Agent, 2002 Journal of Software /2002/13(08) Vol.13, No.8 ( ( , )

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1 /2002/13(08) Journal of Sofware Vol13, No8 Agen, (, ); (, ) E-al: hp://wwwnjueducn : agen, agen agen, agen N(ul-agen ul-ssue negoaon) agen, agen : agen ; : TP18 : A agen, [1] agen agen Agen 3 : (cooperaon) (coordnaon) (negoaon) [2], agen,,,, [3~5] [6~8],, [9], : Jennngs ADEPT [10] [11], [12], agen (delberave echans), offer Zeng [13] agen Bazaar,, agen Bazaar Bayesan Bazaar,agens offer agen N(ul-agen ul-ssue negoaon), GP, agen Q- Bayesan,GP [7] N, GP,,Conracor anager : ; : : ( ); ( ) : (1975 ),,,,, Agen, ; (1938 ),,,,,

2 1638 Journal of Sofware 2002,13(8), GP,GP, N N, agen 1 N : ; agen (, agen ); ; agen ;, agen N agen, N agen agen agen agen N : G,S,O,A,Te,Thread,Proocol G: agen agen :proposer parcpaor,proposer agen,parcpaor proposer agen S:, O:, agen S O, V A:agen offer agreeen,agen agreeen {(a j ) a j V, S}, agreeen agreeen :accep offer ;qu ;rejec offer, offer ;change, A :A={(a j ) a j V, S} {accep,qu,rejec,change} Te: Thread:Thread(,j,( G,j G,u k S,k N) agen agen j u x d e agen d 1 n agen e offer agreeen, Thread(,j,= { x,, x d k,e k {,j}, Te, x A( } dk ek offer : agen offer, e d e =d +1;, 2 d1 e x 1 d2 e2, k l k l n x { accep, qu}, (acve) d k ek Proocol: GP( 1 ), GP,agen :,agen agen, agen-agen ; agen j, agen, ( 1 ); agen agen, nal offerinal offer, nal offer; offer,agen agen accep qu, ; dn en

3 : Agen 1639 agen ( ), change ; agen, rejec ;agen agen, offer agreeen {accep,qu,rejec,change}, x { accep, rejec, change, qu} A( dk ek xdk ek, offer, GP [7] GP change ; rejec GP agen Subjec change Offer couner-offer Sar Subjec propose (proposer) S1 Wllng (parcpaor) S2 Inal offer S3 Accep qu e s ou End No wllng Rejec No wllng agen, agen, agen, agens offer, agens offer,, offer,, Fg1 Negoaon proocol GP 2 Agen 1 GP GP,agen agen offer,agen H,,P,Sraegy-odel : H:, H = {( h ( j, u ) = 1,2,,, j A, u k S, N, Thread(, j, } h ( j, offer, agen agen j u offer, h ( j, u = x (, Te, ) j k H, ; k ( h ( j, ) H, L, ( h ( j, ) H ; = 1,2,, H : = 1,2,, L ( h ( j, ) H, h ( j, {accep, qu}, < h ( j, {accep, qu ; h ( = 1,2,, } ( j, ) Z +1 ( h ( j, ) Z, Z,Z = 1,2,, = 1,2,, + 1 :agen agen ; agen P:agen P h, ( ) agen h Sraegy-odel: agen agen offer, agen, Z offer agen

4 1640 Journal of Sofware 2002,13(8) GP agen offer, agen offer offer, agen H agen agen P,agen nal offer,, agen offer N, N - - agen Jennngs, N agen N agen rejec ( 1 ) : S S >1; agen agreeen,,, ; agen,, AUT(ul-arbue uly heory) [14] N, 3 agen N,agen u Process(, u )= Thread(, x,, agen E Negoaon( E) = Pr ocess(, (, u ) x parcpaor, :Negoaon(E) agen E, E agen agen ;Process(, agen u ;u() u agen ;Thread(,x, agen agen x u,u=u();proposer agen ;propose( u agen;parcpaor(, u agen ;opponen() agen ;K E,K A agen, K Ω, K Ω E Negoaon(E) A {Proposer= ; S= ; Process(, Whle E >1 {Parcpaor(,= ; S()=u(); e=0, e Te; proocol=gp; If =propose( // agen, agen {Proposer=Proposer {}; }} S=S {u}; send(,u,essage-deadlne); Process(,; Whle e<essage-deadlne If receve(x,u,wllngness) u E S // agen // agen {Parcpaor(,=Parcpaor(, {x}; } Thread(,x,; //agen u, //agen x u

5 : Agen 1641 If agen receve nohng abou u Agen has o decde send essage agan or qu // agen, agen } Thread(,x, {k,opponen(k) {,x} and k opponen(k); =0, Te; deadlne Te; //,=deadlne h = ; // agen k k creae(k,nal-offer); send(k,opponen(k),nal-offer); Whle <deadlne Whle k receve offer f Case f: // agen k nal-offer // nal-offer {conen(f)=accep: negoaon s end; conen(f)=qu: negoaon s end; conen(f)=rejec: Thread(,x,; // conen(f)=change(u,u ): Process(opponen(k),u ); defaul: // u, GP {f f s nal-offer hen P (K X )=esaon(f); //agen nal-offer, agen Q- nal-offer else P ( K ) = updae( P ( K ), ) ; // h, k X 1 f h, k X // K X, K creae(k,offer); // agen k offer send(k,opponen(k),offer); // offer }}} X K A,agen, Bayesan agen, Bayesan Zeng [13],Bayesan, [15] agen ( K E ) N, Bayesan P, Zeng [13],P nal offer, P [16], agen nal offer P, P, Bayesan 4 Jennngs [5] agens offer, Agens J, J J core J core Agen J =J core J c, J c J core, offer J, J J offer add reove J J core,add J core J J,reove J J core

