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TE 0 φ(z)

φ(z) φ(z) φ(z) η(λ) G(z,λ) λ φ(z)

η(λ) η(λ) = t CIGS 0 G(z,λ)φ(z)dz t CIGS η(λ) φ(z) 0 z<z SCR ϕ(z) =1 z SCR z z Mo ϕ(z) = ( 1 1 L eff [ z z Mo L eff L eff [ z Mo z SCR L eff ] S Mo D ]+ S Mo D ) [ z z Mo L eff ] [ z Mo z SCR L eff ] z Mo z SCR L eff S Mo φ(z)

φ(z) (η(λ))

b b noiseless b meas b noiseless b meas b ± η η b noiseless b b b meas

J J 1 U j V j x j

ñ = n + ik

x j 1 U j 1 V j 1 = M j U j V j M j M j = Φ j iγ j Φ j i γ j Φ j Φ j Φ j = kα j (x j x j 1 ) α = n θ =(n 2 β 2 ) 1/2 β = n θ.

γ α/z 0 E z H y H x H z = E y = E x =0 αz 0 /n 2 H z E y E x E z = H y = H x =0 γ,u,v,w M = J M j = j=1 m 11 m 12 m 21 m 22 χ M (β) =γ c m 11 + γ c γ s m 12 + m 21 + γ s m 22 =0

β P 3HT : PCBM

λ P 3HT : PCBM P 3HT : PCBM

P 3HT : PCBM

TM 0 TM 0 TM 0 TM 0

n Top n Bot = =0 =100 TM 0 TE 0

P 3HT : PCBM n Top n Bot k Top k Bot n Top k Top TE 0 TM 0 P 3HT : PCBM t glass t IT0 t Top t Bot t Al

TM 0 TE 0 TE 0 P 3HT TM 0 TE 0 ( =100 TM 0 TE 0 ( =100) ( 2 ) TE 0 TM 0

P 3HT : PCBM = =3.5 =3.5 =1.8, =1.8 =1.8 k top k bot 2 ( 2 ) = =3.5 TE 0 TM 0 TE 0 TE 0 TM 0 TM 0

( 2 ) λ = 500 P 3HT : PCBM = =3.5 =3.5 = 1.8, = 1.8 n Top k Top k Bot TE 0 TM 0 2

TM 0 =1.8, =1.8 =1.8 TE 0 TM 0

T io 2 (n =2.6) V 2 O 5 (n =2.3) =100 TM 0 TE 0

TiO 2 P 3HT : PCBM V 2 O 5 n Top n Bot k Top k Bot TE 0 TM 0 P 3HT : PCBM t glass t IT0 t Top t Bot t Au

T io 2 V 2 O 5 β =1.85 β =1.67 β =1.84 β =1.70

TiO 2 V 2 O 5 TE M TM M TE Cal TM Cal

Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 φ(z)

φ(z) φ(z) φ(z) η(λ) φ(z) φ(z)

G(z,λ) λ φ(z) η(λ) η(λ) = t CIGS 0 G(z,λ)φ(z)dz t CIGS G(z,λ) =0 z<0 z>t CIGS G(z,λ)

G(z,λ)

G(z,λ) η(λ) φ(z) 0 z<z SCR ϕ(z) =1 z SCR z z Mo ϕ(z) = ( 1 1 L eff [ z z Mo L eff L eff [ z Mo z SCR L eff ] S Mo D ]+ S Mo D ) [ z z Mo L eff ] [ z Mo z SCR L eff ] z Mo z SCR L eff S Mo φ(z) η(λ) G(z,λ)

φ(z) z m0 =2300nm z SCR =350nm L eff =900nm S Mo /D =4 10 3 cm 1 φ G(z,λ) η(λ) λ x 1 L eff x 2 S Mo /D x 1 x 2 J(x 1,x 2 )= λ t CIGS 0 G(z,λ)ϕ(z,x 1,x 2 )dz η(λ) 2 L eff S Mo /D 2 (F (x 1,x 2 )) x 1 x 2 x 1 =890nm x 2 =4.1 10 3 cm 1 x j = x j α x j J(x 1,x 2 ) for j =1 and j =2 x 1 =899.980nm x 2 =3.997 10 3 cm 1

L eff S Mo /D 2 (J(x 1,x 2 ))

φ(z) z m0 =2300nm z SCR =350nm L eff =920nm S Mo /D =4.3 10 3 cm 1 φ(z) G(z,λ)

φ(z) Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 φ(z) (η(λ))

φ(z) G(z,λ) G(z,λ) G(z,λ) η(λ) λ i,i=1,...n η i = η(λ i ) φ(z) φ j (t j 1,t j ) t 0 =0 η i = N G ij φ j i =1,...,N j=1

G ij = ti t j 1 G(z, λ i )dz G R N N G = UΣV T = N u i σ i vi T i=1 R N N = diag(σ1,...,σ n ), σ 1 σ 2 σ n 0 U R N N V R N N U =(u 1,...,u N ), V =(v 1,...,v N ) φ

φ = G 1 η = N i=1 u T i η σ i v i φ u T i η σ i u T i η σ i φ k φ k = k i=1 u T i η σ i v i u T i η σ i

G(z,λ)

φ(z) 0 <z<t CIGS t CIGS φ(z) φ(z) =1 0 <z<z SCR z SCR φ(z) =exp[ (z z SCR )/L] φ G(z,λ) η(λ) λ u T i η u T i η/σ i φ(z)

