Η ΠΑΡΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΟΙ ΑΠΟΙΚΙΕΣ ΤΗΣ PAROS AND ITS COLONIES

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1 PAROS IV Η ΠΑΡΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΟΙ ΑΠΟΙΚΙΕΣ ΤΗΣ PAROS AND ITS COLONIES Pharos Thasos Paros Edited by Dora Katsonopoulou AΘΗΝΑ/ATHENS 2018 Parion

2 Cover illustrations On the front: Map of the Mediterranean showing the locations of Paros and its colonies. On the back: Marble statue of Gorgo, detail, 2nd quarter of 6th century BC. Archaeological Museum of Paros, inv. no. A 1285.

3 ΙΝΣΤΙΤΟΥΤΟ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΑΣ ΠΑΡΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΚΥΚΛΑΔΩΝ THE INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY OF PAROS AND THE CYCLADES PAROS IV Η ΠΑΡΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΟΙ ΑΠΟΙΚΙΕΣ ΤΗΣ PAROS AND ITS COLONIES ΣΟΛΩΜΟΥ 58, ΑΘΗΝΑ 58 SOLOMOU STREET, ATHENS

4 ISBN: DORA KATSONOPOULOU 58 Solomou Street Athens

5 PAROS IV Η ΠΑΡΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΟΙ ΑΠΟΙΚΙΕΣ ΤΗΣ ΠΡΑΚΤΙΚΑ Δ ΔΙΕΘΝΟΥΣ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΟΝΙΚΟΥ ΣΥΝΕΔΡΙΟΥ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΑΣ ΠΑΡΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΚΥΚΛΑΔΩΝ ΠΑΡΟΙΚΙΑ ΠΑΡΟΥ, ΙΟΥΝΙΟΥ 2015 Εκδοτική επιμέλεια: Ντόρα Κατσωνοπούλου ΑΘΗΝΑ 2018

6 PAROS IV PAROS AND ITS COLONIES PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF PAROS AND THE CYCLADES PAROIKIA, PAROS, JUNE 2015 Edited by Dora Katsonopoulou ΑTHENS 2018

7 ΠΙΝΑΚΑΣ ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΩΝ TABLE OF CONTENTS Πρόλογος από την Ντόρα Κατσωνοπούλου Preface by Dora Katsonopoulou ΜΕΡΟΣ I - PART I Η μητρόπολις Πάρος Paros, the metropolis 1. τίνες Παρίων; Were Archaic Parian Ventures Abroad Corporate or Private? David Tandy 2. Archilochos did not Sail Alone to the Bountiful Shores of Siris: Parian and Naxian Potters in Southern Italy in the 7th Century BC Mario Denti 3. Πάρος: Πόλη Πολιτειακά Αναπτυγμένη από τον 8ο Aιώνα π. X. έως την Ύστερη Αρχαιότητα Φωτεινή Ζαφειροπούλου 4. Αρχαία Πάρος: Στοιχεία για την Εξέλιξη της Τοπογραφίας από Παλαιές και Πρόσφατες Ανασκαφές Γιάννος Κουράγιος 5. Recent Evidence of Sculptures in Parian Marble Dora Katsonopoulou 6. «Θησαυρός» και Nομίσματα από τον Xώρο του Aρχαίου Eργαστηρίου Γλυπτικής της Παροικιάς Σοφία Γ. Δετοράτου 7. Εργαστήρια στην Αρχαία Πάρο Απόστολος Παπαδημητρίου 8. Η Λατρεία του Απόλλωνος και του Ηρακλέους στην Πάρο και οι Δεσμοί με την Θάσο Ζώζη Παπαδοπούλου PAROS IV 7

8 ΜΕΡΟΣ II - PART II Οι Αποικίες της Πάρου: Πάριον Θάσος Φάρος Paros Colonies: Parion Thasos Pharos 9. Some Observations on the Altar of Hermokreon in Parion Vedat Keleş 10. Roman Pottery of Parion Necropolis H. Ertuğ Ergürer 11. Parion s Water Supply: Preliminary Works, Michael D. Yilmaz 12. The Roman Bath of Parion Alper Yilmaz 13. Mining, Metallurgical Activities and Artifact Production in Parion Ersin Çelikbas 14. Thracians of Odonis, the First Parians on Thasos and the North Aegean Neighbours: Τhe Case-study of a Group of Pre/para-colonial Ceramics Petya Ilieva 15. Paros, Thasos and the Question of Mining and Metal Production before and after Colonisation: Review and Perspectives Giorgos M. Sanidas, Dimitra Malamidou, Nerantzis Nerantzis 16. Archaic One-handled Mugs from Thasos: A Parian Origin? Martin Perron 17. Διακίνηση και Χρήσεις Εισηγμένης Κεραμικής με Γραπτή Διακόσμηση στις Θασιακές Αποικίες κατά την Αρχαϊκή Περίοδο Ελένη Μανακίδου 18. Θεοί και Επικλήσεις στην Αποικιακή Διαδικασία: Θρησκευτικές Μεταφορές μεταξύ Πάρου και Θάσου Natacha Trippé 19. Άρτεμις στα Όρια της Πόλης της Θάσου Arthur Muller 8 PAROS IV

9 20. Από την Πόρπη στο Φυλακτό: Η Αμφιθυμία της Αρτέμιδος της Θάσου μέσα από τα Αναθήματά της Clarisse Prêtre 21. Η Πάρος και οι Απαρχές της Γλυπτικής στη Θάσο Bernard Holtzmann 22. From Paros to Pharos Alessandra Coppola 23. New Answers to Old Problems: Revitalizing Questions about the Location of Pharos and its City Walls Sara Popović and Andrea Devlahović 24. Pharos, Greek Amphorae and Wine Production Branko Kirigin 25. Greek Onomastic Evidence from Pharos (4th-1st c. BC) Jelena Marohnić 26. The Perception of Paros in Croatian Written Sources Aldo Čavić ΠΑΡΑΡΤΗΜΑ Ι - APPENDIX I: Πάρος - Φάρος Ντόρα Κατσωνοπούλου PAROS IV 9

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11 ΠΡΟΛΟΓΟΣ Ο παρών τόμος (Paros IV) αποτελεί τον τέταρτο στη σειρά τόμο Πρακτικών Διεθνών Συνεδρίων αφιερωμένων στην αρχαιολογία και τον πολιτισμό της Πάρου και των Κυκλάδων, που οργανώνονται από το Ινστιτούτο Αρχαιολογίας Πάρου και Κυκλάδων (ΙΑΠΚ) και πραγματοποιούνται στην Παροικία της Πάρου σε τακτά χρονικά διαστήματα. Ο τόμος με τον ειδικότερο τίτλο Η Πάρος και οι Αποικίες της, περιλαμβάνει τις επιστημονικές ανακοινώσεις που παρουσιάστηκαν στη διάρκεια του Δ Διεθνούς Συνεδρίου Αρχαιολογίας Πάρου και Κυκλάδων, το οποίο έλαβε χώρα στην Παροικία της Πάρου από Ιουνίου 2015, σε συνεργασία με το Δήμο Πάρου και τον Πολιτιστικό Σύλλογο «Αρχίλοχος Πάρου». Το Συνέδριο είναι το πρώτο που αφιερώθηκε ποτέ στο εγχείρημα της ίδρυσης αποικιών από τους αρχαίους Παρίους και συγκέντρωσε το ενδιαφέρον πολλών αρχαιολόγων και άλλων ειδικών που παρουσίασαν κατά τη διάρκειά του επιστημονικές εργασίες αναφορικά τόσο με την μητρόπολη Πάρο όσο και με τις τρεις κύριες αποικίες της, το Πάριον στην περιοχή της Προποντίδας, τη Θάσο στο Β. Αιγαίο, και την Φάρο στην Αδριατική (νησί Χβαρ στην Κροατία). Το Δ Συνέδριο ακολούθησε τα τρία προηγούμενα Συνέδρια Αρχαιολογίας Πάρου και Κυκλάδων που πραγματοποιήθηκαν στην Παροικία της Πάρου και ήταν αφιερωμένα, το 1ο στη διάσημη Παρία Λίθο (1997), το 2ο στον μεγάλο ποιητή της Πάρου Αρχίλοχο (2005), και το 3ο στον διάσημο γλύπτη και αρχιτέκτονα της αρχαίας Πάρου Σκόπα (2010). Τα Πρακτικά και των τριών Συνεδρίων εκδόθηκαν από το ΙΑΠΚ. Ο 1ος τόμος με τον τίτλο Παρία Λίθος. Παριανά Λατομεία, Μάρμαρο και Εργαστήρια Γλυπτικής της Πάρου, με την επιμέλεια των Δημήτρη Σκιλάρντι και Ντόρας Κατσωνοπούλου, κυκλοφόρησε το έτος 2000 και επανεκδόθηκε το 2010, ο 2ος με τον τίτλο Ο Αρχίλοχος και η Εποχή του (Paros IΙ), με την επιμέλεια των Ντόρας Κατσωνοπούλου, Ιωάννη Πετρόπουλου και Στέλλας Κατσαρού εκδόθηκε το 2008, και ο 3oς με τον τίτλο Ο Σκόπας και ο Κόσμος του (Paros IΙΙ), με την επιμέλεια των Ντόρας Κατσωνοπούλου και Andrew Stewart εκδόθηκε το έτος Ο τόμος του Δ Συνεδρίου (Paros ΙV), έκδοση του ΙΑΠΚ με την επιμέλεια της Ντόρας Κατσωνοπούλου, περιλαμβάνει συνολικά 26 επιστημονικά άρθρα σε δύο μέρη. Το Μέρος I με τον τίτλο Πάρος, η μητρόπολις, περιλαμβάνει 8 εργασίες αναφορικά με την επιχειρησιακή δραστηριότητα των Παρίων εκτός του νησιού αλλά και με τα αρχαιολογικά ευρήματα της τελευταίας 30ετίας στην Πάρο που αναδεικνύουν τον πλούτο και την ισχυρή οργάνωση της πόλης της Πάρου ήδη από τον 8ο αιώνα π.χ. Το Μέρος ΙΙ με τον τίτλο Οι Αποικίες της Πάρου: Πάριον Θάσος - Φάρος, περιέχει 18 συνολικά άρθρα για την ιστορία και αρχαιολογία των αποικιών ξεκινώντας με την αρχαιότερη αποικία, το Πάριον, που ιδρύθηκε στα τέλη του 8ου αιώνα, ακολούθως τη Θάσο τον 7ο αιώνα και τέλος την Φάρο στο α μισό του 4ου αιώνα π.χ. Το Μέρος Ι, αρχίζει με την διερεύνηση του συλλογικού ή ιδιωτικού χαρακτήρα των αποικιστικών επιχειρήσεων των Παρίων στο εξωτερικό κατά την αρχαϊκή περίοδο, μέσα από την επανεξέταση της αρχαιολογικής, της επιγραφικής και της φιλολογικής μαρτυρίας (Tandy) και την παρουσίαση νέας μαρτυρίας από πρόσφατες μελέτες κεραμικής και ανασκαφές στην Ν. Ιταλία (Σίρις και, κυρίως, Incoronata ) σχετικά με την παρουσία εκεί μεγάλης ελληνικής κοινότητας αγγειοπλαστών από το Αιγαίο Πέλαγος και ειδικότερα από τις Κυκλάδες (Denti). Ακολούθως, τα ανασκαφικά ευρήματα της τελευταίας 30ετίας στην Πάρο και ιδιαιτέρως εκείνα του PAROS IV 11

