Ανατοµία Βασικών Γαγγλίων. Δηµήτριος Μυτιληναίος

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1 Ανατοµία Βασικών Γαγγλίων Δηµήτριος Μυτιληναίος

2 Στόχοι 1. Ορισµός των βασικών γαγγλίων (Β.Γ.) 2. Περιγραφή της ανατοµικής θέσης και των ανατοµικών σχέσεων των Β.Γ. 3. Περιγραφή των συνδέσεων και των βασικών λειτουργιών των Β.Γ.

3 Τα βασικά γάγγλια: είναι πυρήνες φαιάς ουσίας µέσα στον τελικό εγκέφαλο περιβάλλονται από λευκή ουσία παρουσιάζουν πολλαπλές συνδέσεις µε φλοιώδεις και υποφλοιώδεις περιοχές

4 βρίσκονται εξωτερικά των πλαγίων κοιλιών ανάµεσα στην τρίτη κοιλία και στη νήσο περιβάλλονται από λευκή ουσία

5 Κερκοφόρος Πυρήνας (Caudate Nucleus) Κέλυφος (Putamen) Ωχρά σφαίρα (Globus Pallidus) Νεοραδβωτό Σώµα (Neostriatum) Φακοειδής Πυρήνας (Lentiform Nucleus) Ραβδωτό Σώµα (Striatum) Βασικά Γάγγλια Προτείχισµα (Claustrum) Αµυγδαλή (Amygdala)

6 Κερκοφόρος Πυρήνας

7 Κερκοφόρος Πυρήνας

8 Κερκοφόρος Πυρήνας

9 Κερκοφόρος Πυρήνας

10 Κερκοφόρος Πυρήνας

12 Κερκοφόρος Πυρήνας 2. Πρόσθιο κέρας πλάγιας κοιλίας 3. Κεφαλή του κερκοφόρου πυρήνα 4. Κέλυφος 7. Αµυγδαλή 9. Έσω κάψα 13. Ουρά κερκοφόρου πυρήνα Ο κερκοφόρος πυρήνας έχει σχήµα C και χωρίζεται σε 3 τµήµατα 1. Κεφαλή 2. Σώµα 3. Ουρά Ο κερκοφόρος πυρήνας σχετίζεται µε τις πλάγιες κοιλίες. Η κεφαλή µε το πρόσθιο κέρας, το σώµα µε το σώµα της πλάγιας κοιλίας και η ουρά µε το κροταφικό κέρας. Η κεφαλή στο εµπρός και κολιακό άκρο συνδέεται µε το κέλυφος σχηµατίζοντας τον επικληνή πυρήνα Η ουρά καταλήγει ακριβώς ραχιαία της αµυγδαλής

14 Κερκοφόρος Πυρήνας Medium-sized spiny neurons 97% του κυτταρικού πληθυσµού 5-7 δενδρίτες πολλές δενδριτικές άκανθες Είναι κυρίως GABAεργικοί νευρώνες

15 The same neurons are found in Putamen That is the reason that Caudate Nucleus + Putamen form a unique structure the Neostriatum

16 Putamen

17 Putamen

18 Two Separated Parts of the same Entity: The Neostriatum Putamen NEOSTRIATUM

19 Putamen The putamen lies medial to the insula bounded laterally by the external capsule medially by the globus pallidus. The putamen is continuous with the head of the caudate nucleus. Putamen and Caudate Nucleus are separated by fibers of the anterior limb of the internal capsule.

20 Putamen

21 Putamen

22 Putamen + Caudate Nucleus form a unique structure The Neostriatum

23 Caudate Nucleus Putamen Globus Pallidus Basal Ganglia Neostriatum Lentiform Nucleus Striatum Basal Ganglia Claustrum Amygdala

24 Globus Pallidus The globus pallidus, is immediately medial to the putamen and has an external and an internal segment. It is divided into two parts by the medial medullary lamina

25 Globus Pallidus

26 Putamen Anterior Limb of Internal Capsule Head of the Caudate Nucleus Claustrum Globus Pallidus External Globus Pallidus Internal

27 The anterior limb of the internal capsule separates the caudate nucleus and Globus Pallidus The posterior limb separates the thalamus and Globus Pallidus

28 Putamen Anterior Limb of Internal Capsule Head of the Caudate Nucleus Globus Pallidus External Globus Pallidus Internal Posterior Limb of Internal Capsule Thalamus

29 The lateral medullary lamina separetes the external segment of globus pallidus from the putamen The Globus Pallidus and the Putamen have a similar shape and they are often called as one entity with the name Lentiform or Lenticular Nucleus because they have the shape of a lens.

