neologisms phenomenon. The present paper describes the production process of speech and neologisms are entering the modern English language.

Transcript

1 saqartvelos teqnikuri universiteti xelnaweris uflebit ani beqauri Tanamedrove inglisurenovani leqsika da sityvatawarmoebis meqanizmebis aqtiurobis sakitxi komunikaciis sxvadasxva sferosi doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad wardgenili disertaciis a v t o r e f e r a t i Tbilisi, 0175, saqartvelo 2014 weli 1

2 samusao Sesrulebulia saqartvelos teqnikuri universitetis biznes-injineringis fakultetis liberalur mecnierebata departamentsi ucxouri enebis mimartulebaze samecniero xelmzrvaneli: sruli profesori n. sixarulize recenzentebi: dacva Sedgeba 2014 wlis ivliss saatze, saqartvelos teqnikuri universitetis biznes-injineringis fakultetis sadisertacio sabwos kolegiis sxdomaze, korpusi VI, auditoria misamarti 0175, Tbilisi, kostavas 77. disertaciis gacnoba SesaZlebelia stu-s bibliotekasi, xolo avtoreferatisa _ fakultetis veb gverdze ( sadisertacio sabwos mdivani /s. xizanisvili/ 2

3 Abstract With the development of science and technology, many new words appeared in the English language. Dictionary constant, very rapid pace of change. Thesis is devoted to an examination of the modern English vocabulary and word- processing mechanisms active in various fields of communication; It also studies modern ways of word formation: Derivation, Clipping and Abbreviations, Neologism/Coinage, Reduplication/Onomatopoeia, False Etymology, Initialism and Acronymy, Telescopia, Slang and Jargon, Borrowing & Calque, Corruption or Misunderstanding, Compounding, Conversion, Syncopation, Conscious and Deliberate Coinages, Combination of words to form one new word, Back-formation, Blending. Consists of 104 pages and "doctoral degree dissertation submitted to the conclusion of the instruction" according to include: the title page, signature page, copyright page, a summary of the contents, main text and in the References list. The main text consists of an introduction, literature review, and discussion of the results and a conclusion. The introduction of the well-founded and clearly shows all of the topic under study; The goal of the paper discusses the theoretical issues. Literature Review provides all the basic guidelines by which the thesis was built. In distributing the material covered in the books, as well as what is already known about the word. The article deals with the peculiarities of the English language word list, basic linguistic issues. English language dictionary of the methods and principles of classification of lexical units. Results and discussion dissertation work is presented in four of the (seventeen below). The first chapter stages of formation English language. The second section presents a general description of the mechanisms of the word. It is described as enriching vocabulary and language development. The third chapter discusses the word in relation to the functions and their importance in modern English. The fourth chapter is devoted to the lexical - nominatsiuri units and establishing communication with a variety of topical areas. A mave section presents the research results and examples. This work includes methods for word, word semantic changes, the causes of these changes, and the etymology of words. This paper presents the most obvious interpretation of the speech production processes, which are carriers of the language they use regularly (and unconsciously) to produce new words in their own language. Also represented the English leksika, its development stages, word specificity, the most common word in the English language and the methods of their activity. New lexical units of a language entry periods and establish trends. Neologiis discussed expanding the vocabulary of the language framework. Language development is accompanied by a variety of progressive steps in the development of different levels, for example, in lexicology. One of them - is a progressive step - 3

4 neologisms phenomenon. The present paper describes the production process of speech and neologisms are entering the modern English language. The main goal of this paper has recently emerged in the modern analysis of neologisms, their word identification and production processes to find out what is the role of neologisms affix the manufacturing process. The paper also presents contemporary vocabulary words in online dictionaries, filling issues. Research conducted in one - a dictionary (The oxford Dictionary of New Words) quoted. This edition includes a new lexical methods produced a collection of speeches. It is reflected in the approximately 2000 words and phrases., Each of them is attached to a text from which is derived from the primary origin of this new lexical unit. The survey revealed this particular dictionary new words and phrases entered the language of the activity, as well as the areas in which these innovations are more often settled. The paper discusses mechanisms of interaction of word fields. It is found in the words of creation date. The paper also presents the specific quotes in which they were first used. Conclusion provides brief formulation of main results of dissertation research, its conclusions and proposals, which couil be used in the learning process as a language vocabulary also the knowledge which is related with word formation. The conclusion also include sbasic issues, the etymology of the word, semasiology, lexicography, linguistic forms, and research. 4