12 κύριου νεκροταφείου της αρχαίας πόλης συζητούνται για να καταδειχθεί ότι η Πάρος ήταν ένα οργανωμένο κράτος με σημαντική οικονομική και πολιτική ισχύ ήδη από το β μισό του 8ου αι. π.χ. (Ζαφειροπούλου) και επιχειρείται η ανασύνθεση της τοπογραφίας της αρχαίας πόλης της Πάρου ως μίας από τις πλουσιότερες και πιο καλά οργανωμένες πόλεις των Κυκλάδων, με βάση παλαιές και πρόσφατες ανασκαφές (Κουράγιος). Στη συνέχεια, παρουσιάζεται και συζητείται ομάδα επιλεγμένων γλυπτών σε παριανό μάρμαρο που έγιναν γνωστά πρόσφατα: ρωμαϊκό άγαλμα Μούσας στην Πάντοβα της Ιταλίας, ακέφαλο γυναικείο άγαλμα στη Συλλογή Sorgente στη Ρώμη, και αρχιτεκτονικά γλυπτά από την αρχαία Κερύνεια στη βορειοδυτική Πελοπόννησο (Katsonopoulou). Θησαυρός νομισμάτων που καταχώθηκε στα τέλη του 3ου αιώνα π.χ. και άλλα νομίσματα από τον χώρο του αρχαίου εργαστηρίου γλυπτικής στην Παροικιά παρουσιάζονται στο επόμενο άρθρο (Δετοράτου) και τα γειτονικά εργαστήρια καθώς και αποθέτες κεραμικής συζητούνται σε σχέση με την λειτουργία, την παραγωγή αλλά και τη θέση τους αναφορικά με τον πολεοδομικό ιστό της αρχαίας πόλης (Παπαδημητρίου). Τέλος, εξετάζονται ζητήματα σχετικά με την λατρεία του Απόλλωνος και του Ηρακλέους στην Πάρο, σε συνάρτηση με τις αντίστοιχες λατρείες στην αποικία της Θάσου (Παπαδοπούλου). Το Μέρος ΙΙ, αφιερωμένο στις αποικίες της Πάρου, ξεκινά με την παρουσίαση των ευρημάτων των ανασκαφών στο Πάριον την τελευταία δεκαετία. Στο πρώτο άρθρο παρουσιάζεται ένα από τα διασημότερα έργα στην πόλη του Παρίου, ο κολοσσικός βωμός του 4ου αιώνα π.χ. για τον Απόλλωνα και την Άρτεμη, ενώ συζητούνται η ταυτότητα του αρχιτέκτονα Ερμοκρέοντος και η σχετική νομισματική μαρτυρία (Keleş). Ακολούθως, παρουσιάζεται η μελέτη της ρωμαϊκής κεραμικής που ανακαλύφθηκε στους τάφους της αρχαίας νεκρόπολης του Παρίου με συνεχή χρήση από τον 7ο αιώνα π.χ. έως την ύστερη αρχαιότητα (Ergürer) και περιγράφονται τα ρωμαϊκά λουτρά και η ιστορία τους από τον 2ο αιώνα μ.χ., οπότε κατασκευάστηκαν, μέχρι την εγκατάλειψή τους τον 7ο αιώνα (Alper Yilmaz). Το υδραγωγείο και το σύστημα ύδρευσης της ρωμαϊκής πόλης του Παρίου που αποτελεί και θέμα διδακτορικής διατριβής του συγγραφέα, συζητούνται στην επόμενη ανακοίνωση (Michael Deniz Yilmaz) ενώ περιγράφονται μέσα από την ανάλυση και μελέτη μεταλλικών ευρημάτων από το Πάριον, η μεταλλουργική δραστηριότητα και παραγωγή στην πόλη (Çelikbas). Στη Θάσο αναφέρονται τα άρθρα που ακολουθούν, αρχικά με την παρουσίαση μελέτης της επιτραπέζιας κεραμικής G 2-3 που ανακαλύφθηκε στον οικισμό που προϋπήρχε στην περιοχή πριν από τον αποικισμό των Παρίων στη Θάσο (Ilieva) και με την συνολική επισκόπηση του ζητήματος της εκμετάλλευσης των μεταλλείων πριν και μετά τον αποικισμό των Παρίων (Sanidas et al). Στη συνέχεια, η γεωχημική ανάλυση δειγμάτων από ομάδα αρχαϊκών μόνωτων κυπέλλων που ανακαλύφθηκαν στο Αρτεμίσιο της Θάσου και τα αποτελέσματα, που υποδεικνύουν πιθανή προέλευση από την Πάρο, περιγράφονται (Perron) και παρουσιάζεται μια αποτίμηση της εισηγμένης διακοσμημένης κεραμικής στις αποικίες της Θάσου κατά την αρχαϊκή περίοδο παράλληλα με τη διακίνηση και τις πιθανές χρήσεις της (Μανακίδου). Στη μεταφορά των θρησκευτικών λατρειών μεταξύ Πάρου και Θάσου και στις εξελίξεις τους στην αποικία εστιάζεται το περιεχόμενο του επόμενου άρθρου (Trippé) ενώ η λατρεία της Αρτέμιδος εξετάζεται στα δύο άρθρα που ακολουθούν ως προς τη θέση των ιερών της στην αρχαία πόλη της Θάσου (Muller) και τις πτυχές της προσωπικότητάς της μέσα από τα αναθήματα στο Αρτεμίσιο (Prêtre). Η ενότητα της Θάσου ολοκληρώνεται με την παρουσίαση της πρώιμης γλυπτικής της και τη σχέση της με την πιθανή επιρροή από τους Παρίους αποίκους (Holtzmann). 12 PAROS IV

13 Στην Φάρο, αποικία της Πάρου στην Αδριατική, αναφέρονται τα τελευταία πέντε άρθρα του Μέρους ΙΙ. Στο πρώτο εξ αυτών, εξετάζεται η φιλολογική μαρτυρία σχετικά με την ίδρυση της Φάρου, στο πλαίσιο της τότε πολιτικής και του εμπορίου στην περιοχή της Δαλματίας (Coppola). Ακολούθως, παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα των ανασκαφών που πραγματοποιήθηκαν μεταξύ 2009 και 2013 από το Μουσείο του Stari Grad στη θέση Remete Garden, με βάση τα οποία η χρονολόγηση των τειχών ανάγεται στους ελληνιστικούς χρόνους (Popović και Devlahović). Ο μεγάλος αριθμός ελληνικών αμφορέων (4ος-2ος αι. π.χ.) από τις ανασκαφές στη Φάρο συζητείται υπό το φως της αγροτικής οικονομίας της πόλης στην επόμενη ανακοίνωση και παρατίθεται σύντομη συγκριτική αναθεώρηση για την παραγωγή οίνου ανάμεσα στην μεσαιωνική περίοδο και την αρχαιότητα (Kirigin). Την παρουσία ελληνικών ονομάτων στη Φάρο (4ος-1ος αι. π.χ.), με βάση λίθινες επιγραφές, μολύβδινες πινακίδες, όστρακα αγγείων και αρχαίες πηγές, διερευνά το ακόλουθο άρθρο (Marohnić) και τέλος, η αντίληψη της Πάρου ως μακρινής μητρόπολης στις γραπτές Κροατικές πηγές από τον 16ο αιώνα μέχρι πρόσφατα και η συμβολή της νεότερης αρχαιολογικής έρευνας που συνέδεσε την Φάρο με την Πάρο, παρουσιάζονται και αναλύονται (Čavić). Ευχαριστώ θερμά το Δημοτικό Συμβούλιο και τον Δήμαρχο Πάρου κ. Μάρκο Κωβαίο για την υποστήριξη του Συνεδρίου καθώς και όλα τα μέλη του Διοικητικού Συμβουλίου του Ινστιτούτου Αρχαιολογίας Πάρου και Κυκλάδων και του πολιτιστικού συλλόγου «Αρχίλοχος Πάρου» για τη βοήθειά τους στην οργάνωση και πραγματοποίηση του Συνεδρίου. Ντόρα Κατσωνοπούλου Πρόεδρος Ινστιτούτου Αρχαιολογίας Πάρου και Κυκλάδων PAROS IV 13

14 PREFACE The present volume (Paros IV) is the fourth in a series of international conferences dedicated to the archaeology and culture of Paros and the Cyclades, organized by the Institute for the Archaeology of Paros and the Cyclades (IAPC) and conducted at Paroikia on Paros at periodic intervals. This volume, entitled Paros and its Colonies, contains scholarly papers presented during the Fourth International Congress of Archaeology on Paros and the Cyclades, which was organized in collaboration with the Municipality of Paros and the Archilochos of Paros Cultural Association, and took place in Paroikia from June, The congress, the first ever held on the topic of colonial enterprises of the ancient Parians, attracted the interest of many scholars from Greece and abroad who presented papers on the metropolis, the island of Paros, and all three main colonies that Paros founded in the ancient world: Parion in the Propontis, Thasos in the North Aegean, and Pharos in the Adriatic (island of Hvar, Croatia). This congress followed three previous ones on the archaeology of Paros and the Cyclades, also held in Paroikia, which were devoted to a number of important issues of the cultural heritage of Paros: (1) to the valuable Parian marble, the marble quarries and workshops of sculpture (1997), (2) the great poet Archilochos of Paros (2005) and (3) the famous sculptor and architect Skopas of Paros and his world (2010). The proceedings of these congresses were also published by the IAPC. The first, entitled Paria Lithos. Parian Quarries, Marble, and Workshops of Sculpture, edited by Demetrius Schilardi and Dora Katsonopoulou, was published in 2000 and reprinted in 2010; the second, entitled Archilochos and his Age (Paros II), edited by Dora Katsonopoulou, John Petropoulos and Stella Katsarou, was published in 2008; and the third, entitled Skopas of Paros and his World, edited by Dora Katsonopoulou and Andrew Stewart, was published in The present volume on the fourth Congress (Paros IV), also published by IAPC, and edited by Dora Katsonopoulou, includes a total of twenty-six scholarly papers, divided into two parts. Part I, entitled Paros, the Metropolis, includes eight studies on the Parian enterprises outside the island and the results of archaeological work on Paros in the last three decades showing that Paros was an organized city already in the 8th century BC. Part II, entitled Paros Colonies: Parion Thasos Pharos, contains eighteen papers on the history and archaeology of the colonies beginning with the earlier colony of Parion founded in the last years of the 8th century BC, then Thasos in the 7th and, finally, Pharos in the first half of the 4th century BC. Part I begins with a review of the archaeological, epigraphical, and literary evidence to address the issue of Parian ventures abroad in the Archaic period and their type of civic activities or private actions of individuals (Tandy). In the next article, new evidence is presented from recent excavations and ceramic studies of major sites in Southern Italy (Siris and, above all, Incoronata) providing an exceptional record for the presence of a major Greek community of potters from the Aegean Sea, and more particularly from the Cyclades (Denti). Then, the finds from the excavations of the last 30 years on Paros, including the discovery of the official cemetery of the city, are considered to show that Paros was an organized state of considerable power already in the second half of the 8th century BC (Ζαφειροπούλου). The topography of the ancient city of Paros, one of the richest and best organized cities in the Cyclades, is presented on the basis of earlier and more recent excavation finds (Κουράγιος). Next, certain recently known sculptures 14 PAROS IV

