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>? LC? >? CMOS?, >> > > >> - >> ebrahimi_emyahoo.com, nasehum.ac.ir <E LC? >? > ()? LC? >? > <>.> > CMOS? > >? >.> <> >??? > >? > > > >? >. >> >? 0/5 E? >.>> > >?? >.> > > > >>> >.>??.? <(LC-QVCO) E? <?? <? >? -E> >? <>.[5]? > - >?? > >>? > >?? > <LC >? > >.[6-7]? <LC??? LC?. > >? > > < >. > >? > LC?.[4-6]?? > > > > ) > - <(> >? >.> >> > > ""? ( ) > >> M cpl ) >> <(> M -4? >?? > > > [6] >? - >>?? - >> (Clock and Data Recovery) >>>??.[-3]? > < > >.[]>?? > >?? -? >? >??.>>.> >> > > > > (RC-CR) < >? <?? > > >? >? >?.[4] >? C- > > > > > > []> >> >? > <????. >??? >?? > >? >> > > <>? 000

? > >? LC >?? <.> > > > > >? > >? <3.> > > <4.> >?. > M cpl? "? -?".> >? - >- <>??? > >.> >>>? > M sw-4? > > <> >-. >> >> - > >.> >? >?? <> > > <> >?? <M sw-4 M var-4? >??.? > > M var3? <> >- M sw? "?" >? M sw3 M var M var M var4? <M sw? >? "?"?-? >.>??-? M var-4 M sw4 <(>- )? > -? <> >?? > >? > -? > > >? >.> > > > >? -.[9] > >? M var-4 >?? <? >? >? >> >?-. >?? > "?" >?.[6] >?? :. > >? "?" > -? [6] >? - > "? -?" > < >? <[7].[3-7] > > >>>? >? >? > >.> >?? > > [8]? >.> E < [0].[0] > > >?.>??? >? >? >? [] - > > >?? >.>.>? >>? > > >? > <>?.? >> > > A? > > [3] > > >> > A>> > >? >? >??? > >? >> >. > > > >? A? > > < > < < > <? >>? >> <>? >. < 00

:?? >? > () () > > jωva( Cbd sw+ Cgb sw+ Cbs sw+ Cbd var + Cbs var + Cgb var ) = (3) jωv( C C + (cosϕ+ jsin ϕ) C ) bd sw gb sw gb var jωvc( Cbd sw+ Cgb sw+ Cbs sw+ Cbd var + Cbs var + Cgb var ) = (4) jωv((cos ϕ+ jsin ϕ)( C C ) C ) bd sw gb sw gb var <? E >>? >.> > <d c <b <a (3) >? > V a = V c >? >>> > >.> > (4) :> (5) >? <> > > ( Cbd sw Cgb sw + Cgb var cos ϕ) + ( Cgb var sin ϕ) = ( Cgb var + ( Cgb sw Cbd sw )cos ϕ) + (( Cgb sw Cbd sw )sin ϕ) (5) > r L ) >? (>) : > ϕ > (5) > :> (6) >?? (>).( >? (>> >) > > - > >???? >. > 4(( C bd sw C gb sw ) C gb var )cosϕ = 0 (6) : > > ϕ > π ϕ = kπ + k = 0,,,... (7) 90? > > > (7) >?. >? >? -3?? > - >? > > >> >?.> > 0.8µm CMOS? >? Agilent ADS.> >>> 3 >. > 5/4 > /8 4/3 > E? >. V tune E 4/7?? > >? >? > >.> >>> > r L >>> <LC > > > < >> 90? > >) > > > > - >? (Q + I +? >? <>.> >??? <I - <I +? >> < > > >-.>> > Q -??? Q + Q + <I - I + I + Q - 80 Q +? >? > ϕ) > >>> Ve jϕ > > c.( Q + a I + > >? V KCL > >? ac y x :)? >? jω( Va V ) Cbd sw + jω( Va+ V ) Cgb sw + jωvacbs sw + jϕ jωva( Cbd var + Cbs var ) + jω( Va Ve ) Cgb var = 0 :( jϕ jϕ jω( Vc Ve ) Cbd sw + jω( Va+ Ve ) Cgb sw + jωvccbs sw + jωvc( Cbd var + Cbs var ) + jω( Vc+ V) Cgb var = 0 () () <C bd? <c a E?? V c V a -? <-? >?? C gb C bs.?-?? 3 00

Δf? PN(Δf) > P QVCO f osc <dbc/hz. >> >? > > >.> > > > > > <>?? >?? > <NMOS.>>??? > >>? PMOS? > > >> > > <>? >? > <?.? >?? > >.??? > (triple-well) CMOS??? > >?? >. >> > >>? >? <?? > >. (single-well) >? E <IC E? > > > -. > > >?? >? A? >? 4/5 (Δf=MHz) MHz >?.> >>> 3?? > > > >??.>>? [0] >?? > > >? >?? > >.>?? >??? > >?.[0] > >? >?? >?.>> >? >? >.> >>> <[] >> > > >?? > <> ) > > > (?? > -. > > >? > >>>? >? >. > >?? >? >? > :.> M -4 3µm/0.8 µm M var-4 400µm/0.8 µm L nh r L Ω R tune KΩ V dd.8 volt 0.85 volt V tune?? > :3.>??? >? 4.> >??? > [6] >????? > >.> >? [0] > >? 5dB 5dB > > >? >? > >.> >? > >> [8] > (Figure of Merit (FOM)) :> f FOM = PN ( Δf ) 0log( osc ) + 0log( PQVCO ) (8) Δf 4 003