5 nasromis zogadi daxasiateba Tanamedrove gagonebebisa da cvlilebebis gamo, yvela enas esawiroeba axali sityvebit Sevseba da ganaxleba. enasi axali leqsikuri erteulebi Semodis ubralod imitom rom Seesatyvisebodes da asaxavdes im droisatvis arsebul realobas. axali sityvebi Cndeba mocemul enasi sityvis warmoqmnis produqtuli sasualebebis mixedvit, es aris procesi, romelic qmnis axal leqsikur erteulebs. winamdebare nasromsi mocemulia aseti axali sityvebis,warmoebis procesis Seswavlis gzebi. arsebobs rigi adamianebisa, romlebmac ukve Caatares garkveuli kvlevebi am sferosi. ert-erti matgani gaxlavt inglisuri enis lingvistikis profesori - rosvita fiseri. is aris avtori wignisa - leqsikuri cvlileba drevandel inglisursi: SemoqmedebiTi neologizmebis motivaciis, institucionalizaciisa da produqtulobis moculobiti Seswavla (1998). kidev erti adamiani, romelic neologizmebis Temas Seexo iaroslav levcenko iyo. man Seiswavla neologizmebi Tanamedrove inglisuris leqsikur sistemasi (mas mediis masalebis safuzvelze) (2010). levcenkos dakvirvebit mimdinare saukunis bolo ramdenime atwleulis manzilze axali sityvebis Semodineba gacilebit swrafi da masstaburi gaxda, vidre wina periodebsi. gasuli 25 wlis ganmavlobasi teqnologiebis progresma da sakomunikacio mediam mnisvnelovani cvlilebebi Seitana inglisur enasi. aseve, socialuri da bunebrivi mecnierebebis ganvitarebastan ertad gacnda sxvadasxva specializebuli saleqsikono erteulebi iset sferoebsi, rogoricaa: televizia, samedicino da atomuri kvleva, aviacia, radio da mravali sxv. garda amisa, omma inglisursi Semoitana iseti sityvebi, rogoricaa: blackout-dabneleba, fifth-columnist-mexute koloniis agenti, paratroops-parasutisti desantebi, A-bomb-birTvuli bombi, V-Day-gamarjvebis dre, da as; mecnierebis ganvitarebam Semoitana iseti 5

6 saleqsikono erteulebi, rogoricaa: hidroponika, fsiqolingvistika, penoplasti, radari, ciklotroni, mezoni, pozitroni, antibiotiki da as; sabwota xalxis mier kosmosis dapyrobam da kvlevebma safuzveli daudo iseti sityvebis dabadebas, rogoricaa: Tanamgzavri, kosmosuri raketa, patara mtvare (dedamiwis xelovnuri Tanamgzavri), kosmosuri raketa, kosmosuri xomaldi, kosmosuri skafandri, mtvaris kosmosuri xomaldi, mtvareze mavali da as. (sputnik, lunnik, babymoon, space-rocket, space-ship, space-suit, moonship, moon crawler, Lunokhod, etc (gincburgi,1979). profesorma dr. ingo plagma, romelic inglisuri enisa da lingvistikis specialisti gaxlavt, dawera wigni sityvis warmoeba inglisur enasi (2003), romelic exeba sityvebsa da mati warmoebsi procesebs. ert-erti yvelaze ganmasxvavebeli Tviseba adamianis enisa aris SemoqmedebiToba, romlis sasualebitac enis matareblebs SeuZliaT Seqmnan da gaigon axali formebi TavianT enasi. adamianis gonebrivi leqsikoni regularulad ivseba axali sityvebit. miuxedavad imisa, rom SemoqmedebiToba TvalsaCinoa, rodesac is exeba sityvatwarmobas anu sityvebis Seqmnas, is aseve askarad Cans Cvens leqsikur codnasi, sazogadoeba enis sasuelebit amyarebes urtiertobas, uziarebes ertmanets azrebs, agebinebes rac satqmeli aqvt da arweves urtiertgagebas. kacobrioba stabilurad izrdeba da vitardeba, igi komunikaciisatvis iyenebs enas. rodesac axali gamogonebebi da cvlilebebi Semodis Cvens cxovrebasi, Cndeba mati dasaxelebis swiroeba rata komunikaciis dros SesaZlebeli iyos mati gamoyeneba. ena sazogadoebrivi movlenaa, igi asrulebs komunikaciis funqcias, vitardeba da istoriis manzilze mudmivad ganicdis cvlilebas, zogi sityva Zveldeba dagamodis xmarebidan, enasi Semodis da mkvidrdeba axali sityvebi. molaparakis azrebi msmenelamde arwevs enis sasuelebit. ena arsebobs mxolod sazogedoebasi da mxolod sazogadoebis wyalobit. igi warmoisveba da vitardeba sazogadoebis 6