15 in Parian marble are discussed including the Roman statue of a Muse in Padova, a headless female statue in the Sorgente Group in Rome and architectural sculptures from Keryneia of Achaea in the northwestern Peloponnese (Katsonopoulou). Following this, a hoard buried in the late 3rd century BC and other coins found at the site of ancient sculptor s workshop in Paroikia are described (Δετοράτου) and the adjacent pottery workshops are discussed regarding their function, production and location in relation to the poleodomic plan of the ancient city (Παπαδημητρίου). Finally, issues regarding the cults of Apollo and Herakles on Paros, in connection to the respective cults in the colony of Thasos are considered (Παπαδοπούλου). To introduce Part II, which is devoted to Paros colonies, excavation work conducted in the last decade at the site of Parion is first presented. One of the most famous works in the city, the colossal altar of the 4th century BC, the identity of its architect Hermokreon and relevant numismatic evidence are discussed (Keleş) and the Roman pottery discovered in the ancient necropolis, dated between the 7th century BC and the late Roman times, is presented (Ergürer). Then, the history of the Roman baths from the time of their construction in the 2nd century AD until their abandonment in the 7th century is demonstrated (Alper Yilmaz) and the water supply of the Roman city of Parion is shortly presented as part of the author s doctoral dissertation (Michael Deniz Yilmaz). Last, metallurgy activities and production in Parion are described via chemical analysis and studies of the metal objects found in the excavations (Çelikbas). The following papers refer to Thasos, beginning first with the presentation of a study of the repertory of G 2-3 table ware discovered in the pre-colonial settlement of Thasos before the arrival of the Parians (Ilieva), and secondly, with an overview of the question of mining and metal production in the early Archaic period before and after the Parian colonization (Sanidas et al.). Next, the possible Parian influences on Thasian pottery are demonstrated via presentation of the results of physico-chemical analysis of a group of one-handled mugs found at the Artemision (Perron), and an evaluation of the dissemination and use of imported decorated pottery to the Thasian colonies during the Archaic period is presented (Μανακίδου). The religious transfers between the metropolis and its colony as well as their evolution are considered next (Trippé), while the cult of Artemis is the subject of the following two papers regarding the topography of her sanctuaries in the ancient city of Thasos (Muller) and certain aspects of her identity via the study of symbolic offerings from the Artemision (Prêtre). The dedication on Thasos concludes with the presentation of the early sculpture and its possible links with the Parian colonists (Holtzmann). The last five papers of the volume are dedicated to Pharos, Paros colony in the Adriatic. First, literary evidence on Pharos foundation, in the context of contemporary politics and trade in the Dalmatian area is examined (Coppola) and the results of excavations conducted between 2009 and 2013 by the Stari Grad Museum at Remete Garden are presented concluding that the fortification walls excavated are dated to the Hellenistic period (Popović και Devlahović). Next, the great number of Greek amphorae (4th-2nd centuries BC) from the excavations on Pharos is discussed in light of its agricultural economy and a brief review of wine production in the medieval period and in antiquity is provided (Kirigin). In the following paper, the presence of Greek personal names on Pharos (4th-1st centuries BC) is investigated on the basis of inscriptions on stone, lead tablets, pottery fragments, and literary sources (Marohnić). Lastly, Paros perception as a remote metropolis in written Croatian sources from the 16th century until recently PAROS IV 15

16 and the contribution of recent archaeological evidence in shaping a living connection between Paros and Pharos are discussed (Čavić). I would like to thank the City Council and the Mayor of Paros, Mr. Markos Kovaios, for their support of the congress, and all members of the Institute for the Archaeology of Paros and the Cyclades and of the Board of the Archilochos of Paros Cultural Association for their assistance in organizing and realizing the Fourth International Congress on Paros and its Colonies. Dora Katsonopoulou President, The Institute for Archaeology of Paros and the Cyclades 16 PAROS IV

17 Archaic One-handled Mugs from Thasos: A Parian Origin? Martin Perron Institut Ausonius, Université Bordeaux-Montaigne For over two decades, the research program of the French School at Athens entitled Thasian sanctuaries and their offerings brings together a dozen specialists pursuing the objective of studying the religious practices, the uses and the meanings of the votive offerings deposited in the various temples and places of worship of the polis (Fig. 1). The sanctuary of Artemis, located on the west slope of the acropolis at the heart of the ancient colony (Fig. 2), received most attention in recent years leading to the publication of detailed studies on pottery, sculpture, terracottas, and small finds. 1 More recently, a geochemical provenance study program focusing on the origin of Early Archaic drinking vessels found at the Artemision has been implemented. It seeks to identify the workshops responsible for the production of the vases and to document the trading networks that brought them to Thasos. This paper will focus on the latest results obtained for a category of drinking vessel, currently labeled in the Greek and Anglo-Saxon literature under the designation of μόνωτα κύπελλα and one-handled mugs. THE ARTEMISION The sanctuary of Artemis in Thasos is one of the oldest Greek sanctuaries of the Parian colony. Built on the western flank of the Acropolis on a series of artificial terraces located at the bottom of a rocky outcrop inclined towards the sea, it overlooks the eastern part of the Classical Agora and the Passage of the Theores 2 (Figs. 2-4). Recent studies carried out on the votive offerings uncovered during the excavations pottery, terracottas, ivory and silverware testify to the embedment of a worship site at this location shortly after the installation of the Parian settlers on the island in the first quarter of the 7th century BC. 3 Among the earliest pottery finds are included Corinthian, 4 Cycladic 5 and East Greek imports, 6 North Aegean productions, 7 and one-handled mugs. THE ONE-HANDLED MUGS: TYPOLOGIES AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXTS The one-handled mugs are cups of small capacity recognizable by their vertical handle, their short everted or straight lip and round body resting either on a flat or a disk base (Figs. 5-8). Their opening diameter usually varies between 10 and 12cm with an average height of 6 to 8cm. They are thin-walled productions and their sizes suggest that they were likely used for individual PAROS IV 267

18 Martin Perron Figure 1. Map of the Νorth Aegean (Huysecom-Haxhi 2009, Pl. 1 EfA). Figure 3. Excavation map of the sanctuary of Artemis in Thasos (Prêtre 2016, 6, Fig. 2 EfA). Figure 2. Map of the Ancient city of Thasos (Huysecom-Haxhi 2009, Pl. 2 EfA). Figure 4. Aerial photograph of the sanctuary of Artemis at Thasos, view towards the east ( Gilbert Nassens 2012 CNRS Halma-IPEL). consumption. In terms of ornamentation, the mugs found at the Artemision are coated with a more or less glossy black, brown or orange monochrome glaze. The coating, usually flaky, has been applied with a cloth whose marks are visible on some vases. Visual clay analysis made on the pottery breaks revealed the existence of four distinctive clay groups suggesting either several production centers or numerous manufacturing techniques within a few dominant workshops 268 PAROS IV

19 Archaic One-handled Mugs from Thasos Figure 5. Thasos, Artemision. One-handled mugs. Figure 6. Thasos, Artemision. One-handled mugs. Figure 7. Thasos, Artemision. One-handled mugs. Figure 8. Thasos, Artemision. One-handled mug profiles. Figure 9. Thasos, Artemision. One-handled mug clay groups. (Fig. 9; Table 1). According to visual comparisons performed with undisputed Thasian local ware, two of these groups could actually be of Thasian origin. The other two seem to be exogenous to the island. The one-handled mug corpus is highly fragmentary and only a few hundred fragments for a minimum number of individuals (MNI) estimated at 45 mugs have been recorded to PAROS IV 269

20 Martin Perron date. The MNI was obtained by counting the different rim profiles present in every fabric groups. The ornamentation techniques were also taken into consideration. Mug Fabric Groups MFG.1 MFG.2 MFG.3 MFG.4 Description Hard and compact pale brown clay (7.5YR 6/6 to 6/4), well levigated, containing a few fine calcareous and mica inclusions. Matt to semi-lustrous hard black to brown glaze which sticks more or less to the surface. Good fabric. Porous and chalky pale brown clay (7.5YR 5/4 to 6/4) containing a good amount of fine calcareous and mica inclusions. Matt flaky black to brown glaze. Chalky light reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6), well levigated, containing a fair amount of mica, crystalline, and calcareous inclusions. Matt hard glaze, red to orange, which more or less sticks to the surface. Light fabric. Hard and compact fine brown clay (10YR 6/6), well levigated, containing a few calcareous, crystalline, and mica inclusions. Matt hard glaze black to brown which more or less sticks to the surface. Good fabric. Presumed Origin Non-Thasian Thasian Thasian Non-Thasian Table 1. Clay fabric descriptions according to macroscopic and tactile examinations. The mugs of the Artemision have been uncovered in three sectors of the sanctuary: 1) in the lowest levels of the upper terrace in the area of the square peribolos, 2) in the levelling fill of the lower terrace and, 3) in the levels located under the early 5th-century altar erected in the northeastern corner of the sanctuary (Figs. 3-4). The mugs excavated from the square peribolos area come from the lowest layers of four deep trial trenches excavated to bedrock. 8 These mugs have been unearthed with several Ionian cups of A1, A2 and B1 types, 9 some Middle Wild Goat II jug fragments, several north Ionian bird bowls and a few Corinthian aryballoi and alabastra dated to the late Proto-Corinthian, Early and Middle Corinthian periods (Figs ). 10 The deposits in which they were found can be dated to the second half of the 7th century and the first decades of the following century. 11 The mugs that have been uncovered from the lower terrace and the altar excavations come from disturbed deposits that date no later than the turn of the 6th and 5th centuries. 12 Elsewhere in Thasos, a one-handled mug of similar shape made in gray bucchero has been found in the levelling fill of the short terrace of the north sanctuary at Aliki. 13 According to the finds uncovered during the 1962 excavations, the fill deposit must date no later than 600 BC. 14 A number of cups were also documented from excavations undertaken in the 1960s at the Heraklis Kokkinos and Dimitriadis lots in Limenas in contexts dating to the second half of the 7th and 6th centuries. 15 Outside Thasos on the North Aegean coast, mugs have been uncovered in sanctuaries at Oesymi 16 and Mount Itamos, 17 and in several Archaic tombs at Abdera, 18 Akanthos, 19 Mende 20 and other sites of the Thermaic Gulf. The excavations conducted at Argilos 21 and Olynthos 22 have also yielded some examples that may come from household contexts. All the north Aegean contexts documented corroborate the chronological span second half of the 7th early 6th century suggested for the Thasian findings. 270 PAROS IV

21 Archaic One-handled Mugs from Thasos Figure 10. Thasos, Artemision. Fragments of Ionian bird, rosette and à filets bowls. Figure 11. Thasos, Artemision. Fragments of Ionian A1 type cups. Figure 12. Thasos, Artemision. Fragments of Ionian B1 type cups. Figure 13. Thasos, Artemision. Fragments of late Proto-Corinthian, Early and Middle Corinthian pottery. DISCUSSIONS AND HYPOTHESES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE NORTH AEGEAN FINDS Although the typology, chronology, and contexts of discovery of the mugs identified in the Νorth Aegean display a relative homogeneity, the origin of the production has been subjected to debate between local archaeologists. According to parallels drawn with pottery from Chios 23 and Samos, 24 the excavators of the Clazomenian necropolis at Abdera have recently attributed the origin of the one-handled mugs belonging to their group 2Γa very close to the Thasian examples to Asia Minor. 25 Excavators from Akanthos, Mende and Polychrono have highlighted the typological similarities between their finds and some East Greek mugs, but they cautiously ascribed the origin of the production, which they believe to be local, to the Cyclades where the type is common during the Geometric and Archaic periods. 26 Scholars working at Argilos have suggested that their finds may have been imported from Andros, the mother-city of the colony. 27 The type is in fact known at Zagora and Ypsili during the Middle and Late Geometric periods PAROS IV 271

