tbmkw Atcm-N-I-am-Wv. Prevent F hm n\v XS-bWw -F {]tbm-k-amwv \ntcm-[n- Ww -F à XÀÖa snt - nbn-cp- Xv. 8. XÀÖ-a-bn hcm-hp A]m-I-X-IÄ GsX-Ãm-am-sW- mwv tej-isâ ] w (D-]-\ym-k-am-XrI þ hnhà \ \nàæ-n\w þ hnhà -Isâ tbmky-x-iä þ Atcm- N-I-amb coxn-iä þ DZm-c-l-W- Ä) hmwnpy imkv{xw 1. hmwn-py-im-kv{x- n\v C m-e- p-ff {]m[m-\yw. þ Fw. Fw. hmkp-tz-h³ \¼q-Xn-cn- msv hyh-km-b- nsâbpw hmwn-py- n-sâbpw hfà atä-xp-im-e-s - mfpw IqSp-X-em-Wv. AXpsIm p-xs ]mty-hn-j-b-sa \nebv v Gä-hp-a-[nIw {]m[m\yw hmwn-py-im-kv{x- n- \p v. DtZym-K-k-¼m-Z-\-Im-cy- nepw CXp-X-s -bm-w- -h-ø. 2. hmwn-py-im-kv{x- nâ DÄs -Sp- m-hp hnj-b- Ä. Df-f-Xv. I hst bpw AXns\ klm-bn- p _m n- v, C³jp-d³kv, KXm-K-Xw, ]c-kyw, hnem-]\ F nh hmwn-py- n-epäs -Sp- p. hyh-km-b-kw-lm-s\w (Business Organisation), AIu- n v, ØnXn hnh-c- -W- v, _m n- v, hyh-km-b-am-t\-pvsaâ v, sk{i-t«-dn-bâ {]mivso-kv, Fgp- p-ip- p-iä, hyh-kmb hmwnpy cwk v h p-tn-cp {]iv\- -tfbpw ]cn-lm-c-amà - -tfbpw hyh-km-b-\-s- n- nsâ coxn-tbbpw ]cn-k-wn-t - -Xp- v. ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w þ 1 2 0

C w o j v s\ m t «j ³ k v (X, School of Distance Education 3. Ìmän-Ìn-Ivkv, simtagvkv XpS- nb ]Z- Ä XÀÖa sn p-t¼mä {]Xy- -am-hp {]iv\- Ä ]pxp-xmbn ]e kmt -XnI]Z- fpw Cu hnj-b- -fnâ th n-h-cpw. ]e hm p-iä pw ae-bm-f- nâ kam-\-amb hyxykvx]z- -fnã. DZm-l-c-W-ambn "Ìmän-ÌnIvkv' F hm v c p Imcy- sf kqnn- n mw (1) Ìmän-Ìn-  kb³kv, (2) ØnXn hnh-c- -W- p-iä. ae-bm-f- nâ ØnXn hnh-c- -W- p-iä F p ]d-ªmâ CXn GXmWv Dt±in p- - sx v a\-ên-em-hn-ã. simtagvkv F ]Zw hmwnpyw F AÀ - nepw hmwn-py-imkv{xw F AÀ - nepw hcmw. s]mxp-km-t -XnI]Zm-hen hyh-ø-tbmss D m- p-i, D]-tbm-Kn- pi F n-h-bmwv hmwnpy imkv{x-hn-hà \w t\cn-sp shãp-hn-fn. 4. A u- n vt]mep-ff hnj-b- Ä hn-hà - n-ep- m- p {]iv\- Ä. hmwnpy imkv{xkw_-ôn-bmb hnj-b- -fnâ ae-bm-f- n-e-h-x-cn- n- m³ Gähpw _p²nap-«p-f-fxv A u- ³kn-bm-Wv. CS-]m-Spsâ IS-þ[-\-h-i- Ä kqnn- n- p U¼nÄ F³{Sn aebm-f- n\v A\y-am-Wv. hyxy-kvx-xcw A u- p-iä,se-uvp-dp-iä, k¼vkn-unbdn ]pkvxi- Ä, tpàwep-iä F n-h-sbãmw s]mxp-km-t -XnI ]Z- Ä D]-tbm-K-s -Sp- -Ww. {Ko v Y, Z, Q, π)xps- nbh AtX-]Sn XpS-cp- -XmWv \Ã-Xv. Bh-iy-am-bn-S v Cw ojv ]Z- -fmhmw; XÀÖa DNn-X-am-bn-S v AXp-amhmw F mhww \bw. kà m-ßi kmln-xy- n-sâbpw imkv{x kmln-xy- n-sâbpw hnhà \w t\cn-sp {]iv\- Ä elp-hmbn Adn-ªn-cn -Ww. IqSp-X hmb-\bv v 1. hnhà \w þ `mjm C³Ìn-äy«v 2. hnhà -\-hn-nmcw þ F³. C. hniz-\m-y- À ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w þ 1 2 1

