½ ³ J. Sys. Sci. & Math. Scis. 34(12) (2014, 12), 1438 1450 µ Ñ RFID Ô À (»Ì ÖÚ, Å À ºÓ Ê Â, Å 300071; Ä Õ Ì, Å 300300) Á (Ä Õ Ì, Å 300300) ÚÍ FNN RFID Ò ĐÓ IPS, ÒÇ Ú Í RFID Đ Ó Ù, Ù ½ ² Ë «, Á Å ÈÀ ß ÝÄ RSSI-DIST ÚË, µë Á ² Ó Ý., Đ Æ À BP à FNN ± ÚÃÓ Ã. ±Æ à «² Ã, ÚÍ Ú Æ BP «Þ, Ø ÚÍ Ù ÎÆ IPS. Þ ĐÓ IPS, RFID Ò, BP, ÚÍ. MR(2000) ²ÜÆ 03B52 AN RFID INDOOR LOCATION ALGORITHM BASED ON FUZZY NEURAL NETWORK MODEL CHEN Zengqiang GUO Feng (Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, College of Computer & Control Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071; College of Science, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300) * Þ Û (61174094), Å (14JCYBJC18700, 13JCYBJC17400) Í.»Æ: 2014-05-31,»Æ: 2014-07-13.
12 : ÚÍ Ú RFID ĐÓ Ù 1439 ZHANG Qing (College of Science, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300) Abstract The fuzzy neural network (FNN) was applied to indoor Positioning System (IPS) base on RFID technology. A RFID indoor Location algorithm based on FNN is proposed, which uses the reference tag data as training samples for neural network and builds the mapping model of The e-tag received signal strength indicator and the distance between e-tag and Reader (RSSI-DIST). The least-squares solution is utilized to determine the position of target tag. Meanwhile, the performances in the modeling and positioning were compared between the traditional BP Neural Network and FNN. The Simulation and Hardware platform s result prove that FNN shows superior performance than BP and the method based on FNN is more suitable for the IPS. Keywords Indoor positioning system (IPS), RFID technology, BP neural network, fuzzy neural network. 