22 Martin Perron making this island a possible production and export center towards the North Aegean. 28 Paros, 29 Naxos, 30 Attica 31 and Euboea, where several examples of the Geometric and Archaic periods have been found, are other areas referred to as potential production and distribution centers of the shape in the North Aegean. One handled-mugs were produced at Chalcis 32 and Lefkandi 33 as early as the Protogeometric period and their production grew in popularity during the Geometric period to reach their acme during the second half of the 8th century. 34 The shape could thus have traveled from Euboea to the North Aegean as early as the 10th or 9th century 35 or following the second wave of colonization that had resulted in the establishment of several Euboean colonies in the Chalcidice and the Thermaic Gulf. Mugs with similar profiles are also known in Argolis, 36 Attica (the Phaleron cups), 37 Oropos, 38 Crete 39 and the Levant 40 from the Protogeometric period onwards 41 and from Megara Hyblaea, 42 Delos, 43 Thera, 44 Keos, 45 Rhodes, 46 Iasos, 47 Colophon, 48 Tocra, 49 and Cyprus. 50 Most of the finds come from sanctuaries or child s graves. Finally, earlier and sometime coarser mugs emulating late Mycenaean or Balkanic traditions are known from undisturbed Late Bronze and Iron Age levels at Assiros, Kastanas, Vergina, Toumba Thessaloniki, Akanthos, and Olynthos. 51 A possible link between these productions and the Archaic mugs has never been investigated, but it would be interesting to determine if a north Aegean development of the shape throughout the Iron Age is plausible. In short, the place(s) of manufacture of the mugs uncovered in the northern Aegean is still under debate and the problem of the origin(s) needs to be addressed. THE ARCHAEOMETRIC ANALYSIS PROGRAM To overcome the problem of the origin of the mugs found in Thasos, a physico-chemical analysis program conducted by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (WD-XRF) was carried out at the Laboratoire de Céramologie in Lyon. 52 Our decision to perform the analyses in Lyon was primarily based on the richness of the laboratory database that includes more than 1000 pottery samples from Thasos and the North Aegean, 500 from the Cyclades, and more than 3500 from Asia Minor and the Eastern Greek islands. By using the laboratory expertise, we made sure to cover the regions at the center of the origins issues brought forward by our investigation. For the needs of the research, 17 mug samples have been submitted to analysis. The samples have been chosen from the four clay groups identified during the visual examination (groups MFG.1 and MFG.2 being more represented) and were all selected for their typological and stylistic representativeness among the broader Thasian assemblage (Table 2). The objectives of the WD-XRF program also aimed to determine the degree of geochemical homogeneity between the mug samples, to estimate the probable number of workshops involved in the production, and to gather information on the elemental compositions of the different assemblages. In doing so, the program aimed to determine whether the different typological, stylistic and macroscopic characteristics observed during the archaeological study formed, or not, homogeneous sets. A total of 24 elements were quantified for the analysis. However, the statistical classification used to classify ceramics into groups of analogous chemical compositions covers only 17 out of the 24 elements. These include eight major and minor elements in ceramics (MgO, Al 2 O 3, SiO 2, K 2 O, CaO, TiO 2, MnO, Fe 2 O 3 ) and nine trace elements (V, Cr, Ni, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Ba, Ce). The other (Na 2 O, P 2 O 5, La, Y, Th, Pb, Cu) have been discarded because of imprecision and their insignificance in the study. The chemical elements and the reference standards material selected for the analysis were 272 PAROS IV

23 Archaic One-handled Mugs from Thasos chosen based on the analytical routines of the laboratory and the elemental composition of the pottery clays. 53 The statistical classification of the pottery samples was generated by hierarchical cluster analysis applied to standardized data, and based on Euclidian distance and average linkage (unweighted pair-group). The classification was carried out in several cross-referenced stages. THE GEOCHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION The first classification focused on geochemical comparisons performed with 500 pottery samples from the Cyclades analyzed in the 1980s by M. Picon and F. Villard. Several cross-reference classifications were tested, and 97 samples out of the 500 were kept for their geochemical resembles and appear in the dendrogram (Fig. 14). The geochemical comparanda come from Paros, Naxos, Delos/Rheneia, Melos, Mykonos, Amorgos, Siphnos, Kimolos, and Thera and refer to pottery of the Geometric, Orientalizing and Archaic periods. 54 Ten samples of Orientalizing pottery discovered in Thasos were also among the sampling. The ceramic samples and the analytical methodology used in the 1980s are presented in the collective volume Recherches dans les Cyclades published in Catalogue number XRF Sample number (Lyon) Description OHM-1 THA.72 Short flaring lip, slightly rounded, with globular body. Black glaze all over. OHM-2 THA.73 Short flaring lip, with convex outer side, with shalow globular body. Flaky black glaze. OHM-3 THA.76 Short flaring lip (straight and sharp) with deep globular body. Flaky black glaze. OHM-4 THA.91 Short flaring lip (straight) with ridge below it. Matt brown-mottled glaze. OHM-5 THA.106 High flaring lip (concave) with ridge below it. Deep and round body. Handle scar on top of the rim and at mid-body. Brown glaze. OHM-6 THA.108 Short flaring lip, slightly rounded, with globular body. Mottled black glaze. OHM-7 THA.109 Short flaring lip, with convex outer side, with deep globular body. Flaky black glaze. OHM-8 THA.110 Short flaring lip, slightly rounded, with globular body. Hard black glaze. OHM-9 THA.88 Short flaring lip (concave) with ridge below it. Deep elongated body. Hard reddishbrown glaze. OHM-10 THA.92 Short flaring lip, slightly rounded, with deep globular body. Black glaze. OHM-11 THA.93 Short flaring lip, slightly rounded, with deep globular body. Flaky black to reddish glaze. OHM-12 THA.104 Short flaring lip, slightly rounded, with globular body. Flaky black glaze. OHM-13 THA.105 Short flaring lip, slightly rounded, with ridge below it. Deep globular body. Black glaze. OHM-14 THA.107 High flaring lip (rounded) with globular body. Flaky black to reddish glaze. OHM-15 THA.74 Short flaring lip (rounded) with deep and round body. Red glaze. OHM-16 THA.90 High flaring lip, slightly rounded, with deep ridge below it. Deep globular body. Dull brown glaze. OHM-17 THA.75 Short flaring lip with deep globular body. Dull black to brown glaze. Fabric groups MFG.1 MFG.1 MFG.1 MFG.1 MFG.1 MFG.1 MFG.1 MFG.1 MFG.2 MFG.2 MFG.2 MFG.2 MFG.2 MFG.2 MFG.3 MFG.3 MFG.4 Presumed origin non-thasian non-thasian non-thasian non-thasian non-thasian non-thasian non-thasian non-thasian Thasian Thasian Thasian Thasian Thasian Thasian Thasian Thasian Non-Thasian Table 2. List of the Thasian one-handled mugs analyzed at the Laboratoire de Céramologie de Lyon. PAROS IV 273

24 Martin Perron The classification generated by the dendrogram revealed two clusters of mugs whose compositions differ in terms of contents (Fig. 14). The first group, Mug-1, brings together 11 out of the 17 analyzed samples. It regroups most of the mugs having a short flaring lip and coated with a black flaky glaze associated with macroscopic clay groups MFG.1 and MFG.4 considered as non- Thasian. Two samples classified under MFG.2 clay group (OHM-12 and OHM-14) belong also to this cluster. The mugs belonging to group Mug-1 have greater amounts of Silicium and Magnesium than the mugs belonging to the second group (Mug-2) which display higher percentages in Iron, Titanium and Strontium contents (Table 3). Differences in Cr and Ni compositions are also noticeable and could possibly indicate distinctive geological environments. The mugs regrouped under the second group (Mug-2) bear a straight high lip marked by a deep ridge at the junction with the body and are mostly coated with a brown or a reddish glaze. Figure 14. WD-XRF geochemical comparisons between the Thasian mugs and Late Geometric, Orientalizing and Archaic pottery from the Cyclades analyzed by Villard and Picon. Final classification performed on 114 samples (out of 500) and 17 elements (The Thasian mugs are highlighted in gray). According to the dendrogram, the mugs belonging to group Mug-1 present compositions very close to Cycladic pottery of the Geometric period collected on Melos (groups Melos II and Melos III), Kimolos and Siphnos and whose origins are likely Melian and Siphnian. 56 The mugs from the second group, Mug-2, display similar compositions with a group of Paro-Melian Orientalizing pottery discovered at the sanctuary of Artemis in Thasos and identified by F. Villard and J. Gautier as possible local imitations. 57 The dendrogram also indicated no striking correlation between the Thasian mugs and the Geometric, Orientalizing and Archaic pottery from Naxos, Paros, Thera, Delos and Mykonos. However, the association between the Thasian mugs belonging to group Mug-2 and the Thasian imitations of Orientalizing Paro-Melian pottery reinforce the visual observations and our first assumption that some of the mugs manufactured with light reddish-brown micaceous and pulverulent clays may be of local Thasian origin. The geochemical connection of the mugs belonging to group Mug-1 with a small group of pottery coming from Siphnos, Kimolos, and Melos is, on the other hand, surprising. These three islands are not archaeologically known to have engaged in strong trading relationships with the Νorth Aegean. 274 PAROS IV

25 Archaic One-handled Mugs from Thasos Table 3. Geochemical group compositions of the one-handled mugs analyzed from Thasos. However, a recent study conducted by F. Knauss has demonstrated, through the distribution of the Parian Orientalizing pottery in the Cyclades, that these islands shared close trading activities with Paros. 58 Next, the Thasian finds have been compared with a collection of 285 Ionian cups and a dozen of Hera Mugs coming from various sites of Asia Minor, Thasos, and the Black Sea. 59 The Ionian cups form, along with the bird bowls, the category of pottery most frequently found with the one-handled mugs at the Artemision. It was important to determine the degree of geochemical homogeneity between the mugs and these categories of drinking vessels as they could have theoretically been manufactured from the same area of the Greek world. Pottery workshops of Ionia are known to have influenced some Thasian and North Aegean pottery and terra-cotta productions throughout the 7th and 6th centuries 60 and several mug types were produced in Asia Minor during the same period as the Thasian finds. The results of the classification first indicated that the division of our mugs into two main groups remains unchanged (Fig. 15a). Group Mug-1 is on his own and isolated from the Ionian cups. The second group, Mug-2, is partly broken off and incorporated into a cluster of Ionian cups belonging to the group Samian 2A formerly elaborated by P. Dupont and whose origin is likely Samian or Phocaean (Figs. 15b-15d). 61 However, the mug samples are often on their own and their hierarchical linkage with the Ionian cups samples are high enough to decrease the chances of belonging to a Samian/Phocaean workshop. The significant differences in calcium and iron compositions between the Samian/Phocaean and the Thasian mugs also point to this conclusion. Finally, no particular association has been established between the Thasian mugs and the Hera mugs collected at the Samian Heraion. PAROS IV 275