samuyqä 3 þ t\mhâ ImWp- -Xà ImgvN-IÄ þ bp. si. Ipam-c³ School of Distance Education Hmtcm hyàn Pohn-X- nhpw h p-tn-cm-hp amdn-a-dn-bp ImgvN-Ifpw A\p`-h- fpw ImenI {]k-àn-tbmss Ah-X-cn- n- p-i-bmwv Cu t\mh-enâ Hcp sdbnâth-ì-j³]-cn-k-cs ]p-kvx-i-hn-ev]-\- m-c\mwv \µ³; ]qkvx-i- sf kvt\ln pw Bhp- {X aäp-f-f-hà v D]-Icp p efn-x-po-hnxw \bn- p HcmÄ, aiä amf-hni Abm-fpsS A`n-am-\-am-Wv. \ mbn ]Tn- p- Ibpw _p²n-bnepw Iem-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fnepw ap n-«p-\n-ev p-ibpw sn p amf-hn-i-bpss Aѳ F -dn-b-s -Sm³ AbmÄ CjvS-s -«p. F mâ Pohn-X-s - p-dp v AbmÄ p- m-ip [mc-w- Isf anyy-bm ns m v amf-hni Hcp-\mÄ simã-s -Sp- p. AhÄ ama-s\ p hnfn- n-cp kpkp-w³ Ahsf ]oun- n p simãp-i-bm-bn-cp- p. \µsâ hnhm-l- n\pw amf-hn-i-bpss ]ndhn- p-saãmw km nbpw Abm-fpsS Dä-kp-lr- p-am-bn-cp kpkp-w³ C s\ snbvx-txmss \µsâ Pohn-X- nsâ e yw- F- n-\n- s\ snbvxp F v Abm-tfmSp tnmzn- pi am{x-am-bn. Pohn-X- nsâ kpk-a-amb Hgp v \ne- p-t]m-bn«pw X m-em-hpw-]sn aäp-f-f-hà v D]-Imcw snbvxpsim v \µ³ PohnXw hen- p-\o-«n. saàen³, tpmk-^v, X\qP XpS n IYm]m-{X- -fp-tsbpw PohnXw A{]-Xo- n-x-ambn amdn-s m- n-cn- p- p. C s ImgvN-bà \msf F -Xn Pohn-X- nsâ A\n-Ýn-X-Xzhpw `oi-c-xbpw hnjm-z-hp-ap- v. {]Xn-Im-c-\nÀÆ-lWw \nêm-chpw {]Xn-I-c- W-te-i-an-Ãm- -Xp-ambn A\p-`-h-s «\µ³ PohnXw axn-bm- p- p. \ne-\n-ev]n\v AtXmsS AÀ an-ãm-xm-hp- p. F nepw AbmÄ p-in-«nb CS-thf AbmÄ kvt\lw-sim p \nd p F Xv {it²-b-am-wv. ImWp- -Xà ImgvN-IÄ 1. "AsX-Ãm-amWv s]s«-s m-cp-\mä CÃm-Xm-bXv ' þ GsXÃmw? aiä \jvs-s -«-txmss FÃmw \jvs-s «\µ³ þ amf-hn-i-bpss Aѳ F {]n-b-s «taâhn-emkw amdp p þ thz-\m-i-c-amb ]pxnb taâhn-em-kw. 2. \µ\v ]pkvx-i-hn-ev]\ Hcp D]-Po-h-\-amÀ w am{x-am-bn-cp- nã þ hni-zo-i-cn- p-i. ]pkvx-i- sf kvt\ln- n-cp \µ³ \à ]pkvxiw FÃm-hm-b-\- m-cnepw F n- m- \mwv {ian- p-sim- n-cp- Xv þ ]pkvx-i- fpw IYm-]m-{X- fpw \Ã-hm-b-\- mcpw \µsâ {]nb-an- {X- -fm-bn-cp p þ icn-bmb t_m[y-ap-ff ]pkvx-i- Ä þ hmb-\- msc \ncm-i-s -Sp- m- hn[w F n- m³ \µ\v Ign-ªp. 3. ""azy-s - mä Bg-ta-dnb kulr-z-amwv hmb-\-bnâ \n pw D m-ip- -Xv. hmb-\- Xs bmwv Gähpw henb elcn'' þ \µ³ Cu \nk-a-\- nâ F n-b-sx- s\? ]pkvx-i- fpw IYm-]m-{X- fpsa t]mse ]pkvx-im-kzm-z-icpw \µsâ Dä-Iq-«p-Im-cm-bn. GXv BÄ q-«- nepw B hmb-\m-kplr p Ä \µs\ Xncn- -dn-ªp. ]pxnb ]pkvx-i- Ä AhÀ v Bthiw ]IÀ p. Bg-ta-dnb kulr-z- Ä v ]pkvx-i- Ä hgnxpd- p. ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w þ 1 2 2

4. aiä p-th n \µ³ \nd- p-sim- n-cn- p IY-bpsS Ad-IÄ. School of Distance Education ssz\w-zn-\m-\p-`-h- Ä IY-I-fm n \µ³ amf-hn-i-bpss ap¼nâ Ah-X-cn- n- p-sim- n-cp- p. I p-s]m-«\pw aps- -\p-sams Xoh- n-bnâ \n n-d n sshx-ey- -fn-ãmsx s]cp-am-^p AÛpXw \µ³ A`n-\-bn p ^en- n- p. amf-hni B thj- Ä A`n-\-bn v \µs\bpw tcwp-itbbpw Nncn- n- p. AhÄ t]mb-txmss Abm-fpsS IY-bpsS Ad-IÄ Ft -bv p-ambn Hgn-ªp. 5. aiä t]mb-xn-\p-ti-j-ap-ff tcwp-i-bpss Ah-Ø. aiä t]mb-txmss I ocnsâ alm-k-ap-{z- n-te v tcwpi \jvs-s -«p. Ft mgpw InS- m-bn. AhÄ GXp-\n-an-jhpw FÃm Ah-km-\n- n-t - p-sa v \µ\v txm n. Ah-fpsS t\m«- nepw Ne-\- n-ep-saãmw Hcp hncàn IpSn-tb-dn. ai-fn-ãmsx X\n v Pohn- m-\m-hn-sã v tcwpi ]e- gpw HmÀ½n- p.. ac-w- n-\p-ap¼v amf-hni kln simspw-th-z\ ico-c- nepw a\- Ênepw Bhm-ln v tcwpi XIÀ -Sn-ªpsIm -bn-cp- p. 6. saàen³ \µsâ kplr- m-b-sx- s\? Hcp I\- -a-g-bnâ Hä-s -«p-t]mb saàens\ \µ³ kz w IpS-bn-te v Iq«p-I-bm-bn-cp- p. A{]-Xo- n-x-ambn ag-bpa ià-amb Imäpw F n-b-t mä saàensâ \nhà nb sim p- IpS shdp-samcp ioe- q-¼m-c-am-bn. taâ q-c-bn-ãm HmhÀ{_n-UvPn BsI \\ªpw ]I pw \n p-t]mb saàen\v \µ³ klm-bn-bm-bn. simta-gvkyâ À mb saàen³ tpmk^v A -s\- \-µsâ Dä-kp-lr- m-bn. at\m-hn-j-a- Ä Cd- n-sh- m-\p-ff A m-wn-bmbn saàen\v \µ³ ]n o-sv. 7. \µ³ "\jvs-s «e m-[n-]xn' Bb-sX- s\? K^qÀ Hcn-  `mky-\-¼-dp-ffsx p hnti-jn- n v Hcp tem«dn Sn äv \µ\v simsp- p. tem«-dn-sb-sp- pi ioe-a-ãm- -Xp-sIm v \µ³ AXp kvt\l-]qàæw \nc-kn- p. ]ntä v B Sn -än-\mwv A¼-Xp-e w In«n-b-Xv. `mkyw ssibnâsh- p-x- mepw hm n-ãtãm F v K^qÀ ]cn-`-hn- p. ho«nâh v C Y ]d-ª-t m-gmwv \µsâ {]nb-]p-{xn-bmb amf-hni "\jvs-s «e m-[n-]-xn-sb v' \µs\ hnfn- -Xv. 8. Imdp-I-tfmSv amf-hn-i-bv p- m-bn-cp hnnn-{x-amb _Ôhpw BIÀj-W-hpw. ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w þ 1 2 3 2 amf-hn-i-bpss ho«nâ Imdn-Ãm-bn-cp- p. AÑt\m A½bvt m Imdp-I-sf- än Imcy-am-sbm pw Adn-ªp-Iq-Sm. F n«pw A p-h-b-êp- apxât amf-ani Imdnsâ Ifn- m-«- -fn-jvs-s -«p. hgnbnâ IqSn-t]m-Ip Imdp-Isf Xncn- -dn-ªp. AXoh _p²n-bp-ff Ip«n-IÄ Nne hkvxp- -tfmsv {]txyi aax kq n psa- m-bn-cp p \µ³ CXn-s\-s mãn D m- n-sb-sp \nk-a-\w. k oà - {]-iv\- Ä v ]cn-lmcw ImWm\pw Imcy- Ä a\-ên-em- m\pw AXoh kaà -bm-bn-cp p amf-hni. 9. Xoh- n- pi \ndª BIm-i- nsâ taâ qc Xmtgm-t«-bv p-sa- -Xmbn \µ\v txm nb-sx-t mä. ]ou-\- nâ simã-s «s] Ip-«n-bp-sS- A-ѳ F hnti-jww Fcn-Xo-bn F sbm-gn- -Xp-t]mse \µsâ Zp:Js Bfn- - n- p. temis A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn- msx \nhr- n-

bn-ãm-xm-b-xp-sim v ]pd- n-d- nb \µ\v At\z-j-W- -fnse kl-xm-]w-t]mepw kln- m-\mhp- n-ã. \jvs-t_m-[- mâ srcp- -s «\µ\v BIm-i- nsâ taâ qc Xmtgm-«-aÀ -Xmbn txm n. 10. saàensâ Zm¼-Xy- nse kwlàjhpw tpmk-^nsâ Pohn-X-ssi-en-bpw. saàen³ tpmk-^ns\ {]W-bn p hnhmlw Ign- -Xm-Wv. BZy-L-«- nâ Abm-fpsS BÀ{Z- Xbpw {]iv\- Ä pt\à p-t]m-ep-ap-ff sndp-]p- n-cnbpw Ahsf Hcp-]mSv BIÀjn- n-cp- p. F mâ tpmk-^v {ItaW Ae-k-\m-bn. tpmen sn msx In«p e - sf Im v tem«-dn-sn- -äp-iä hm n- q-«n. saàensâ hmkvzm-\- mâ aps- p-ap-xâ simsp N{µ-lm-k\v Ah-sf- s hnev m\pw AbmÄ asn- n-sã v ]ns - ns AhÄ Xncn- -dn-ªp. 11. Ct mä taâ m-e- nsâ sszàlyw Ipd-ªn-cn- p p F v \µ\v txm m³ ImcWw? saàensâ XIÀ IpSpw-_-Po-hnXw \µsâ Akz-Ø-X-bm-bn-cp- p. GXp-\n-an-jhpw AhÄ Bß-l-Xy-sN-bvtX mw F v Abm-fpsS a\-êp-]-d-ªp. F mâ ho pw I p-ap-«n-b-t mä Ah-fpsS \ný-b-zmàvy-ap-ff a\êv \µ³ Is - n. AhÄ Aß-lXy sn n-sã pw t]mcmsn Pohn- p-sa pw kwkm-c- nâ \n v t_m[y-s -«-t mä AbmÄ Biz-kn- p. a\êv Akz-Ø-amb-t mä taâ m-e- n\v sszàlyw hfsc IqSp-X-em-sW pw Xm\-Xp-\-S-s - m³ IjvS-s -Spsa pw AbmÄ v txm n-bn-cp- p. saàen³ {]iv\- sf AXn-Po-hn- p-sa pw hnizmkw h - t mä taâ m-e- nsâ sszàlyw Ipd-ªn-cn- p p F -bmä p txm n. 12. siâhsâ Zp:Jw. 3 CS-Xp-Im-en\v kzm[o-\- p-d-hp-ff siâh\v sdbnâth tìj-\nâ Hcp Xm m-eni tpmen D m-bn-cp- p. ]Ww simsp v