30 Putamen Anterior Limb of Internal Capsule Head of the Caudate Nucleus Claustrum Globus Pallidus External Globus Pallidus Internal

31 Caudate Nucleus Putamen Globus Pallidus Basal Ganglia Neostriatum Lentiform Nucleus Striatum Basal Ganglia Claustrum Amygdala

32 Claustrum A thin, irregular mass of gray matter. Medially is covered by the external capsule and the Putamen. Laterally is covered by the extreme capsule and the insula.

33 Putamen Anterior Limb of Internal Capsule Head of the Caudate Nucleus Claustrum Globus Pallidus External Globus Pallidus Internal

35 Caudate Nucleus Putamen Globus Pallidus Basal Ganglia Neostriatum Lentiform Nucleus Striatum Basal Ganglia Claustrum Amygdala

36 Amygdala Amygdala is a group of Nuclei that is located deep in the temporal cortex at the end of the tail of the Caudate Nucleus. Functionally belongs to the Limbic System

37 Basal Ganglia Afferents The striatum is the main recipient of afferents to the basal ganglia. These excitatory afferents arise from the entire cerebral cortex The dopamine-containing cell groups of substantia nigra Thalamus Cerebral Cortex Neostriatum Substantia Nigra

38 The projections from different cortical areas are segregated, such that the frontal lobe projects predominantly to the caudate head and the putamen; the parietal and occipital lobes project to the caudate body; and the temporal lobe projects to the caudate tail.

39 Direct and Indirect Pathways Outputs from the striatum to the GPi/SNr are divided into two opposing pathways, regulated by dopaminergic efferents from the SNc to the striatum. The direct pathway involves activation of monosynaptic GABAergic afferents from the striatum to the GPi/SNr and is important in initiating and maintaining movement through disinhibition of corticothalamic efferents. The indirect pathway is important for suppressing extemporaneous movement through inhibition of corticothalamic efferents. This involves an internal loop of polysynaptic signals from the striatum to the GPe, disinhibition of the STN, and glutamatergic excitation of the GPi/SNr.

42 Basal Ganglia Functions Basal Ganglia are involved in the initiation of voluntary movements by modulating motor programs stored in the motor cortex and elsewhere in the motor hierarchy voluntary movements are not initiated in the basal ganglia (they are initiated in the cortex) however, proper functioning of the basal ganglia appears to be necessary in order for the motor cortex to give the appropriate motor commands

the neostriatum plays a central role in the regulation of higher cognitive functions, such as

43 Functions of Striatum Traditionally, the function of neostriatum was considered as solely related to the control of movements Parkinson s Disease, Huntington Disease Last years it has been proved that the neostriatum plays a central role in the regulation of higher cognitive functions, such as behavior, memory, learning and emotion in rodents, monkeys and humans Alzheimer s Disease, ADHD, Schizophrenia

44 Genu of CC Cingulate gyrus Anterior horn of lateral ventricle Head of the caudate nucleus

45 Body of CC Septum Pellucidum Rostrum of CC Head of Caudate Nucleus Temporal Lobe Putamen Anterior limb Of internal capsule Cingulate Gyrus

46 Head of Caudate Nucleus Body of CC Septum Pellucidum Anterior limb Of internal capsule Insula Putamen Globus Pallidus Anterior Pillars of Fornix

47 Body of Lateral Ventricle Body of CC Body of Caudate Nucleus Internal Capsule Thalamus Fornix Interthalamic adhesion Hippocampus 3 rd Ventricle

48 Body of Caudate Nuleus Body of CC Thalamic Pulvinar Posterior Limb of internal capsule Hippocampus 3 rd Ventricle Posterior fibers of Fornix

49 Body of Caudate Nucleus Splenium of CC Choroid Plexus Hippocampus Posterior Fibers Of Fornix Hippocampal Commissure Temporal Horn of Lateral Ventricle

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