26 Martin Perron Figure 15a. WD-XRF geochemical comparisons between the Thasian mugs and some Ionian cups from Thasos, the Black Sea, Naukratis and the Eastern Aegean. Final classification performed on 135 samples and 17 elements. (The Thasian mugs are highlighted in gray). Figure 15b. (left section). WD-XRF geochemical comparisons between the Thasian mugs and some Ionian cups from Thasos, the Black Sea, Naukratis and the Eastern Aegean. Final classification performed on 285 samples and 8 elements (The Thasian mugs are highlighted in gray). A third classification was intended to compare the geochemical signatures of the Thasian mugs with north Aegean pottery samples analyzed by F. Blondé and M. Picon in the 1990s. This collection includes more than 1000 samples of Archaic and Classical pottery and modern clay samples from Thasos (Phari workshop and Blondé s geochemical groups 2, 3 and 5 associated with fourth century Thasian cooking ware, common ware and black-glazed pottery) 62 and from five other sites of the Thracian mainland including Amphipolis, Stryme, Maroneia, Samothrace, and Abdera 63. This latter site has also yielded a large number of one-handled mugs similar to the one found at the Artemision. The goal of this classification was to determine whether it would be possible to assign a Thasian or a north Aegean origin to the Thasian finds as once suspected by L. Ghali-Kahil and Ch. Koukouli-Chryssanthaki. 64 The results of the classification did not reveal any geochemical correlations between the Thasian mugs and the pottery from Abdera and the other sites from the continent (Fig. 16a). However, the cross-references performed with the local Thasian pottery indicate a high degree of geochemical correspondences between the mugs belonging to group Mug-2 and Archaic vases uncovered at the workshop site of Phari 65 in 276 PAROS IV

27 Archaic One-handled Mugs from Thasos Figure 15c. (middle section). WD-XRF geochemical comparisons between the Thasian mugs and some Ionian cups from Thasos, the Black Sea, Naukratis and the Eastern Aegean. Final classification performed on 285 samples and 8 elements. (The Thasian mugs are highlighted in gray). Figure 15d. (right section). WD-XRF geochemical comparisons between the Thasian mugs and some Ionian cups from Thasos, the Black Sea, Naukratis and the Eastern Aegean. Final classification performed on 285 samples and 8 elements (The Thasian mugs are highlighted in gray). the south-western part of the island (Fig. 16b). The geochemical signature of the mugs are close, but divided into two clusters possibly representing the compositions of different workshops or clay sources. Another sample (Tha. 93) is classified with a group of 4th century Thasian common ware samples belonging to Blondé s group 2. The mugs belonging to the first (Mug-1) group are isolated at the right end of the dendrogram. Finally, a dendrogram gathering the Cycladic, Ionian and Thasian samples which display the greatest similarities with the geochemical compositions of the mugs was created in order to refine the potential origin of the vases (Fig. 17). The results confirm a clear association between the mugs belonging to group Mug-1 and the Geometric and Archaic pottery from Melos, Kimolos and Siphnos. They also confirm the association between the mugs belonging to group Mug-2 and the Paro-Melian and local Thasian pottery, thus suggesting a local Thasian origin for this group. The classification rejects any East Greek or Samian connections despite the fact that some East Greek samples are included in Thasian clusters in the classification Figure 17b based on 8 major and minor elements (see note 59). PAROS IV 277

28 Martin Perron Figure 16a. WD-XRF geochemical comparisons between the Thasian mugs and Abderian local pottery. Final classification performed on 167 samples (out of 210) and 17 elements (The Thasian mugs are highlighted in gray). Figure 16b. WD-XRF geochemical comparisons between the Thasian mugs and Thasian local pottery. Final classification performed on 172 samples (out of 800) and 17 elements (The Thasian mugs are highlighted in gray). 278 PAROS IV

29 Archaic One-handled Mugs from Thasos Figure 17a. WD-XRF geochemical comparisons between Thasian mugs, Cycladic pottery, Ionian cups and Thasian local pottery samples having displayed the closest geochemical compositions with the onehandled mugs. Final classification performed on 90 samples and 17 elements (The Thasian mugs are highlighted in gray). Figure 17b. (left and middle sections). WD-XRF geochemical comparisons between Thasian mugs, Cycladic pottery, Ionian cups and Thasian local pottery samples having displayed the closest geochemical compositions with the one-handled mugs. Final classification performed on 240 samples and 8 major elements (The Thasian mugs are highlighted in gray). Figure 17c. (right section). WD-XRF geochemical comparisons between Thasian mugs, Cycladic pottery, Ionian cups and Thasian local pottery samples having displayed the closest geochemical compositions with the one-handled mugs. Final classification performed on 240 samples and 8 major elements (The Thasian mugs are highlighted in gray). PAROS IV 279

30 Martin Perron DISCUSSION ON THE FOREIGN INFLUENCES AT THE BASE OF THE THASIAN PRODUCTION The results of the WD-XRF program have revealed two potential areas of production for the one-handled mugs found at the Artemision of Thasos: one on Thasos and one in the Cyclades. If the Thasian attribution confirms the macroscopic observations performed on the collection (see clay groups MFG.2 and MFG.3), the assignment of a workshop to Siphnos or Melos was unexpected. According to the geochemical and petrographic studies conducted by Villard and Gautier in the 1980s, the pottery production of Melos did not seem to have benefited from a wide diffusion outside the island except for a small group of Late Geometric and Orientalizing pottery found in Kimolos and in a few other islands. 66 In addition, almost no Melian Geometric or Archaic pottery has been found on far-away settlements and particularly in the North Aegean. As for Siphnos, the local origin attributed to the Archaic pottery documented by J.K. Brock, and recognized on several Eastern Mediterranean sites, is still increasingly challenged. 67 The study carried out by Villard and Gautier has also demonstrated clear geochemical and petrographical distinctions between the pottery sherds sampled on Siphnos and Melos. However in dendrogram Cluster 1, the samples from Siphnos and Melos are embedded in a homogeneous cluster which also contains an Orientalizing sample from Melos (geochemical group M III) supposedly, according to Villard study, exogenous to the island. 68 Consequently, a question can be brought forward: could the geochemical compositions of the Melian and Siphnian pottery resemble other clay compositions from the Cyclades? According to a petrographic study performed by the Fitch laboratory in the early 1980s, the clay used for the production of Melian vases is remarkably similar to those of Geometric pottery sherds collected on Paros and whose origins are likely Parian. 69 A geochemical analysis carried out by Optic Emission Spectrophotometry on a Siphnian one-handled mug discovered at Tocra had also revealed that the origin of the vase could actually be Parian. 70 These observations are central for the sake of our research, because of all the Cycladic islands that may have influenced Thasian pottery craft, Paros remains the most probable. The cultural borrowings between Thasian and Parian workshops are well documented as evidenced by some Orientalizing pottery imitations found all over the island, 71 and by the production of cups decorated with a row of dots and small craters well recognized at Phari. 72 These borrowings are embedded in a long tradition of political, religious and cultural ties that link Paros to Thasos and that are also documented by various other epigraphic, archaeological and literary sources. 73 As one-handled mugs have been found in 7th and 6th century contexts in Paros, it would not be absurd to suggest Paros as the place of origin of the mugs belonging to group Mug-1. This hypothesis would however rule out Euboea, Andros and Naxos where several one-handled mugs have also been produced and uncovered. But despite the lack of any comparative samples from Euboea in the Lyon database that could have helped to clearly dismiss Euboea from the potential diffusion centers, the Euboean mug production reached its peak at the end of the Protogeometric and the Late Geometric periods. Consequently, the Euboean mugs could not have directly influenced the Thasian production. The very anecdotal presence of Euboean imports in Thasos also supports this postulate. 74 However, Euboean mugs of the Late Geometric II period have circulated in the Chalcidice and the Thermaic Gulf. The vases could theoretically have been imitated by the first colonial settlements that could then have transmitted the shape to Thasian workshops. Several Iron Age pottery sherds from the Chalcidice and the Thermaic Gulf have been found in pre-colonial levels of Limenas showing that pottery was circulating between Thasos and 280 PAROS IV

31 Archaic One-handled Mugs from Thasos the north-west Aegean. The Euboean influence could also have been transmitted first to Paros and then to Thasos, following the Parian colonization movement. According to M. Tiverios, Paros and Eretria shared close ties following the Lelantine War and a number of ideas, men and goods may have circulated between the two cities. 75 As for Andros, the production of one-handled mugs reached its peak during the Late Geometric period, a century before the production of the Thasian mugs. However, a recent archaeometric program co-directed by Canadian and Australian universities aimed to demonstrate that the 7th and 6th centuries Siphnian pottery could actually be assigned to Andros. 76 But whatever conclusion their archaeometric program will bring forward, the clays used in the manufacture of the Andro-Siphnian one-handled mugs are easily recognizable and very different from the Thasian mug clays. Furthermore, imports from Siphnos and Andros are uncommon in Thasos making these two islands very unlikely to have influenced Thasian productions. Finally for Naxos, a recent study has indicated that almost no Naxian pottery was found on Paros and that a handful of Naxian pottery traveled to the northern Aegean reflecting somehow the existence of exclusive trading circuits for these great rival islands. 77 A direct influence of the Naxian one-handled mug production on Thasian pottery craft is thus very doubtful. THE FUNCTION AND THE USES OF THE ONE-HANDLED MUGS One of the particularities shared by most of the mugs recorded in the Greek world is that they have often been retrieved from female divinity sanctuaries and child graves. According to similar associations observed elsewhere in the Mediterranean, it would not be impossible that these drinking vessels were considered as special objects offered to young boys at the moment of their rite of passage from puberty to adulthood, tendered by ephebes to female kourotrophoi deities following their initiation to sympotic practices and their integration to the civic world or offered by mourning parents to the divinity in memory of their deceased children. 78 One of the major functions of the cult of Artemis is precisely related to life stages of women and young people. 79 At Thasos, although the study of the small finds and figurines recently confirmed a strong participation of the female population in the celebration of the cult, 80 a recent study carried out on the late Archaic material found at the sanctuary shows a surprisingly large number of drinking vessels that could reveal the existence of a ritual devoted to the initiation of male teenagers. 81 Several literary, epigraphic and archaeological sources highlight the importance of cups and drinking vessels in the initiation of young men to symposia which corresponds to an important rite of passage in the Greek world. 82 Young boys and teenagers frequented symposia and female deity sanctuaries, 83 but the association mugs-children-artemis could possibly reflect the celebration of a ritual which was actually attested in Thasos during the first century BC. 84 The location of the Artemision in a steep environment at the fringe of the Archaic city wall and the floodplain marks this idea of passage between the fierce forces of nature and the civilized world. As for the mugs uncovered in children s graves elsewhere in the Mediterranean, some scholars believe that their use (and more generally of drinking vessels) could represent a generic male, warrior or citizen status that the boy would have acquired if he had reached adulthood. 85 Further studies on the mug discovery contexts and accompanying finds should be undertaken before confirming this hypothesis, but the presence of mugs at the Artemision of Thasos could possibly reflect a votive and/or initiatory tradition that would not only be specific to Thasos, but PAROS IV 281