7 warmosobasa da ganvitarebastan ertad. ena adamianis arsebobisa da funqciobisatvis aucilebeli pirobaa. misi damaxasiatebeli Tvisebaa iarsebos drosi da gauswros dros. adamianis qcevas warmartavs cnobiereba, romelic enis garese ar arsebobs. cnobiereba aucileblobit moitxovs enas, radgan mxolod misi mesveobit SeuZlia arseboba da funqcioba. ena cnobierebis gamovlena da realizaciaa. Kkvlevis aqtualobas gansazrvravs Semdegi faqtorebi: inglisur enas gaacnia Zalian mdidari leqsikuri maragi romelic Tavisi ganvitarebis ganmavlobasi mnisvnelovnad ganivrco da gafartovda. enatmecnierta SefasebiT, Tanamedrove inglisuri ena unda moicavdes ert milionze met sityvas. amas emateba uamravi gamotqma sxvadasxva slengidan da dialeqtidan, iseve rogorc sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebidan da teqnikis sxvadasxva sferodan Semosuli cneba-terminebi, romelta Zalian didi nawili mxolod XX saukunis meore naxevridan aris gamoyenebasi. enis leqsikuri Sedgeniloba diferencirebulia sxvadasxva nisnis mixedvit, mat Soris stilisturi nisnis mixedvitac. enis leqsikuri Sedgeniloba mudmiv cvalebadobas ganicdis. leqsikuri fondi iyofa aqtiur da pasiur anu periferiul leqsikad. aqtiuri leqsikis safuzvels warmoadgens ZiriTadi fondis sityvebi, garda amisa molaparaketa TiTorul jgufs Tavis aqtiur leqsikasi aqvt sakutari specifikuri sityvebi, romlebic gansxvavdebian molaparaketa sxva jgufis aqtiuri leqsikisgan. pasiur anu pariferiul leqsikas Seadgens iseti sityvebi, romlebic mocemul enaze molaparakem icis, magram TviTon ver iyenebs mat. asetebia: teqnikuri, samecniero, politikuri terminebi, eqspresiuli gamotqmebi da bevri sxva. bolo ori-sami aswleulis ganmavlobasi inglisur enasi gamudmebit Semodioda sityva-nasesxobebi, aramarto evropisa da armosavletis mnisvnelovani enebidan aramed aseve naklebad 7

8 cnobili enebidan. swored amit aixsneba drevandeli inglisuri leqsikis didi moculoba da mravalferovneba. dreisatvis inglisuri warmoadgens sametyvelo enas ara erti ganvitarebuli saxelmwifosatvis, amitom misi struqturis da axali, drevandelobisatvis damaxasiatebeli leqsikuri erteulebis warmoqmna da am erteulebit enis gamdidreba aqtualuri sakitxia. nasromsi mocemulia enis es cvlilebebi, mati formireba, leqsikis ganvitarebis etapebi da aqtualobis sakitxebi. zemoarnisnulis gatvaliswinebit, sadisertacio nasromis Tema friad aqtualuria rogorc Teoriul-meTodologiuri, aseve praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT. Temis aqtualobam, misma samecniero da praqtikulma mnisvnelobam, aseve arasatanado damusavebulobam da sadiskusio xasiatma gansazrvra kvlevis sagani da mizani. kvlevis obieqti და sagania, kvlevis miznidan da amocanebidan gamomdinare Tanamedrove inglisur enasi mravalricxovani axali sityvebis warmoqmnisa da Camoyalibebis sxvadsaxva lingvisturi procesebi, romlebic did rols TamaSobs enis leqsikuri Semadgenlobis gamdidrebasa da ganvitarebasi. Kkvlevis sagnad SeirCa The Oxford Dictionary of new Words ert-erti gamocema, romelic mtlianobasi moicavs daaxloebit 2000 axal lingvistur erteuls romlebic daiyo sxvadasxva socialur sferoebad rogorebicaa: politika, sporti, xelovneba da musika, garemo, biznesis samyaro, kompiuteruli teqnologiebi, adamiani da sazogadoeba. TiToeul sferosi gamovlenil iqna Tu romeli sityvatwarmoebis meqanizmi iyo aqtualuri. kvlevis mizania Tanamedrove sityvatwarmoebis meqanizmebis aqtualobis Seswavla sxvadasxva socialur sferosi, misi sityvatwarmoebis xerxebisa da metodebis gansazrvra. mati Taviseburebebis da aqtualobis gaanalizeba komunikaciis sxvadasxva sferosi. nasromis mtavari mizani Tanamedrove 8