.>?? (FOM) : CMOS QVCO Technology [µm] Frequency [GHz] Power [mw] Phase-noise [dbc/hz] FOM [dbc] [6] [7] [8] [9] [0] 0.5 0.35 0.8 0.8 Triple-well 0.9.8.8 6. 30 0 50 6.8 5.4-85 [00KHz] -43 [3MHz] -40 [3MHz] -06 [3MHz] -0 [MHz] -49.3-85.5-78.5-73.4-73.5 This work 0.8 Triple-well 4.54 9.8-5.3 [MHz] -88.5??? :3. >?? Phase noise Tuning range Cross- MOS (dbc/hz) f=mhz connected varactor Core Core QVCO QVCO VCO VCO NMOS NMOS 7% 9% -9-0.5 NMOS PMOS 3% 7% -3-5.3 PMOS PMOS 8% 7% -5-0 Complementary PMOS 5% 6% - - [0] <[6]? >?? :4 >>? > ADS > ) >?.(> >? >? > >??.> >? >.>?? > > >?? >? 0 /5 E > > E > >> >.?.>> > [] B. Razavi, RF Microelectronics. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River NJ, 998. [] T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications. Prentice-Hall Inc., 996. [3] J. Savoj and B. Razavi, High-speed CMOS circuits for optical receivers. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 00. [4] J. Crols and M. S. J. Steyaert, A single-chip 900 MHz CMOS receiver front-end with a high performance low-if topology, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits. vol. 30, pp. 483 49, Dec. 995. [5] H. Matsuoka and T. Tsukahara, A 5-GHz frequencydoubling quadrature modulator with a ring-type local -4 > >?? LC? > >> <? >? E. <> "? -?" > > < >? <? >? >.> >> < >? < < > < >>? >. >? >?? >?? >? > > >? <? >? <> >??? >. >? <>? >.> 5 004

oscillator, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits. vol. 34, pp. 345 348, Sept. 999. [6] A. Rofougaran et al., A single-chip 900-MHz spreadspectrum wireless transceiver in -µm CMOS-Part I: Architecture and transmitted design, IEEE Journal of Solid- State Circuits. vol. 33, pp. 55-534, Apr. 998. [7] A. Andreani, A. Bonfanti, L. Romano and C. Samori, Analysis and design of.8ghz CMOS LC quadrature oscillator, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits. Vol. 37, No., pp.737-747, December 00. [8] M. Tiebout, Low-power low-phase-noise differentially tuned quadrature VCO design in standard CMOS, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuit. vol. 36, pp. 08 04, July 00. [9] H. Shin, Z. Xu, and M. F. Chang, A.8V6/9 GHz switchable dual-band quadrature LC VCO in SiGe BiCMOS technology, Radio FrequencyIntegrated Circuits (RFIC) Symp. Dig. 00, pp. 7 74. [0] H. R. Kim, C. Y. Cha, S. M. Oh, M. S. Yang and S. G. Lee, A very low-power quadrature VCO with back gated coupling, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits. Vol. 39, No. 6, pp.95-955, June 004. [] M. Zarre Dooghabadi and Sasan Naseh, A New Quadrature LC-Oscillator, ISCAS 007. pp. 70-703, May 007. [] Alan, W. L., & Luong, H. C., A V 7 GHz 5mW quadrature CMOS VCO based on transformer coupling, IEEE International Conference Digest of Technical Papers, pp. 7 70, February 006. [3] Y. H. Chuang, S. H. Lee, R. H. Yen, S. L. Jang and M. H. Juang, A Low-Voltage Quadrature CMOS VCO Based on Voltage-Voltage Feedback Topology, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components letters. Vol. 6, No., pp. 696-698, December 006. [4] C. C. Meng, Y. W. Chang, and S. C. Tseng, 4.9-GHz lowphase-noise transformer-based superharmonic-coupled GaInP/GaAs HBT QVCO, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Component Letters. vol. 6,no. 6, pp. 339-34, June 006. [5] J. Cabanillas, L. Dussopt, J. Lopez-Villegas, and G. Rebeiz, A 900MHz low phase noise CMOS quadrature oscillator, IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, 00. [6] S. Gierkink, S. Levantino, R. Frye, C. Samori, and V. Boccuzzi, A low-phase-noise 5-GHz CMOS quadrature VCO using superharmonic coupling, IEEE Journal of Solid- State Circuits. vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 48-54, July 003. [7] E. Ebrahimi, S. Naseh, A CMOS Low-Noise Low-Power Quadrature LC Oscillator, IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), pp.305-308, May 009. [8] Owen Casha, Ivan Grech and Joseph Micallef, Comparative study of gigahertz CMOS LC quadrature voltage-controlled oscillators with relevance to phase noise, Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, vol.5 no.-, pp.-4, August 007. [9] Y. Tsividis, Operation and Modeling of the MOS Transistor. nd ed., Mc-Graw-Hill, 999. [0] J. Kim and B. Kim, A Low-Phase-Noise CMOS LC Oscillator with a Ring Structure, ISSCC 000, pp. 430 43, 000. 6 005