32 Martin Perron embedded and shared by several Greek settlements from the Protogeometric to the end of the Archaic period. CONCLUSION To conclude, the preliminary results of the archaeometric analysis program carried out on the one-handled mugs from Thasos allowed us to clarify the following elements. First, they have confirmed the local origin of some samples as previously suggested by Ghali-Kahil and Koukouli-Chryssanthaki. The attribution of one or more workshops to Thasos represents an important archaeological breakthrough as it demonstrates that Thasian potters did not only emulated the richly decorated Orientalizing productions of Paros and Asia Minor, but also more sober and modest productions of the 7th century. In addition to the reliefs ware and the Orientalizing pottery imitations, the Thasian one-handled mugs represent one of the oldest categories of reproduction of Cycladic and southern Greek pottery in Thasos. Moreover, the attribution of a workshop to Thasos raises a number of considerations on the origin of the other North Aegean mugs, especially those coming from Abdera and the Thasian peraea. The physico-chemical analysis of pottery samples coming from these sites could eventually redefine the commonly attributed trading routes of these vases by re-attributing them to Thasian or other North Aegean workshops. Second, the geochemical analysis attributed with a high degree of certainty a Cycladic origin to the mugs belonging to group Mug-1. The geochemical correlations suggested close ties with Siphnos and Melos. However, the geochemical overlaps of the Siphnian and Melian pottery samples, combined with the Fitch Laboratory petrographic studies performed in the 1980s and the archaeological study of the Aegean colonization and trading networks, allow us to suggest a possible Parian origin to the mugs belonging to group Mug-1. Finally, the study allowed us to put into perspective an interesting relationship between the presence of one-handled mugs in Protogeometric, Geometric and Archaic children s graves, their offering in female deity sanctuaries of mainland Greece and the Cyclades, and their presence at the Thasian Artemision. As demonstrated, this connection could conceal the existence of a mourning or an age-class ritual system dedicated to Ephebes or young males. A ritual that could have possibly been shared by several Greek communities from the Late Protogeometric to the Late Archaic period. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research project has benefitted the Initiative d Excellence European programme supported by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche n ANR-10-LABX-52. I warmly thank the Université Bordeaux-Montaigne, the Institut Ausonius and the Laboratoire de Céramologie de Lyon (UMR 5138) for their support and Professor Jean-Jacques Maffre and Mrs. Anne Tichit for allowing me to study this material. 282 PAROS IV

33 Archaic One-handled Mugs from Thasos NOTES 1. See above all Weill 1985; Coulié 2000; 2005; 2008; Huysecom-Haxhi 2009; Maffre 2012; Maffre and Tichit 2011; Pipili 2012, ; Prêtre Grandjean and Salviat 2000, 89; Maffre and Tichit 2011, Grandjean and Salviat 2000, 89; Coulié 2008, ; Maffre and Tichit 2011, Weill 1985, 13, fig. 7; Neeft 2012, BCH 84, 1960, , fig. 1, 4; Salviat and Weill 1960, ; Salviat and Weill 1961, ; Salviat 1983a, ; 1983b, ; Coulié 2000, ; 2005, ; 2008, BCH 84, 1960, 862, figs. 5-6; Salviat and Weill 1961, , fig See Bernard 1964, for parallels. 8. See BCH 83, 1959, 780; BCH 84, 1960, ; BCH 102, 1978, ; BCH 108, 1984, ; Weill 1985, 13, note 1; Huysecom-Haxhi 2009, 15, See Villard and Vallet 1955; Schlotzhauer 2001, 19-20; Schlotzhauer and Villing 2006, (types 8B, 5B, 10B and 11). 10. See notes 5-9 for references. 11. According to the observations made by the excavator of the upper terrace, this deposit lies in situ above the bedrock and under (or in relation with) the remaining Archaic wall of the first sanctuary. However, some scholars believe that this deposit consists of a fill taken from another area of the colony and put in place during the late 7th or early 6th century BC to create the upper terrace. See BCH 102, 1978, ; BCH 108, 1984, ; Maffre and Tichit 2011, 140 and also Prêtre 2016, BCH 102, 1978, ; Weill 1985, 9; Huysecom-Haxhi 2009, Études thasiennes IX, 16, note 35, fig. 15 a. Gray bucchero mugs are also known from Assos. See Utili 1999, 84-85, 248, fig. 38, no. 678 (late 7th-early 6th c.). 14. Servais et al. 1980, 16; Grandjean and Salviat 2000, Unpublished material recorded by the author. 16. Koukouli-Chryssanthaki 2012, 328, fig. 13 γ. 17. Vokotopoulou et al. 1990, 435, fig. 15; Soueref 1998, 236, fig Kallintzi 2006, 144, fig. 18.2; Kallintzi and Papaikonomou 2010, 134; Skarlatidou 2004, 250, fig. 13; 2010, , group 2Γα, mugs K159β, fig. 149 and K271α, fig. 103; 2012, Kaltsas 1998, 86, Tomb 1468, no. 728, pl. 90 b (late 7th c.) and , fig. 13, nos. 1127, 1068, 1067, 1097 and 1074 (mugs of type A); Trakosopoulou-Salakidou 2013, , fig. 19 (Tomb 8732, no. inv. I.01.55, last quarter of the 7th c.); Panti 2008, 38-42, 314, mugs of type I (last quarter of the 7th-first decades of the 6th c.), no. 52, fig. 5 ι, pl. 8 λ; no. 53, fig. 5 κ, pl. 8 μ, no. 54, fig. 5 λ (last quarter of the 6th c.); no. 55, pl. 9 α; no. 56, fig. 6 α, pl. 9 γ; no. 57, fig. 6 β, pl. 9 δ; no. 58, fig. 6 γ; no. 60, fig. 6 ε. The chronology established by the author (p , 314) for the mug no. 53 (circa 700 BC) is unlikely despite the fact that it has been uncovered together with a Protocorinthian aryballos. A late 7th-6th c. dating is more plausible according to regional parallels. 20. Vokotopoulou 1987, 282, fig. 13 (end of the 7th c.); Moschonnesioti 2010, , fig. 5a (pitgrave no. 236) and fig. 7a; 2012, , fig. 6 α-στ. 21. Bonias et al. 2012, 211, fig. 5, no. C Olynthus V, 29-30, pl. 27, P40 (Granary G11). 23. Boardman 1967, 124, fig. 78, nos. 372, 378; Beaumont and Archontidou-Argyri 2004, , nos (especially no. 49), fig. 11 (Kato Phana, Subgeometric to 7th c.). For a Protogeometric example, see Archontidou-Argyri 2004, 207, 211, fig. 1 and fig. 9, no. BEX4037 (Ayios Isodoros, Andrioti lot, Tomb I). 24. From the Heraion. See Technau 1929, 33, fig. 25, no. 2; Walter 1957, pl. 52, no. 4; Walter and Viernisel PAROS IV 283

34 Martin Perron 1959, pl. 14, no. 5, pl. 34, no. 8 (Brunnen G), pl. 36, no. 2 (Brunnen G), pl. 60, nos. 1, 2, 5 (Bothros); Kopcke 1968, 271, pl. 104, nos. 8-11; Furtwängler and Kienast 1989, 117, no. Ia/1, fig. 22, pl. 25 (Nor- Bau, Prostasis Phase Ia). 25. Skarlatidou 2010, Kaltsas 1998, ; Moschonessioti 2012, ; Trakosopoulou-Salakidou 2013, Bonias et al. 2012, 211; Kazakis et al For Siphnian examples, see Brock and Mackworth Young 1949, 44, pl. 16, no. 2 (Find from the acropolis, 7th c.) and Tocra I, 35, pl. 19, fig. 15, no (late 7thearly 6th c.). 28. See Zagora II, , pl. 129 b-c (Fortification Wall area, LG), pl. 219 a-b (Area H, Unit H41, habitat, LG II) and , pl. 256 c-d (Temple and its surrounds, Unit H30, LG); Televantou 2004, 423, fig. 5; 2008, 36, fig , 48, fig. 63 (Ypsili, Temple area, LGII). 29. A few examples of the Geometric period are in exhibition at the Paroikia Archaeological Museum. 30. Bikakis 1985, 280, pl. 58, no. 455 inv (Kaukara Gyle necropolis, 6th c.); Kourou 1999, fig , pl. 35, 38-39; Zapheiropoulou 2010, 243, fig. 5b; 2013, 73, fig 6β (Chora, Kastro Hill Necropolis, MG II); Charalambidou 2013, 81-84, fig. 8, no. inv (Tsikalario Necropolis, Tomb 11, MG II). Several other examples are in exhibition at the Archaeological Museum of Naxos. 31. Vergina I, 91, no. 17, pl. 43 (Tomb N, Protogeometric) and , fig Andreiomenou 1986, 101, , fig. 29 b-d, nos (Lot Kanatselos, Child tomb TI and TIV, EPG to SPG); 1992, 88-90, 114, fig. 1-2, 10, nos. 5, 6, (Piraïki-Patraïki well). 33. Coldstream 1977, 39, fig. 9d (early 9th c.); Lefkandi I, 295, pl. 102, 144, 148 (Mugs, Group V); Lemos 2002, 27-30, pl (Toumba, Tomb T.54, LPG) and pl (Tomb 46, LPG); Eretria XXII, 85, 88-89, pl. 85, no. 224 (Eretria, Apollo Daphnephoros sanctuary, Phase II, Pit 254 mugs of type TA3, LG II); Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1998, 66, 79, fig. 33, no. 4 inv. 122 (Kyme, Cist rock-tomb, MG II). 34. Eretria XX, (types TA1-TA3), pl. 88, pl. 99, nos. 91, 113, 162; Kenzelmann-Pfyffer 2011, 896, Tables 1-5. (From several LG I and LG II contexts uncovered at the sanctuary of Apollo and at the West Quarter). Similar mugs dated to the Early Archaic period are also known at Eretria. See Eretria III, pl. 15, no. 65 and pl. 16, no. 71 (Heroon of the West Gate). 35. Fragments of Protogeometric and Early Geometric Euboean pottery are known from Vergina, Mende- Poseidi, Torone, Methoni, Karabournaki, Sindos, Kastanas and a few other settlements. See Vergina I, , fig. 30; Vokotopoulou 1990, ; Moschonnesioti 1998; 2004; Paspalas , 25-43; Tiverios 1998; 2008, 1-17; 2013; Gimatzidis 2010; 2011, Courbin 1966, , pl. 71, no. C.58 and pl. 72, no. C.522, pl. 74, no. C Similar examples are also recorded at Asine, Lerna and Tyrinth. 37. Lemos 2002, 29-33, pl. 31,2 (Protogeometric); Agora VIII, 2, 53, pl. 10, nos (Phaleron cups, late 8th-early 7th c.); Young 1942, 27, fig. 4, nos. 19-IB, 19-IA (Grave 19, early 7th c.), 32, fig. 10, no (Grave 29, first quarter of the 7th c.), 37, fig. 19 (Grave 48) and fig. 23 (Grave 74), 40, no. 74-IA (third quarter of the 7th c.), 42-43, fig. 27, no. 18A-1 (Grave 18A, end of the 7th c.); Kerameikos VI.2, , no. 39, pl. 31, inv. 93 (Späten necropolis, LG); Lynch 2015, 235, fig. 9.1 (Athens Agora, Young Male Grave, Deposit D 16:4, no. inv. P20181, Geometric period); Pologiorgi , 196, fig. 75, no. K701 (Ano Halandri, enchytrismos 1) and 200, fig. 83, no. K713 enchytrismos 2, late 8th-early 7th c.); Mazarakis Ainian and Alexandridou 2011, , fig. 4a ( Sacred House of the Academy, Kokkinogenis plot, EG Deposit and children tombs). 38. Vlachou 2010, pl. 45; 2011, 89-96, fig Boardman 1960, 131, pl. 36, nos. I.44-I.45 (Aghios Ioannis, Tomb I, PG); Coldstream et al. 2001, 55-57, fig. I.19 h, j, k, pl. 27 c-f (Attic imports and local productions, MG I); Andreadaki-Vlazaki 2004, 30, fig. 6 ΠΑΠ 114 (Splantzia, lot N. Papadopoulou, LG II); Kotsonas 2008, , fig (Eleftherna, PG); 284 PAROS IV