1 à (Radio-Frequency Identification, RFID) Ñ Ì Å Ñ Ñ, Ç ¾  Ã, Ú, Ù Ï Å Đ [1 3]. À Ü Ç¾, Ü Ç¾, RFID Ñ Đ ØĐ Â, ¾ ÈÊ º. ß Ã, RFID Ñ Ò Ø [4 6], Ö Ö Ò Ñ [7, 8] Ñ Ì. Å ³Ç¾ RFID Â, Ì Đ Ò Ì Ö Ö Ò, Ù ± Ò Ç Þ Ù Ê, Ç Þ ³ [9 11]., À Ø Ò, Ç Â Ç ÏÈÊ, À ± Ù Ê Ð. ¹ µ Ï ÏÍĐÏǾ Ä [12, 13], ±Â ³, Í Â Ï, Ð ½ µ., ¾¼ ¹µ Ð Ò Â [14, 15], Å ±Î ±. Ò ÂÇ À ų ³, ű ÑÆ Ù Ì RFID Ò Ø, Ø ¼ ± Ê, À Ç Þ RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indication, RSSI) Ü Ã ß³ DIST Ù Ê, Ê Å À ±ÒÜ. ±Â Ï BP  FNN ÙÂÒ Ø Â Ï. À, ÙÌ BP ³ÅÝ Ï, ³ Í Å Ò Â Đ. 2 Õ¹ «Ò º ÈÚ ¾ 1 ßÈ. Ç¾Ø ¼ ÏÒ, Ü Ï Ò,. ²±Ò º È ¾ : Ò Ì 3 6 Í, 25 ¼ Ò, Å 4 RFID RF Ç. ÂÅ
1440 34 ³ Þ Ù Ê [6] Ó RF Ç ÐÐÙÊ, Í Ç ¾ ( ) d P r (d) = P t PL(d 0 ) 10nlg + X σ, (2.1) d 0 Â, P r (d) È ³ Ü Ã d ( dbm); P t Ü Ã ( dbm); PL(d 0 ) ³Þ ( dbm), d 0 ½ 1m, n ÐÐß. X σ Ð, Ì Ñ 0, «σ 2 Ò Ü Î ( dbm). Å ±Â, Þ Ù Ê µ : P t = 20dBm, d 0 = 1m, PL(d 0 ) = 30dBm, n = 4.5, X σ N(0, 0.4). Å Ò À ¾ 2 ß È. 1 Ó» ÉÛ (a) Ó
12 : ÚÍ Ú RFID ĐÓ Ù 1441 (b)» 2 Ó Æ Á 3 Đ Å FNN Ò RFID Õ¹±Ø Ê Å Đ ÙÇÃ. BP ÙÌ FNN Ù Ê. BP Ï Ù ±«ÑĐ Å, FNN ÌÑÆÙÌ Å¹, È Å Ï Í¾ Å. FNN Â Ù Ì ÂÂÞ Ù Ì Ð, Å FNN Ç Ê Ï, Ê ÙÂ È ³ Å Ï, À Å ± Ò Ï «Ñ ÏÛ ÅË. Å ³Ò RFID Ò Ø Â, Àα Î RF Ç ÙÊÌÀ Ò. à FNN Ð RSSI-DIST Ù Â, ÑÆ FNN Ù Ê Ò Ø. 3.1 Ð Ð Ý ² ± Ù Ì ÎÙÊ, Ô ¾ 3 ß È Ù Ì. 3 ÚÍ Æ¼
1442 34 1 : ± Î ± Î x i Ç, Ì x = [x 1, x 2,, x n ] T Ñ, N 1 = n. 2 : Â Þ È Ñ Â Þ, Ôر Î ± ÎÙÌ Å Â Þ µ j i µ A j i(x i ), i = 1, 2,, n; j = 1, 2,, m i, n Ì Î, m i Ì x i Ù Ì Î. ±ÂÂÞ Ò, µ j i = exp [ (x c ij) 2 ], Â, c ij  σ ij È Â Þ ÂÆ Þ. N 2 = n i=1 m i. 3 : Ù Ì Î Ñ Ù Ì, Ì, Ô Ø Í Þ, Ð: α l = min{µ l1 1, µl2 2,, µln n } α l = µ l1 1 µl2 2 µln n,  l 1 {1, 2,, m 1 },, l n {1, 2,, m n }, l = 1, 2,, m, m = n i=1 m i. N 3 = m. 4 : Ñ Ï 3, Ð N 4 = m, À Ñ Ï Ø α l = 5 : σ 2 ji α l ms=1 α s, l = 1, 2,, m. Î Ì Ñ Ï Ï Å, Ð y k = m l=1 ω klα l, k = 1, 2,, r. Ã Î Í Ç y = ωα. Â: y = [y k ] R r 1, ω = [ω kl ] R r m, α = [α l ] R k l. 3.2 ¼ Ö Ý ± Î Ù Ì Ì ±Ò, ß Ì Ì w Â Â Þ Â c ij  σ ij, i = 1, 2,, n; j = 1, 2,, m i. Ñ Ù Ì ÅÁÌÑÆ 5, ß Ù Ù ½ BP Ø. Ü E = 1 r 2 k=1 (t k y k ) 2,  t k, y k  À Ø. º Ø E w ij, E c ij, E σ ij, Ê Ñ «Þ ÅØ Ñ w ij, c ij, σ ij. Ê Ñ Ø w ij (k + 1) = w ij (k) β E w ij, i = 1, 2,, r; j = 1, 2,, m, (3.2) c ij (k + 1) = c ij (k) β E c ij, i = 1, 2,, r; j = 1, 2,, m i, (3.3) σ ij (k + 1) = σ ij (k) β E σ ij, i = 1, 2,, r; j = 1, 2,, m i, (3.4) Â, β> 0 ¾. 3.3 Ó Ç Þ RSSI  ÜÃ ß ³ DIST FNN Ê Â, «Ç, FNN À RSSI-DIST ÙÊ.  n ÜÃ, (x 1, y 1 ), (x 2, y 2 ),, (x n, y n ), ²±Ø À Ù Ê, Ü Ã Ü Ç Þ RSSI 1, RSSI 2,, RSSI n, Ù Ü ÜÃ