G 1 η(λ) φ φ G

b b noiseless b meas b noiseless b meas b ± η η b noiseless b b b meas

b f(s) = K(s, t)φ(t)dt a K(s, t) φ(t) Ax = b A a ij = ω j K(s i,t j ) x j = φ(t j ) i, j =1,...,n b i = f(s i )

x λ { Ax b 2 x 2 + λ2 x 2 } 2 Ax b 2 2 x 2 2 v 2 n v v 2 = i=1 v i 2 λ 2 x λ = n i=1 φ [λ] u T i b i v i σ i ϕ [λ] i ϕ [λ] i = σ2 i σi 2 + λ2 1 σ i λ σ 2 i /λ 2 σ i λ λ

δ 1 λ>0 b b exact 2 δ δ 1 λ = λ(δ) δ ε>0 δ(ε) δ 1 b δ U b exact b δ δ(ε) x exact x λ ε δ 1 λ δ b = b exact + ε

λ λ Ax λ b v dp e 2 v dp Ax λ b 2 = v dp ε 2 λ b ± η η Ax λ b 2 b exact

Ax λ b 2

P k P k

main main

P k φ(t) K(s, t) φ(t) f(s) f(s) = π/2 π/2 K(s, t)φ(t)dt ( ) 2 (π( (s)+ (t))) K(s, t) =( (s)+ (t)) 2 π( (s)+ (t))

π/2 s, t π/2 t φ(t) =2 ( 6(t 0.8) 2 )+ ( 2(t +0.5) 2 ) b A t K

φ(t) Ax b 2 Ax b 2 Ax b 2

b 0.1 <b<b+0.2 b 2 <b<b+1

b 0.1 <b<b+0.2 b 2 <b<b+1 b 0.1 <b<b+0.2 b 2 <b<b+1

Cu(In 1 x Ga x Se 2

µm µm

i th x i k [v 2 (x) Ni 2 ] 1 2 dx =(i 1)π + φ 0 + φ t,i=1, 2, 3... 0 n(x i )=N i v(x) = n(x) (TE) n(x)[1 + n(x)n(x) 2n2 (x) k 2 n 4 (x) ] (TM) N i = β i /k i th β i k =2π/λ x i i t h x 0 N 0 φ 0 φ i φ t = cons t x 0 x i x 0 φ 0 φ t n(x i )=N i

N i x i φ 0 = 1 { [ N 2 i n 2 ] } 1 2 glass r 0 N0 2 Ni 2 r 0 =1 r 0 =(N 0 /n glass ) 2 x i = (i 1)π + φ 0 (N i )+φ t i 1 j=1 k {x j [(N 2avg,j N 2i ) 1/2 (N 2avg,j+1 N 2i ) 1/2]} k(n 2 avg,i N 2 i )1/2,i=1, 2, 3 N avg,i =(N i + N i 1 )/2

µm µm µm µm µm

µm n PA 1.93 0.13(x/t PA ) 2 t PA t IM RMS µm µm µm π/4 t IM t PA RMS RMS RMS

t IM t PA n PA 1.93 0.13(x/t PA ) 2 λ t IM µm µm µm t PA µm t IM t PA µm n PA t IM t PA µm t IM µm t PA λ t IM µm n IM t PA µm t IM µm t PA µm

t IM t PA µm RMS RMS µm RMS RMS RMS n PA n IM n IM n PA µm

µm RMS RMS µm µm µm

µm t IM µm 5 µm

t PA µm µm t PA t IM µm v P 3HT v PCBM n P 3HT n PCBM

v P 3HT n P 3HT N i n P 3HT +2N i + v PCBM n PCBM N i n PCBM +2N i =0,i=1, 2, 3... v P 3HT + v PCBM =1 µm

µm t IM µm

π/4 π/4

(N i,x i ) π/4

n(x) =1.93 0.13(x/t PA ) 2 (t pa,t IM ) t IM =5µm t pa =1µm t IM = 10µm t pa =1µm µm t pa = 500nm µm φ i t pa = 500nm

n(x) = 1.93 0.13(x/t PA ) 2 (t PA,t IM ) t IM =5µm t PA = 0.5µm φ i t PA = 500nm

φ i x i φ i π/4 µm φ i φ i φ i { } φ i = 1 r 0 P a +[(ξ 1 )+(ξ 1 )] + 1/3 1 [ i(ξ 1 )+ i(ξ 1 )] r 0 P a +[(ξ 1 ) (ξ 1 )] + 1/3 1 [ i (ξ 1) i (ξ 1)] [ ] φ i = π 4 + P a +A i (ξ 2 ) D 1/3 1 2 A (ξ 2 ) i P a +B i (ξ 2 ) D 1/3 2 B (ξ 2 ) i r 0 =1 r 0 = n 2 (a )/n 2 (a + )

P 2 = k 2 (N 2 i n 2 (x)) P a + = P (x = a + ) P a = P (x = a ) D 1 = k 2 [N 2 i n 2 (x = a )]/(a x i ) D 2 = k 2 [n 2 (x = a ) N 2 i ]/(a x i ) ξ 1 = ξ(x = a )=P 2 a D 2/3 1 ξ 2 = ξ(x = a + )=P 2 a + D 2/3 2 φ i φ i = π/4 x i x i N i φ i φ i x i x i x, i : δ = x, i x i x i

a = x i=f +(x i=f x i=f 1 )/2 x i = f φ i = π/4

φ i µm t PA =500nm φ i π/4

µm t PA φ i π/4 π/4 π/4