35 Archaic One-handled Mugs from Thasos 2011, , fig. 2-3 (Knossos, Eleftherna, PG); Erickson 2002, 49-50, fig. 3, nos. 2-8 (Kato Syme, Sanctuary, 6th c.); Wescowski , 34-36; Tsatsaki 2013, 272, fig. 23, nos Coldstream 1977, 66, fig. 20 a (Tell Abu Hawam, mid-9th c.); Walbaum 1994, 55, fig. 3a-b (Tell Abu Hawam, stratum III, MG). 41. The oldest known examples of one-handled mugs similar to the Thasian types are of Attic and Argive origins and derived from LHIIIC prototypes. Some Subminoan productions also display shape and ornamentation close to the Thasian finds. On the subject see Vergina I, ; Lemos 2002, 27-33; Kotsonas 2008, Megara Hyblaea II, 185, pl. 207, nos. 3-6; Bouffier 2012, 137, fig. 3 (Child Tomb T.16). 43. EAD XV, 51, 66, nos , pl. XXXII E (LG II, Group Ae). 44. Thera II, 151, fig Butt 1977, , 312, fig. 2, nos , pl. 68 (Ayia Irini, mugs of Group I Siphnian, late 7th-early 6th c.). 46. Clara Rhodos VI, 64, fig. 76 (Camiros, Tomb XVI, Sepolcreto di Papatislures, late 7th-early 6th c.). 47. Berti 2007, 439, pl (Agora necropolis, Tomb XLIX, child grave, LG). 48. Mariaud 2011, 691 (Grave D, Mound II, child grave, LG). 49. Tocra II, 35, pl. 19, fig. 15, no (late 7th-early 6th c.). A mug is also known from Level SCE II, 420, tomb 82, no. 26, pl. CXXXIX no. 15 (Marion, Tomb 82, East Greek cup, circa 600 BCE); Gjerstad 1977, 34, no. 159, pl. XVII, no See above all Vergina I, , fig , pl. 38, nos. 8, 16, pl. 41, no. 19, pl. 50, no. 18, pl. 61, no. 13 (funerary context); Wardle 1993, 133, fig. 7.2 (Assiros, LHIIIC imitations); Chavela 2004, , fig. 9 (Toumba, gray ware mugs, Group Γ); Trakosopoulou-Salakidou 2013, , fig (Akanthos, funerary context). 52. Laboratoire de Céramologie, UMR 5138 Archéologie-Archéométrie, Maison de l Orient et de la Méditerranée de Lyon. I would like to thank Valérie Thirion-Merle and Alain Bernet for their guidance and support and Maria Nikolaïdou-Patera, Stavroula Dadaki and Dimitra Malamidou (18th Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities of Kavala) for having facilitated the sampling procedures in Thasos. 53. The information can be consulted on the laboratory s webpage online at Villard 1993, , figs See Villard The analytical methodology used by the Lyon laboratory in the 1980s is very similar to the one used by us in The WD-XRF device is, however, not the same. 56. Villard 1993, , 159, fig. 1-3, 44; Gautier 1990, 66-68; 1993, The Thasian mugs share closed compositions with pottery samples (Si 43-Si 44 = Lyon samples CCL79-80). See (Lyon, samples CCL28 = Melos 4, CCL34-35 = Melos 10 and 13, CCL39-44 = Kimolos 11, 15, 20, 22, 24, 26) 57. Villard 1993, , fig. 13 (Lyon, samples nos. CCL1-12); Gautier 1990, 75-77; 1993, , Tab. 5. See also Zapheiropoulou 2003, For other north-aegean imitations, see Manakidou 2012, Knauss 2003, , fig Dupont and Lungu 2012, ; 2014, Several of the analyses carried out by P. Dupont on the East Greek samples in the 1970s and 1980s were based on 8 geochemical elements making full geochemical comparisons impossible. Two sets of classifications based on 17 and 8 geochemical elements were thus performed. 60. See Coulié 2002; Huysecom-Haxhi 2009; Perron 2010; 2012; 2013a; 2013b. 61. Dupont 2014, See Blondé and Picon 1999; 2000; 2007, 29-32, 47-50, Tableau I. PAROS IV 285

36 Martin Perron 63. Blondé and Picon 2000, , Tableau 2; Blondé 2007, sample numbers ABD and C (Abdera, Group I). 64. Études thasiennes VII, 72, pl. XXX, no. 128; Koukouli-Chryssanthaki 2012, Blondé, Perreault and Peristeri 1992, 11-40; 2012, Zapheiropoulou 1983; Gautier 1993, ; Villard 1993, ; Coulié 2005, 270. See also Jones 1986, Jones 1986, 659; Bonias et al. 2012, ; Kazakis et al. 2015, Villard 1993, 150; Gautier 1993, 174, Tableau 1, sample no. Me 13 = Lyon sample CCL Jones 1986, ; Coulié 2005, Jones 1986, 659, Table 8.19; Tocra I, , no See Salviat and Weill 1960, ; Salviat and Weill 1961, ; Salviat 1983a, ; Coulié 2000; 2008; Coulié and Jubier-Galinier 2003, Tiverios 1989, 617; Blondé, Perreault and Peristeri 1992, 24-30, fig ; Perreault 1999, See Pouilloux 1954; Tiverios 1989, ; 2006, 72-79; Trippé in this volume. 74. For some Euboean or Euboeanizing finds in Thasos, see Bernard 1964, , no. 220, fig. 10, 52; Gimatzidis 2002, 74, fig. 1; Tiverios 2006, 76; 2008, Tiverios 1989, ; 2006, Bonias et al. 2012, ; Kazakis et al. 2012; 2015, Knauss 2003, ; Coulié 2005, Kotsonas 2008, 210; 2011, 949; Tichit 2013, and in this volume. It would not be impossible that the mugs could only have served in the instrumentum of ritual meals performed at the sanctuary. On the topic, see Verdan, Kenzelmann-Pfyffer 2011, Huysecom-Hahxi 2009, 569, ; Lundgreen 2009, 123; Vikela 2008, 82; Prêtre , 7; 2016, Huysecom-Hahxi 2009, 569, ; Prêtre , Tichit 2013, A similar phenomenon, but involving offerings of young male sculptures, has also been documented at the sanctuary of Artemis at Brauron during the 4th c. BC. According to Lundgreen (2009, ), the boys head could have been offered to Apollo, brother of Artemis and also a kourothrophos divinity. 82. Tichit Huysecom-Hahxi 2009, ; Pomadère 2011, Huysecom-Hahxi 2009, On the subject, see Houby-Nielsen 1996, 148; Huysecom-Haxhi 2008, 67-68; 2009, 569; Pomadère 2011, However, despite the attractiveness of this hypothesis, very few north Aegean publications mention the gender of the deceased buried with the one-handled mugs. Large quantity of decorated pottery, sympotic shapes with male-gendered scenes also appear in female burials elsewhere in Macedonia making the hypothesis fragile. Moreover, the number of child burials which were not provided with grave offerings is large and exceptions and variations as to the deposition or not of grave gifts make any general rule on the subject doubtful. See Saripanidi 2016, 95; Vlachou 2012, Finally, Houby-Nielsen (1996, 244) has noted that in Archaic Athens, drinking vessels were most of the time deposited in young children tombs. Mazarakis Ainian and Alexandridou (2011, ) have also recorded several hundreds of mugs in child burials near the Sacred House of the Academy at Athens. The mugs could have served as drinking vessels in a sort of cult of the dead dining ritual to commemorate massive infantile mortality episodes (such as epidemics). The presence of one-handled mugs in child burials at the Clazomenian necropolis of Abdera (mid-7th to end of the first quarter of the 6th c.) could likely support this postulate. 286 PAROS IV

37 Archaic One-handled Mugs from Thasos Forensic anthropology studies performed on the child skeletons (Agelarakis 2010, ) have revealed that some of the deceased could have died from childhood diseases, anemias, malnutrition and epidemics. Abdera was known as a settlement surrounded by marches, slow moving sands and stagnant watersheds presenting optimal conditions for the development and diffusion of epidemics such as malaria (See Skarlatidou 1986, ; Koukouli-Chryssanthaki 1994, 46). Nevertheless, only a few child burials were accompanied with one-handled mugs as funerary offerings (See Kallintzi and Papaikonomou 2010, 137 and 140 contra the epidemics hypothesis). ABBREVIATIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY Agora VIII Brann, E.T.H. (ed.) The Athenian Agora vol. VIII. Late Geometric and Protoattic Pottery (mid-8th to Late 7th Century B.C.). Princeton: The American School of Classical Studies at Athens. BCH 83, 1959 Chroniques de fouilles Thasos. Artémision BCH 83, BCH 84, 1960 Chroniques de fouilles Thasos. Artémision BCH 84, BCH 102, 1978 Chroniques de fouilles Thasos. Artémision BCH 102, BCH 108, 1984 Chroniques de fouilles Thasos. Artémision. Le péribole carré BCH 108, Clara Rhodos VI Jacopi, G. (ed.) Clara Rhodos, vols. VI-VII (Part I). Scavi nella necropoli di Rodi (Esploriazione archeologica di Camiro, part II). Studi e Materiali. Rhodes: Istituto Storico- Archeologico di Rodi. EAD XV Dugas, Ch. and K. Rhomaios (eds.) Les vases préhelléniques et géométriques, Exploration archéologique de Délos XV. Paris: École française d Athènes. Eretria III Bérard, C. (ed.) Eretria III. L Hérôon à la Porte Ouest. Berne: École suisse d archéologie en Grèce. Eretria XX Verdan, S., A. Kenzelmann Pfyffer and C. Léderrey (eds.) Eretria XXII. Le sanctuaire d Apollon Daphnéphoros à l époque géométrique. Fouilles et recherches. Gollion: École suisse d archéologie en Grèce. Eretria XXII Verdan, S. (ed.) Eretria XXII. Le sanctuaire d Apollon Daphnéphoros à l époque géométrique. Gollion: École suisse d archéologie en Grèce. Kerameikos VI.2 Kübler, K. (ed.) Kerameikos : Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen Band 6 Teil.2. Die Nekropole des Späten 8. Bis Frühen 6. Jahrhunderts. Berlin: Deutches Archäologisches Institut. Lefkandi I Popham, M. R., L. H. Sackett and P. G. Themelis (eds.) Lefkandi I, The Iron Age. The Settlement. The Cemeteries, BSA Suppl. 11. London: The British School at Athens. Megara Hyblaea II Vallet, G. and F. Villard (ed.) Mégara Hyblaea II. La céramique archaïque. École Française de Rome. Paris: Mélanges d Archéologie et d Histoire, Suppl. 1. Olynthus V Mylonas, G. E Pre-Persian Pottery from Olynthus. Ιn D.M. Robinson (ed.), Excavations at Olynthus vol. V. Mosaics, Vases and Lamps of Olynthus found in 1928 and 1931, Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Studies in Archaeology 18. SCE II Gjerstad, E. (ed.) The Swedish Cyprus Expedition: Finds and Results of the Excavation in Cyprus Vol. II. Stockholm. Thera II Dragendorff, H. and F. Hiller von Gaertringen (eds.) Thera: Untersuchungen, Vermessungen und Ausgrabungen in den Jahren (Band 2): Theraeische Gräber. Berlin. PAROS IV 287