I q-kp-]-tbm-kn- m³ hcp- -h-cpss ssibnâ \n pw \mw-b- p-«p-iä hm n-sh-bv -em-bn-cp p AXv. HmSn-\-S-t ]Wn-sbm pw Ah\v sn m-\m-hn-ãmbn-cp- p. Hcp Znhkw \mw-b- p-«p-iä Ipd-ªm siâhsâ B tpmen-t]mepw ]ncn- p-hn-sâ `oj-wn-bn-em-bn-cp- p. 13. "Hcp ]msp-\m-fs CS-s]-S-en-eqsS A -c- msc Xncn- -dn-bm³ Ign-bp Hcp kn²n \µ³ cq]-s -Sp- n-bn-cp p' þ F -c- msc? ]pkvx-i-hm-b-\-bnâ Xmev]-cy-ap-ff a\p-jysc A]-cn-Nn-X-cm-bmepw Xncn- -dn-bm³ \µ\p Ignªncn- p. a\p-jy-cp-am-bp-ff \nc- -c-k-¼à w sim v AbmÄ hfà n-sb-sp- -Xm-bn-cp- p B kn²n. AhÀ v ]pkvxiw ImWn- p-sim-sp- p-i-gn-ªmâ AbmÄ v hãm-sx-sbm pw kwkm-cn-t n h n-cp- n-ã. hmb-\-tbm-ss- -t]mse hmb-\- m-tcmspw lrzy-amb Hc-Sp w \µ- \p- m-bn-cp- p. 14. hnhn[ {]iv\- -tfm-sp-ff \µsâ CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ. IpSpw Ôw inyn-e-amb saàen³ {]iv\- Ä ]d-ªn-cp- Xv \µ-t\m-sm-bn-cp- p. \µsâ \nàt±-i- Ä AhÄ v hne-s -«-Xm-bn-cp- p. ]pkvx-i-hnâ -\-bv n-s-bnâ Xoh- n-bnâ I Btd-gp-h-b-Êp-ff Xan-gv_m-es\ t]meo-kn-te-ev]n- m³ \µ³ k -\-Êp-Im-«n. ]n o-ssm-cn-  Ah\v AÑ-\-½-amsc Xncn- p-in-«n-b-x-dnªv \µ³ kt m-jn- m\pw CS-bm-bn. A]-cn-Nn-XÀ pth- n-bm-bmepw X mâ Ign-bp D]-Imcw sn m³ \µ³ Ft mgpw Hcp- -am-bn-cp- p.

v School of Distance Education 4 15. ap¼v ho«nâ h -h-cnâ ]ecpw Gähpw HSp-hn-embn tnmzn- p tnmzyhpw AXm-bn-ep p GXv? \ mbn ]T-\- nâ anihp ]peà p-ibpw IS- -Y-I-fp-sSbpw KWn-X- n-sâbpw \qem-ame-iä \njv{]-bmkw Agn- p-ibpw sn p ansp- n-bmb amf-hni F s\ kpkp-wsâ NXn- p-gn-bn-e-i- «p F v ]ecpw kwi-b- n-e-i-s -«p. tcwp-i-bpss a\-ên-se- p- Xv Ip«n- met amf-hn-i-bv p- m-bn-cp Imdp-I-tfm-Sp-ff {`aw Ahsf NXn- p-gn-bn-e-i-s -Sp- p-sa v ap³iq«n ImWm³ X\n p Ign-ªn-ÃtÃm F m-wv. F p-sim- mwv kpkp-wsâ ASp v AhÄ v A{Xbpw kzmx{ yw simsn- Xv F tnmzyw hcp- -h-cp-ss-sbãmw At\z-j-W-am-bn. 16. amf-hn-i-bpss IY "]d pw t]siw' F m-bn-cp p amf-hn-i-bpss IY-bpsS t]cv. AXv Hcp s] Ip-«n-sb- p-dn- m-bn-cp- p. IuXpIw \nd-ªtemi- n-eqss X\nsb k -cn- m³ CjvS-s «AhÄ ]pxnb ImgvN-IÄ I p-sim- n-cp- p. Hä \nd-ap-ff ag-hnãpw, s]«v Xe-Io-gmbn \S- m³ XpS- nb hyànbpw Ah-fpsS am{xw ImgvN-bm-bn-cp- p. Aѳ am{x-am-w-hsf hniz-kn- -Xv. Hcn-  Xsâ ap n-se- nb ]d pw t]s-i- nâ Ib-dn-b-t m-gmwv