9 inglisur enasi arsebuli neologizmebis analizi da mati sityvata warmoebis procesebis identificirebaa, arsebobs hipoteza, rom neologizmebis formirebis processi yvelaze xsirad gamoiyeneba afiqsebi. Sesabamisad, es samusao gulisxmobs sityvis warmoebis yvela sasualebis Seswavlas, rata ganisazrvros, romeli gzebia yvelaze produqtuli bolo dros inglisur enasi gacenili axali sityvebis Sesaqmnelad. axlad warmoebul sityvebze zogadi informaciis miwodeba (mati maxasiateblebis, istoriis, kulturasi damkvidrebisa da adaptaciebis Sesaxeb); mati saxeobebis, klasifikaciis arwera dagamoyenebis Seswavla Tanamedrove inglisur enasi; im mravalricxovani lingvisturi procesebis Camoyalibeba romlebic did rols TamaSoben rogorc axali leqsikuri erteulebis warmoqmnasi aseve adaptaciasi. neologizmebis struqtura da etimologia. mati damkvidreba Tanamedrove inglisur enasi. inglisurenovani neologizmebis sityvis warmoebis nimusebis analizi da Catarebuli analizis komentireba. zemot arnisnuli kvlevis miznebidan gamimdinare, nasromsi dasaxulia Semdegi amocanebis gadawra: Tanamedrove inglisurenovani leqsikis, rogorc enis modernizebuli formis gaanalizeba. sityvatwarmoebis xerxebisa da metodebis gamoyenebis rolisa da mnisvnelobis srulad da Rrmad gamovlena. enasi axlad Semosuli sityvebis adaptacia. axali enobrivi erteulebis Taviseburebebis da aqtualobis dadgena komunikaciis sxvadasxva sferosi. enis leqsikonebis mravalferovnebis gansazrvra da Taviseburebebis dakonkreteba. yovelive zemot arnisnul amocanata gadasawyvetad gamoyenebulia kvlevis Semdegi metodebi: sakvlevi problemis Sesaxeb arsebuli literaturis Seswavla-analizi. 9

10 aseve oficialuri statistikuri monacemebi, monografiul kvlevebsi Semavali masalebi, periodul gamocemebsi gamoyenebuli monacemebi. sityvatwarmoebis xerxebis gamoyenebit enasi Semaval axal lingvistur erteulebze dakvirveba. kvlevisatvis SerCeuli masalis komunikaciis sferoebad dayofa da matsi sityvatwarmoebis meqanizmebis aqtiurobis dadgena nasromis mecnierul siaxlesa da Teoriul Rirebulebas ganapirobebs is faqtori, rom neologia SedarebiT axali emcnierebaa. Yyovelwliurad xdeba daaxloebit axali leqsikuri erteulis Seqmna, rac enis moculobaze mnisvnelovan zegavlenas axdens. sadisertacio kvlevis mecnieruli siaxle mdgomareobs imasi, rom es nasromi warmoadgens ert-ert pirvel sistemur kvlevas, romelic itvaliswinebs da asaxavs Tanamedrove enasi am leqsikuri erteulebis Semosvlis, damkvidrebisa da aqtiurobis sakitxebs. meqanizmebis kvleva didi xania mimdinareobs, magram komunikaciis sxvadasxva sferoebisa da matsi aqtiurobis kutxit es aqamde ar ganxorcielebula. Sromis praqtikuli mnisvneloba warmodgenilia sityvatwarmoebis meqanizmebisa da mati sxvadasxva sferosi damkvidrebis aqtualobis problemis axleburad gaazrebita da gadawyvetit. sadisertacio kvlevis daskvnebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas rogorc saswavlo procesebsi rogorc enis leqsikuri maragi aseve is codnac romelic dakavsirebulia sityvatwarmoebastan. praqtikul mnisvnelobad SeiZleba agretve CaiTvalos mati yoveldriuri gamoyaneba verbaluri komunikaciis dros radgan isini warmoadgenen Tanamedrove inglisuri enis aqtiuri leqsikuri maragis nawils. ara marto ucxouri enebis kompiuteruli TamaSebiT swavlebis metodikis, aramed iseti saswavlo kursebis Sedgenisas, romlebic miezrvneba virtualuri 10