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44 Martin Perron Televantou, Ch Η Άνδρος κατά την Πρώιμη Εποχή του Σιδήρου ( π.χ.). In Το Αιγαίο στην πρώιμη εποχή του σιδήρου. Πρακτικά του Διεθνούς Συμποσίου, Ρόδος, 1-4 Νοεμβρίου 2002, 1-4 Νοεμβρίου 2002, edited by N.C. Stampolidis and A. Giannikouri, Athens Άνδρος. Η αρχαία πόλη της Υψηλής. Athens: Υπουργείο Πολιτισμού/ΚΑ Εφορεία Προϊστορικών και Κλασικών Αρχαιοτήτων. Tichit, A Des coupes pour Artémis. Signification des vases à boire en contexte religieux : le cas de l Artémision de Thasos. Unpublished diss. Athens: École française d Athènes/Inscriptions des Belles Lettres. Tiverios, M.A Από τη νησιωτική κεραμική παραγωγή των αρχαϊκών χρόνων στο βορειοελλαδικό χώρο. AEMTh 3: The ancient settlement in the Anchialos-Sindos double trapeza. Seven years ( ) of archaeological research. In EUBOICA. L Eubea e la presenza euboica in Calcidica e in Occidente, edited by M. Bats and B. D Agostino, AION 15. Naples: Centre Jean-Bérard/Instituto Universitario Orientale Πάρος-Θάσος-Εύβοια. In Γενέθλιον, edited by Ν.Ch. Stampolidis, Athens: Ίδρυμα Ν. Π. Γουλανδρή-Μουσείο Κυκλαδικής Τέχνης Greek Colonization of the Northern Aegean. In Greek Colonization. An Account of Greek Colonies and other Settlements Overseas, vol. II, edited by G. R. Tsetskhladze, Mnemosyme Suppl Leiden/Boston The presence of Euboeans in the north Helladic region and the myths of Herakles. In Papers dedicated to Professor Ewdoksia Papuci-Władyka on the 35th anniversary of scientific work, edited by J. Bodzek, Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization 17. Cracow: Jagiellonian University. Trakosopoulou-Salakidou, E Τοπική κεραμική από το νεκροταφείο της πρωτοϊστορικής Ακάνθου. In Κεραμικά εργαστήρια στο Βορειοανατολικό Αιγαίο (8ος-αρχές 5ου αι. π.χ.) Ημερίδα ΑΜΘ 2010, edited by P. Adam-Veleni, E. Kefalidou and D. Tsiafakis, Thessaloniki. Tsatsaki, N From Geometric potter s quarter at Eleutherna. Analysis of finds from House Γ at the location of Nisi. In Kreta in der Geometrischen und Archaischen Zeit. Akten des Internationalen Kolloquiums am Deutschen Archäologischen Institut, Abteilung Athen Januar 2006, edited by W.-D. Niemier, O. Pilz and I. Kaiser, Athenaia 2. Munich. Utili, F Die archaische Nekropole von Assos. Asia Minor Studien 31. Bonn. Vikela, Ε The worship of Artemis in Attica: Cult places, rites, iconography. In Worshiping women. Ritual and reality in Classical Athens, edited by N. Kaltsas and A. Shapiro, Athens: National Archaeological Museum. Villard, F La localisation des ateliers cycladiques de céramique géométrique et orientalisante. In Recherches dans les Cyclades. Résultats des travaux de la RCP 583, directed by R. Dalongeville and G. Rougemont, Collection de la Maison de l Orient Méditerranéen 23, Série Archéologique 13. Lyon. Villard, F. and G. Vallet Megara Hyblaea V : lampes du VIIe siècle et chronologie des coupes ioniennes. MEFRA 67:5-32. Vlachou, V Death and burial in the Greek world. In Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum (Thes- CRA), vol. VIII. Addendum to vol. VI: Death and Burial, Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Museum. Vokotopoulou, J Ανασκαφικές έρευνες στην Χαλκιδική. AEMTh 1: Ποσείδι AEMTh 4: Vokotopoulou, J., M. Bessios and E. Trakosopoulou Παρθενώνας Χαλκιδικής ιερό σε κορυφή του Ιτάμου. AEMTh 4: Walbaum, J.C Early Greek contact with the Southern Levant, ca B.C.: The Eastern perspective. BASOR 293: PAROS IV

45 Archaic One-handled Mugs from Thasos Walter, H Früche Samische Gefäβe ind ihre Fundlage I. AM 72: Walter, H. and K. Viernisel Heraion von Samos: Die Funde der Kampagnen 1958 und AM 74: Wardle, K Mycenaean Trade and Influence in Northern Greece. In Wace and Blegen. Pottery as evidence for trade in the Aegean Bronze Age ( ). Proceedings of the International Conference held at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, December 2-3, 1989, edited by C. Zerner, P. Zerner and J. Winder, Amsterdam. Weill, N La plastique archaïque de Thasos : figurines et statues de terre cuite de l Artémision. I : le haut archaïsme. Études thasiennes 11. Athènes/Paris: École française d Athènes. Wescowski, M When did the Symposion rise? Some archaeological considerations regarding the emergence of the Greek aristocratic banquet. Arxaiognosia 16: Young, R.S Graves from the Phaleron Cemetery. AJA 46: Zapheiropoulou, Ph La céramique mélienne. Exploration archéologique de Délos 41. Paris: École française d Athènes. Zapheiropoulou, Ph Tombes d enfants dans les Cyclades : le cas de Naxos et de Paros. In L enfant et la mort dans l Antiquité I: nouvelles recherches dans les nécropoles grecques; le signalement des tombes d enfants, edited by A.-M. Guimier-Sorbets and Y. Morizot, Travaux de la Maison René- Ginouvès 12, Paris Παιδικές ταφές στη Νάξο των Γεωμετρικών χρόνων. In Πρακτικά του Δ Πανελληνίου συνεδρίου με θέμα: Η Νάξος δια του μέσου των αιώνων, Κωμιακή, 4-7 Σεπτεμβρίου, edited by I.K. Probonas and S.E. Psarras, Athens: Δήμος Νάξου και μικρών Κυκλάδων. PAROS IV 295

46 Martin Perron ABSTRACT ARCHAIC ONE-HANDLED MUGS FROM THASOS: A PARIAN ORIGIN? Between 1959 and 1983, the archaeological excavations conducted at the sanctuary of Artemis in Thasos have yielded a large amount of Archaic drinking vessels among the offerings. Among the finds, emerges a group of monochrome one-handled mugs (μόνωτα κύπελλα) whose frequent association with Early Corinthian pottery, North Ionian bird bowls and Ionian cups of Villard and Vallet s type A1 suggests a dating in the second half of the 7th to the first decades of the 6th century BC. The shape is known and widespread in other coastal settlements of Thrace and the Chalcidice during the Archaic period, but is also acknowledged in several East Greek, Attic, Cycladic, and Euboean settlements of the Protogeometric and Geometric periods which brought some north-aegean scholars to debate on the possible origin(s) of the production. To gather information on the origin of the one-handled mugs uncovered in Thasos, a provenance-study program using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry has been implemented at the Laboratoire de Céramologie de la Maison de l Orient et de la Méditerranée of Lyon. The classification and geochemical comparisons performed between the mugs and other Thasian, North Aegean, Cycladic and East Greek pottery assemblages indicate two possible origins of the analyzed fragments: one local and one Cycladic. Based on the physico-chemical results and the historical background that links Thasos to Paros, this paper will demonstrate how the one-handled mugs found at the sanctuary of Artemis could have been disseminated through Parian colonial and trading ventures and how the study of these mugs can provide new information on the long tradition of Parian influences on Thasian pottery craft and ritual practices associated with young men and female deity sanctuaries. 296 PAROS IV

47 Archaic One-handled Mugs from Thasos ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ ΑΡΧΑΪΚΑ ΜΟΝΩΤΑ ΚΥΠΕΛΛΑ ΑΠΟ ΤΗ ΘΑΣΟ: ΠΡΟΕΛΕΥΣΗ ΑΠΌ ΤΗΝ ΠΑΡΟ; Αρχαιολογικές ανασκαφές που πραγματοποιήθηκαν μεταξύ 1959 και 1983 στο Αρτεμίσιο της Θάσου, έφεραν στο φως μεγάλη ποσότητα αρχαϊκών αγγείων πόσεως. Ανάμεσά τους διακρίνεται ομάδα από μόνωτα κύπελλα, η συχνή σύνδεση των οποίων με πρωτο-κορινθιακή κεραμική και κύπελλα των τύπων Villard και Vallet A1, ευνοεί μια χρονολόγηση στο β μισό του 7ου - πρώτες δεκαετίες του 6ου αιώνα π.χ. Το σχήμα είναι γνωστό και ευρέως διαδεδομένο σε άλλους παραλιακούς οικισμούς της Θράκης και της Χαλκιδικής κατά την Αρχαϊκή περίοδο, επίσης απαντάται σε οικισμούς της Πρωτογεωμετρικής και Γεωμετρικής περιόδου στην ανατολική Ελλάδα, Αττική, Κυκλάδες και Εύβοια, γεγονός που προκάλεσε συζήτηση ανάμεσα σε επιστήμονες που ασχολούνται με το βόρειο Αιγαίο αναφορικά με την πιθανή προέλευση αυτής της παραγωγής. Για την άντληση πληροφοριών σχετικά με την προέλευση των μόνωτων κυπέλλων από τη Θάσο, πραγματοποιήθηκε στο Laboratoire de Céramologie de la Maison de l Orient et de la Méditerranée της Λυών, ανάλυση με πρόγραμμα σπεκτρομετρίας. Η ταξινόμηση και γεωχημική σύγκριση ανάμεσα στα κύπελλα και άλλη κεραμική από τη Θάσο, το βόρειο Αιγαίο, τις Κυκλάδες και την ανατολική Ελλάδα κατέδειξε δύο πιθανές πηγές προέλευσης των δειγμάτων που αναλύθηκαν: η μια τοπική και η άλλη από τις Κυκλάδες. Με βάση τα αποτελέσματα αυτής της ανάλυσης και τους ιστορικούς δεσμούς ανάμεσα στη Θάσο και την Πάρο, με αυτή την ανακοίνωση θα καταδείξουμε πώς τα μόνωτα κύπελλα που βρέθηκαν στο ιερό της Αρτέμιδος, μπορεί να είχαν διαδοθεί μέσω των αποικιστικών και εμπορικών επιχειρήσεων των Παρίων, και πώς η μελέτη αυτών των κυπέλλων μπορεί να προσφέρει νέες πληροφορίες για τη μακρά παράδοση επιρροών της Πάρου στην κεραμική παραγωγή της Θάσου και για τελετουργικές πρακτικές που σχετίζονται με νεαρούς άνδρες και ιερά γυναικείων θεοτήτων. PAROS IV 297

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