AXp \nb-{ n- p hyàn v apjan-sã v Ah-f-dn-ª-Xv. AhÄ t]sn- p-\n-e-hn-fn-s - nepw t]siw Ah-sfbpw sim v api-fn-tebv p-bà p. AXn-\p-tijw B s] Ip-«nsb Bcpw I n-«nã F m-bn-cp p IY Ah-km-\n- -Xv. 5 17. "Hcn- epw kzm`m-hn-i-amb Hcp s]cp-amäw Abm-fn ImWm-dnÃ' þ BcnÂ? hni-z-am- p-i. saàensâ `À mhv tpmk^v Hcp kz]v\-tem-i- n-emwv Pohn- p- -Xv. AbmÄ Ft mgpw Xs txsn-h-cp `mkys {]Xo- n- p-sim- n-cp- p. tem«dn Sn -äp-i-fn-em-bn-cp p Abm-fpsS henb {]Xo- -IÄ. k½m\w \jvs-s -Sp-t¼mÄ s]m«n- -c-bp-i, \nêm-c-amb Hcp k½m\w In«nbm s]m«n ncn- pi XpS n Akzm-`m-hn-I-ambn Hcp]mSp s]cp-am-ä- Ä AbmÄ p- m-bn-cp- p. In«nb XpIbv p apgp-h³ tem«-dn-sn- -sä-sp- p-i-bmwp ]Xn-hv. Hcp km[m-cw IpSpw-_-\m- Ysâ kzm`m-hn-i-amb s]cp-amäw Abm-fn ImWm-dn-Ãm-bp-cp- p. 18. cxo-jn-t\bpw tkmwn-b-tbbpw \µ³ ]cn-n-b-s «hn[w. taâ m-e- nsâ `mk-t v \S- p-t¼m-gmwv \µ³ Hä-a-c- nsâ Nph-«n-ep-ff knaâpw s_ nâ ASp- -Sp- n-cn- p bphm-hn-t\bpw bph-xn-sbbpw I -Xv. sndp- - m-c³ ]pkvx- I-hn-ev]-\- m-c-s\ v \µs\ kwt_m-[\ snbvx-t mä AbmÄ Ah-cpsS ASp-s - n. AhcpsS kw`m-j-w- -fnâ \n v t]cp-ifpw Ah-cpsS X mes CS-]mSpw \µ\v ]nsn-in-«n. Xnc- Y Fgp-X-emWv cxo-jnsâ tpmen. tkmwn F³Pn-\o-b-dn- n\p ]Tn- p- p. \à ]pkvx-i- sf kvt\ln- p- -h-cm-bn-cp p AhÀ. ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w þ 1 2 5

19. "AXp-a-Xn-bm-bn-cp p \µs\ XfÀ m³' þ kml-n-cy-taxv? 6 School of Distance Education AÑsâ kplr- mb kpkp-ws\ hniz-kn- -Xn-\m PohnXw \jvs-amb amf-hn-i-sb- pdn v \nc-h[n {]kn-²o-i-c-w- -fpss knn-{x-^o- -dp-iä e`y-am-bn-cp- p. ]e ]{X- fpw hmb- \ mcpss I p-iä \µsâ A{U-Ên-e-b- psimsp- p. Ah ai-fpss ac-w-s - p-dn- p-ff kaql nsâ ImgvN- msv \µ\p t_m[y-s -Sp- n-s m-sp- p. ]ecpw I p-i-fn-eqss \µs\ kam-[m-\n- n- -I-tbm Zp:J nâ ] p-tn-cp-itbm snbvxp. F mâ Hcp I p-am{xw \µsâ D c-hm-zn- -an-ãmbvasb tnmzyw sn p-ibpw amf-hn-i-bpss ZpÀhn[n p ImcWw Ah-fpsS ]nxm-hmb \µ³ am{x-am-sw p ]d-bp-ibpw snbp-xp. B I v Abmsf XfÀ n. aqà -tbdnb hmät]mse, Np«p-s]m-f-fp I\ -«-t]mse AXv \µs\ ]nfà p-itbm s]mf-fn- p- Itbm snbvxp. 