6 1642 Journal of Sofware 2002,13(8) J add reove J, offer,jennngs [5], agens change offer sraegy-odel, N agen AODE,, change rejec agen, agen agen, GP change S 3 sar GP rejec, Zeng [13],,agen offer, 5 N - - agen, agen, agen AODE N,AODE agen, AODE agen, agen / 1,agen 2,agen,agen,agen proposer, parcpaor agen agen ; agen, ; Agen K X,agen Q- ;agen, N Bayesan agen [13],Q- Bayesan agen - agen, N, agen, agen nal-offer agen References: [1] Olvera, E, Fscher, K, Sepankova, O ul-agen syse: whch research for whch applcaons Robocs and Auonoous Syses, 1999,27(1,2):91~106 [2] Jennngs, NR, Parsons, S, Serra, C, e al Auoaed negoaon In: Proceedngs of he 5h Inernaonal Conference on he Praccal Applcaon of Inellgen Agens and ul-agen Syses (PAA-2000) ~30 hp://wwwecssoonac uk/~nrj/download-fles/paa2000-nvps [3] Sh, RG The conrac ne proocol: hgh-level councaon and conrol n a dsrbued proble solver IEEE Transacons on Copuers, 1980,C29(12):1104~1113 [4] Kraus, S, Nrkhe, N, Sycara, KP Reachng agreeens hrough arguenaon: a logcal odel and pleenaon Arfcal Inellgence, 1998,104(1,2):1~69 [5] Vulkan, N, Jennngs, NR Effcen echanss for he supply of servces n ul-agen envronens Inernaonal Journal of Decson Suppor Syses, 2000,28(1,2):5~19

7 : Agen 1643 [6] Zlokn, G, Rosenschen, JS A doan heory for ask-orened negoaon In: Proceedngs of he 13h Inernaonal Jon Conference of Arfcal Inellgence ~422 fp://fphujacl/users/jeff/jca93gladpsgz [7] Sandhol, TW Negoaon aong self-neresed copuaonally led agens [PhD Thess] Ahers, A: Unversy of assachuses, 1996 [8] aos, N, Serra, C, Jennngs, NR Deernng successful negoaon sraeges: an evoluonary approach In: Proceedngs of he 3rd Inernaonal Conference on ul-agen Syses (ICAS 98) ~189 hp://wwwecssoonacuk/ ~nrj/download-fles/noydaps [9] Osborne, J, Rubnsen, A A Course n Gae Theory IT Press, 1994 [10] Jennngs, NR, Faran, D, Johnson, J, e al Agen-Based busness process anageen Journal of Cooperave Inforaon Syses, 1996,5(2,3):105~130 [11] Serra, C, Faran, D, Jennngs, NR A servce-orened negoaon odel beween auonoous agens In: Proceedngs of he 8h European Workshop on odelng Auonoous Agens n a ul-agen World (AAAW 97) ~35 hp://wwwecs soonacuk/~nrj/download-fles/serrafaranjennngsps [12] Faran, P, Serra, C, Jennngs, NR, e al Desgnng responsve and delberave auoaed agens In: Proceedngs of he AAAI Workshop on Negoaon: Selng Conflcs and Idenfyng Opporunes ~18 hp://wwwecssoonacuk/~nrj/ download-fles/aaa-ws-peyanps [13] Sycara, K, Zeng, Da-jun Bayesan learnng n negoaon In: Workng Noes of he AAAI 1996 Sanford Sprng Syposu Seres on Adapaon, Co-Evoluon and Learnng n ul-agen Syses 1996 hp://wwwrcuedu/pubs/pub_2186hl [14] Keeney, R, Raffa, H Decsons wh ulple Objecves: Preferences and Value Trade Offs John Wley & Sons, 1976 [15] Wang, L-chun, Gao, Yang, Chen, Sh-fu Renforceen learnng based negoaon odel n AODE Journal of Nanjng Unversy, 2001,37(2):135~141 (n Chnese) [16] Kaelblng, LP Renforceen learnng: a survey Journal of Arfcal Inellgence Research, 1996,4:237~285 : [15],, AODE Agen,2001,37(2):135~141 A ul-agen ul-issue Negoaon odel WANG L-chun, CHEN Sh-fu (Sae Key Laboraory for Novel Sofware Technology, Nanjng Unversy, Nanjng , Chna); (Deparen of Copuer Scence and Technology, Nanjng Unversy, Nanjng , Chna) E-al: sprng-cong@263ne hp://wwwnjueducn Absrac: Negoaon s a key ssue for success applcaon of ul-agen echnology Accordng o he nuber of agens and he nuber of ssues, negoaon n ul-agen envronen can be classfed as blaeral-sngle ssue negoaon, blaeral-ul-ssue negoaon, ul-laeral-sngle ssue negoaon, and ul-laeral-ul-ssue negoaon The prevous hree scenaros are he sple fors of he ul-laeral-ul-ssue negoaon A ul-laeral-ul-ssue negoaon odel s provded o dvde negoaon no processes, whch are furher dvded no hreads The odel defnes a flexble negoaon proocol, whch akes easy o suppor dfferen negoaon scenaros And he odel also suppors he learnng capably of parcpang agens Key words: ul-agen syse; ul-ssue negoaon; negoaon proocol Receved Noveber 1, 2000; acceped June 15, 2001 Suppored by he Naonal Naural Scence Foundaon of Chna under Gran No ; he Naonal Research Foundaon for he Docoral Progra of Hgher Educaon of Chna under Grand No