12 : ÚÍ Ú RFID ĐÓ Ù 1443 ß ³ d 1, d 2,, d n, Ý Ü À Ø (x, y). (x 1 x) 2 + (y 1 y) 2 = d 2 1, (x 2 x) 2 + (y 2 y) 2 = d 2 2,. (x n x) 2 + (y n y) 2 = d 2 n. (3.5) Ñ «º Æ Ô Ä Ð ÊÑ «, Ê Ã ÍÇ AX = b, ±³º Ç Å AX b = 0, à ¼ Î X 0 Å AX b 2 À, Ð AX b 2 = min AX b 2. f(x) = AX b 2 2 = (AX b) T (AX b) = X T A T AX X T A T b b T AX + b T b, (3.6) X 0 AX b = 0 À, Đ Ì f(x) À, Å df dx X 0 = 0 df dx = 2AT AX 2A T b, A, b À ÂÀ Î, Ù «À X 0 = (A T A) 1 A T b, X 0 Ð Ü ¾Ô. 4 Ú 2 ¹ Ê ±, 4 Ü Ã, 25 ¼, Ñ º 100 RSSI-DIST Å ±, RSSI  РDIST Ç Â Ç.  BP FNN Î, BP» ¾ : 1, 9, 1, σ(x) = 1 1+e x, σ(x) = x, Í Ö Î Ø, ¾ η = 0.001, Õ ß α = 0.01. FNN» ¾ : Î 9 ÂÞ, Ñ 1, 9, 9, Ô 9, 1. Æ w ij Ù σ ij 0 1 ß Ü, Â Þ ÂÆ c ij Ê Å min(rssi)  max(rssi) ß Ïµ¹, ¾ β = 0.4. 4.1 Ù Ê Ê FNN  2 Â Þ ¾ 4 ß È. FNN  BP Ê º ¾ 5 ß È, Å RSSI-DIST Ùʾ 6 ß È. FNN Ê Å ², É Þ È, Þ ± Ê ß 2.43 Ô, Å É 1.8m. ÖÎ Ð, BP Å ². Þ ± Ê ß 32.97 Ô, Å Ê º É 3.9m.
1444 34 4 FNN ËË Ã ß (a) FNN (b) BP 5 Ë» Ï Ò Ü 200 Å Ü, ± RSSI-DIST Å Ù Ê Ï.
12 : ÚÍ Ú RFID ĐÓ Ù 1445 ÜÃ ß À³ BP FNN Å Ù Ê ³ ¾ 6 ß È. ÏÒ Ü 1000 ÏÒ Ü, ± BP  FNN Ò Ø Ï, BP  FNN Ò º Ô (Cumulative Distribution Function, CDF) ¾ 7 ß È. (a) FNN (b) BP 6 Á ĐÆ 7 Ó» CDF
1446 34 4.2 ÙÛ», Ê ±Â± ±, BP  FNN Ï 1 ß È. ± ¾ 1 BP FNN ĐÆ Ë Ë (s) Ë» (m)» <0.3 (%) ËÓ» (m) «Ó» (m) BP 32.97 3.9 65.3 1.001 0.260 FNN 2.43 1.8 87.2 0.766 0.184 ½ ¾ Ù Ï, Û Ù BP FNN À   RSSI-DIST ÙÊ, Ê ß ʺ Í, FNN Ï Ù Å BP ; ½ 6, Ê Å Î, º Ê, BP ¹ Ñ Ò Ë, FNN À ų ³, ¹ Ë, Ï Ì ² Ò Ï. ½ ¾ Ò Ï, 7  BP  FNN Ò º CDF È, 1000 Ü Â, BP Ò Ø, 65.3% Ü Ò º À 0.3m, FNN Ò Ø, Ù É 87.2%; BP Ò ÊÒ º ÂÅ Ò º 1.001m  0.256m, FNN 0.766m  0.184m, BP 23%  30%. ½, FNN Ò Ï Å BP Ò Ø. 5 5.1 À Ê ¾ : Å Impinj ¹ Ó Ò Ç Speedway Revolution R420 Ê Ü Ã, Ê +32.5dBm, Ö Þ 82dBm; Laird ¹ Ó A9028L30NF Ê Ï Å, 902 928M Ç Â : µ Ë ¾Ñ H47+M4E Dry Inlay Ê Ö, Í 860 960MHz. (a) R420 ËÝÄ (b) A9028L30NF Ë (c) µ 8 Á