20. Xm³ I p-ap-«p FÃm-hcpw A cw tnmzy- fpambn Xs hf-bp-itbm ]n p-s-cp- Itbm sn p-sa v AbmÄ `b- p. AtXm-sS-bmWv \µ³ F pw t]mim-xm-bxv þ hni-zo-i-cn- p-i. AÑsâ D -c-hm-zn- -an-ãm-bva-bmwv ai-fpss ZpÀÆn-[n p Imc-W-sa v kaq-l- nse ]ecpw hn[n-sb-gp-xn. ImcWw F p-sim v kplr- nsâ ZpÊz-`m-h-a-dnªv aisf c n- nã F n- s\ t\cn-ts- n-h-t - m-hp tnmzy- Ä Abmsf `b-s -Sp- n. X\n- p-h ptnà `oi-c-amb \jvs-t m-tsm- w, {]Xn- q-«n-se- -t]mse Xm³ t\cn-ts tnmzy- Ä Abmsf ZoÀ\mf-t v ho«nâ s X p- -h-\m- n. 21. kpkp-w-\p-am-bp-ff \µsâ ap³]-cnnbw. hàj- Ä p-ap¼v \K-c- nâ tpmen-tx-sn-h kpkp-ws\ \µ³ ]cn-n-b-s -«Xv bmzr-ñn- I-am-bn-«m-bn-cp- p. \nc- -c-amb CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ Ahsc kplr- p- -fm- n. ]n o-sp-ffxv kpkp- Wsâ hfà -bpss Ime-am-bn-cp- p. AbmÄ SmIvkn-ss{U-hdpw ImÀt{_m- dpw \K-c- nse ]W mcnâ Hcm-fp-ambn hfà p. \µsâ Pohn-X- nse {][m\-kw-`-h- -fn-seãmw kpkp-w-\p- m-bn. Abm-fpsS hnhm-l- n\pw tcwp-i-bpss {]k-h-k-a-b pw amf-hn-i-bpss tnmdq-wn\pw Ah-fpsS \r Ac-t -ä- n\pw Icp-X-temsS kpkp-w³ IqsS-bp- m-bn. amf-hni Hcp apxnà Ip«n-bm-b-t mä k½m-\-hp-ambn kpkp-w-\p- m-bn-cp- p. AhÄ p-ãm-kw-]-i-cp bm{x-iä Ft mgpw AbmÄ D m- n-s m- n-cp- p. 22. lns m-t m-«m-a-êns\ amf-hn-ibv pw henb CjvS-am-bn-cp- p. AXnsâ `wkn-bn-ãm-bvabmwv AhÄ {i²n- -Xv. `wkn-bn-ãm- -hsc kvt\ln- m\pw Bsc- nepw tht F m-bn-cp p AhÄ Btem-Nn- -Xv. Ah-fpsS kz -amb ImgvN- m-sp-ifpw {]txyi Xmev]-cy- fpw amf-hn- Isb \µ\v H p-iqsn {]nb-s -«-h-fm- n. 7 23. kà kv amt\-pà \µ-t\m-sm-h-iy-s «Imcyw. \à ]pkvx-i- -fn-eq-ss-bmwv \µ³ kà kv amt\-p-cpss kulrzw ]nsn- p-]-än-b-xv. ]pkvx- I Ä v \µn ]d-ªp. AbmÄ Hcp {]txy-i-imcyw kwkm-cn- m-\mbn \µs\ ImW-W-sa- mh-iy-s -«p. X\qP F kà Êv Iem-Im-cnbpsS Zp:Jam-bn-cp- p. AbmÄ v ]d-bm-\p- m-bn-cp- ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w þ 1 2 6

-Xv. Bkmtam _wkmtfm BWv Ah-fpsS \msv. F mâ Aѳ tic-fo-b-\m-bn-cp- p. Btdm Gtgm hb-êp-hsc AhÄ I AÑ-t\bpw Xd-hm-Sn-t\bpw Is - -W-sa v X\qP Xo{h-ambn B{K-ln- p- p. aäp _Ôp-an-{Xm-Zn-I-sfm pw CÃm X\q-Psb AÑs\ Is - m³ klm-bn- -W-sa- mwv \µ-t\msv amt\-pà Bh-iy-s -«-Xv. 24. amt\-pà kqnn- n ]nsn-h-ffn F m-bn-cp p? c p-amkw ap¼v X\qP tjm n- n-\mbn ]pd- p-t]m-b-t mä sabn³tdmuv t»m m-b-xn- \mâ Hmt«m-dn Hcn-S-h-gn-bn-eqsS t]mbn. CS-bv -hä Xm³ I p-a-d HcnSw ho pw ImWm- \n-s-bm-bn. ]Sn- p-c-bp-ff hospw