11 kompiuteruli TamaSebis kulturologiur, sociologiur, antropologiur, xelovnebatmcodneobit da sxva aspeqtebs. informacia nasromis aprobaciaze: kvlevis mtliani koncefcia da calkeuli debulebebi gamoqveynebulia 3 nasromsi. nasromis ZiriTadi debulebebi warmodgenil iqna saqartvelos teqnikuri universitetis biznes-injineringis fakultetis 2 Tematur seminarze: Tanamedrove teqnologiebi da inglisurenovani neologia 2012 wlis 11 ianvars da leqsikurnominaciuri meqanizmebis aqtualoba 2013 wlis 1 marts. saertasoriso konferenciaze: msoflio da kavkasia 2013 wlis maiss; Tbilisi. nasromis struqtura da moculoba: kvlevis mizanma da amocanebma gansazrvres sadisertacio nasromis struqtura: nasromi moicavs kompiuterze nabewd 103 gverds; igi Sedgeba Sesavali nawilis, ZiriTadi teqstis (Sesavali, literatures mimoxilva 4 Tavad warmodgenili Sedegebis gansja da daskvna.). mas Tan ertvis gamoyenebuli literaturis sia. nasromis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi SesavalSi dasabutebulia da natladaa gadmocemuli sakvlevi Temis aqtualoba; ganxilulia kvlevis mizani da amocanebi, Teoriuli sakitxebi. gansazrvrulia kvlevis problematika,misi mecnieruli da Teoriuli siaxle, praqtikuli mnisvneloba, xdeba kvlevis metodebis formulireba. inglisur enas gaacnia Zalian mdidari leqsikuri maragi romelic Tavisi ganvitarebis ganmavlobasi mnisvnelovnad ganivrco da gafartovda. enatmecnierta SefasebiT, Tanamedrove inglisuri ena unda moicavdes ert milionze met sityvas. amas emateba uamravi gamotqma sxvadasxva slengidan da dialeqtidan, iseve rogorc sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebidan da teqnikis 11

12 sxvadasxva sferodan Semosuli cneba-terminebi, romelta Zalian didi nawili mxolod XX saukunis meore naxevridan aris gamoyenebasi. inglisuri enis leqsikis daaxloebit erti naxevari germanikuli (Zveli inglisuri da skandinaviuri), xolo meore naxevari ki romanuli (franguli da latinuri) sityvebisagan Sedgeba. Zveli inglisuri enidan momdinareobs raodenobiti da rigobiti ricxviti saxelebi, piris nacvalsaxelebi, mravali arsebiti da zedsartavisaxeli. enis leqsikuri Sedgeniloba diferencirebulia sxvadasxva nisnis mixedvit, mat Soris stilisturi nisnis mixedvitac. ZiriTadi fondis sityvebi neitraluri leqsikis faqtebia, mat erti da imave mnisvenlobit xmareba SesaZlebelia yvela stilisa da Janris metyvelebasi. mravalmnisvnelobiani sityvebis yvela mnisvnelobac ver gaxdeba ZiriTadi lwqsikuri fondis faqtat. mag. sityvebi gogo da biwi ZiriTadi fondis sityvebia pirdapiri mnisvnelobit, magram sxva mnisvnelobit msaxuri, laqia an monadire mxolod leqsikuri Sedgenilobis elementebia. enis leqsikuri Sedgeniloba mudmiv cvalebadobas ganicdis. leqsikuri fondi iyofa aqtiur da pasiur anu periferiul leqsikad. aqtiuri leqsikis safuzvels warmoadgens ZiriTadi fondis sityvebi, garda amisa molaparaketa TiTorul jgufs Tavis aqtiur leqsikasi aqvt sakutari specifikuri sityvebi, romlebic gansxvavdebian molaparaketa sxva jgufis aqtiuri leqsikisgan. pasiur anu pariferiul leqsikas Seadgens iseti sityvebi, romlebic mocemul enaze molaparakemicis, magram TviTon ver iyenebs mat. asetebia: teqnikuri, samecniero, politikuri terminebi, eqspresiuli gamotqmebi da bevri sxva. bolo ori-sami aswleulis ganmavlobasi inglisur enasi gamudmebit Semodioda sityva-nasesxobebi, aramarto evropisa da armosavletis mnisvnelovani enebidan (latinuri, berznuli, franguli, skandinavuri enebi, arabuli da sparsuli), aramed aseve naklebad cnobili enebidan. swored amit aixsneba 12