12 : ÚÍ Ú RFID ĐÓ Ù 1447 (a) Ó ÉÛ (b) ÁÙ» 9 ÁÙÓ ÉÛ ÏÒ 4, 16 Ø ¼, 9 ÏÒ ±, 9 À Ø Ò À È Ú. 5.2 Ó Àغ 9(b), ÀØÒ ÂÇ È ±ÒÏ, ÀØ ± Ç Ê³ Âݽ ±. Ê ± ÁÎ Å ÐÐÙÊ, ßÃ Å Đ ± Î, Ý ½ ±, Ù Ê Å Ï. Ã Å Ò Æ ± Î. Ý Ñ Ç Þ P r (d) Å µ Î σ Ò, µ, ± Î x Ð Þ Đ (x µ) 2 e 2σ 2,  n n i=1 µ = xi i=1 (xi µ)2 (n 1), Ô ± Ò 3σ, f(x) = 1 σ 2π n, σ 2 = x i µ > 3σ À Ê, µ x i µ < 3σ ± Â ±., ÅÀ Â, Ñ ¼, Ù 4 m j=1 xj m Ê ±, «RSSI ± Î, Ü ± x =  m Ì Ü.
1448 34 (a) BP (b) FNN 10 BP à FNN Æ ÆĐÆ BP  FNN Å À  ÐÐÙÊ, Å ¾ 10 ß È. Ü ± Ò º ¾ 11 ß È. À Ø Ò Ï ¾ 2 ß È. 5.3 ßÛ» ĐÏ, ½ 10  Š٠Ê, Đ BP Ù Ê, FNN Ù Ê È Ï ³ Í ½³ α Àغ ÐÐ. Ô± 2 Ù 11  ±, ½À  9 ± Ò, Û 1 Ü Ò Â BP FNN, Â, FNN Å BP. BP Ò Ø Å º 0.601m, FNN Ò Ø Å Ò º 0.425m, BP 30% Æ, È Ï ÅÝ Ï. 11 Ý Ó» ĐÆ
12 : ÚÍ Ú RFID ĐÓ Ù 1449 Ý À Á BP Õ 1 (0.80, 0.80) 2 (0.40, 1.40) 3 (1.40, 1.40) 4 (0.30, 0.30) 5 (1.60, 0.20) 6 (0.20, 0.80) 7 (1.80, 0.90) 8 (0.90, 1.80) 9 (0.90, 0.20) (0.96, 0.84) (0.68, 1.01) (1.15, 0.99) (0.74, 0.79) (1.19, 0.55) (0.81, 0.85) (1.25, 0.63) (1.08, 1.08) (1.06, 0.90) 2 BP FNN Ó ĐÆ BP Ó» (m) FNN Õ 0.165 (1.12, 0.69) 0.479 (0.28, 1.23) 0.476 (1.42, 1.09) 0.662 (0.52, 0.57) 0.543 (1.61, 0.40) 0.614 (0.60, 0.75) 0.616 (1.70, 0.42) 0.744 (1.22, 1.36) 1.107 (1.02, 0.77) FNN Ó» (m) 0.339 0.210 0.308 0.347 BP «Ó» (m) FNN «Ó» (m) 0.197 0.601 0.425 0.398 0.497 0.548 0.978 6 Å ± ÑÆ FNN Ù RFID Ò Ø. À Â, ±Â ½Ï BP FNN RFID ÙÙ Ò Â Â ; ÅÐ Ò ±, Ï FNN Ø IPS  ÎÏ. ±ÂØ Ì ³Ç¾ Î RFID Ò Ø, Å ĐÒ ÐÅ ÖĐÒ. ÀØĐ Â, Đ Ù «Ç Ñ Ò Þ; Ö, Ù Ç ÄÒ ÄÒ Å Ö ËÂ. Ö, ¾Ä ÀÅÍ ÖÙÊŠα Ö, Ì É ³. º ¾ [1] É, ܹ. Ò ¹Æ Á. Ð É, 2013, 35(1): 215 227. [2] Maxwell A, Lal S. Technological innovations in managing challenges of supply chain management. Universal Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 2013, 1(2): 62 69.
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