Ipfhpw Ah-fpsS Ip«n- m-e-t -Xp-X-s -bm-bn-cp- p. F mâ AhnsS Xma-kn- n-cp- -hà A]-cn-Nn-X-cm-bn-cp- p. Ah-fpsS Aѳ Fhn-sS-bm-sWt m AbmÄs - p-kw-`-hn p Ft m Bho-«p-ImÀ pw Adn-bn-Ãm-bn-cp- p. F nepw hosp-i-s - nb ØnXn v AÑs\ txsm³ ]nsn-h-f-fn-bm-sb v amt\-pà hniz-kn- p- p. 25. cm{xn-bnâ Btem-Nn p InSt s]s«- mwv kà kv amt\-pà Hcp- nb cmh-w³tim-«- bnâ \n pw ]pd-t - p-ff hgn \µsâ a\-ênâ sxfn-ªxv þ F m-bn-cp p AXv? amf-hn-isb F pw kvt\l-]qàæw A\z-jn- p-sim- n-cp I ³amjv v X\qPbpsS hosn-t\bpw ]cn-k-c-t bpw Ipdn v IrXy-ambn Adn-bm-am-bn-cn- p-sa v \µ³ Duln-s -Sp- p. hst C y-bn-em-bn-cp amf-hn-ibpw AÑ\pw Ah-fpsS A½ acn- -txmss \m«n-te v hcp-ibm-bn-cp- p. B Xdhm«n bmsxmcp Ah-Im-i-hp-an-ÃmsX AbmÄ v bm{x-bm-ti- n-h- -XmsW hnhcw I ³ amjv ssiamdn. CXv At\z-j-W- nse hgn- n-cn-hm-bn-cp- p. 8 26. tpmk-^nsâ ]pxnb kml-n-cy- Ä. ]c-kv]cw {]W-bn p hnhmlw Ign tpmk-^n-tâbpw saàen-tâbpw Zm¼-Xy- n\v at\mlm-cn-x-bpss ]cn-th-j- -sfãmw \jvs-s -«n-cp- p. saàen³ {ItaW shdp-samcp ]W-b-h-kvXp-hmbn. N{µ-lm-k³ F simf-f- -en-i- m-c-\nâ \n pw tpmk^v h³xpi ssi -än-bxv saàensâ Pohn-X- nsâ Dd- n-em-wv. _nkn-\êv XpS- m-s\ hymtp\ hm nb ]Ww tpmk^v F - t -bpa t]mse Xpe- p. tem«-dn-sn- äp hm nbpw BUw-_-c-bm-{X-IÄ \S- nbpw ]pxnb t^m tasn pw ISw hm nb XpI XoÀ p- Xv saàen³ \nê-l-bmbn I p-\nâ p- p. ]Ww X p XoÀ p- Xp hsc saàen³ N{µ-lm-ksâXmbn-cn- p- -Xnepw {]iv\-an-ãm Xc- nâ tpmk- ^nsâ _p²nbpw hnim-c- fpw apc-sn p t]mbn-cp- p. 27. cxo-jnsâ sndnb AÔ-hn-izm-k- Ä. a\p-jysâ Nne AÔ-hn-izm-k- Ä pw \nan- - Ä pw AÀ -ap-s v cxojv Icp- Xp- p. Abm-fpsS Pohn-X- nse \à Imcy- Äs Ãmw AI-¼-Sn-bmbn NmäÂag D m-bn-cp- p. AXp-sIm- p-xs tkmwn-bp-am-bp-ff hnhm-l-xo-cp-am-\- n\pw NmäÂag AXym-h-iy-am-sW v AbmÄ Icp-Xn. 28. c p {]iv\- -fmwv \µs\ BbnsS Ae-«n-s m- n-cp- -Xv. Gh? snd- - nâ s \jvs- «AÑ-s\-t -Sn-bp-ff X\q-P-bpsS Ae- nepw IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X- nâ kzø-x-bn-ãm-xmb saàenhv F ho«-½-bpss KXn-tISpw \µsâ ]pxnb {]iv\- -fmbn. X\q-Pbv v AÑs\ Is - m-\p-ff `mky-ap- m-imw. F mâ saàensâ PohnXw Zpcn-X- nsâ Ib- n-te- m- p-t]m-hp-i-bm-hm-sa v AbmÄ Zp:Jn p- p. ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w þ 1 2 7