13 drevandeli inglisuri leqsikis didi moculoba da mravalferovneba. dreisatvis inglisuri warmoadgens sametyvelo enas ara erti ganvitarebuli saxelmwifosatvis, amitom misi struqturis da axali, drevandelobisatvis damaxasiatebeli leqsikuri erteulebis warmoqmna da am erteulebit enis gamdidreba aqtualuri sakitxia. nasromsi mocemulia enis es cvlilebebi, mati formireba, leqsikis ganvitarebis etapebi da aqtualobis sakitxebi. Sedegebi da mati gansja sadisertacio nasromsi warmodgenilia otx Tavad (at paragrafad). P nasromis pirvel TaviSi inglisuri enis formireba ganxilulia inglisuri enis ganvitarebis, Camoyalibebisa da srulyofis ZiriTadi etapebi. inglisuri enis leqsikuri maragi Zalian mdidaria, igi Tavisi ganvitarebis ganmavlobasi mnisvnelovnad ganivrco da gafartovda. enatmecnierta SefasebiT, Tanamedrove inglisuri ena unda moicavdes ert milionze met sityvas. amas emateba uamravi gamotqma sxvadasxva slengidan da dialeqtidan, iseve rogorc sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebidan da teqnikis sxvadasxva sferodan Semosuli cneba-terminebi, romelta Zalian didi nawili mxolod XX saukunis meore naxevridan aris gamoyenebasi. inglisuri enis leqsikis daaxloebit erti naxevari germanikuli (Zveli inglisuri da skandinaviuri), xolo meore naxevari ki romanuli (franguli da latinuri) sityvebisagan Sedgeba. Zveli inglisuri enidan momdinareobs raodenobiti da rigobiti ricxviti saxelebi, piris nacvalsaxelebi, mravali arsebiti da zedsartavisaxeli. enis leqsikuri Sedgeniloba diferencirebulia sxvadasxva nisnis mixedvit, mat Soris stilisturi nisnis mixedvitac. ZiriTadi fondis sityvebi neitraluri leqsikis faqtebia, mat erti da imave mnisvenlobit xmareba SesaZlebelia yvela stilisa da Janris metyvelebasi. mravalmnisvnelobiani sityvebis yvela 13

14 mnisvnelobac ver gaxdeba ZiriTadi lwqsikuri fondis faqtat. mag. sityvebi gogo da biwi ZiriTadi fondis sityvebia pirdapiri mnisvnelobit, magram sxva mnisvnelobit msaxuri, laqia an monadire mxolod leqsikuri Sedgenilobis elementebia. enis leqsikuri Sedgeniloba mudmiv cvalebadobas ganicdis. leqsikuri fondi iyofa aqtiur da pasiur anu periferiul leqsikad. aqtiuri leqsikis safuzvels warmoadgens ZiriTadi fondis sityvebi, garda amisa molaparaketa TiTorul jgufs Tavis aqtiur leqsikasi aqvt sakutari specifikuri sityvebi, romlebic gansxvavdebian molaparaketa sxva jgufis aqtiuri leqsikisgan. pasiur anu pariferiul leqsikas Seadgens iseti sityvebi, romlebic mocemul enaze molaparakemicis, magram TviTon ver iyenebs mat. asetebia: teqnikuri, samecniero, politikuri terminebi, eqspresiuli gamotqmebi da bevri sxva. bolo ori-sami aswleulis ganmavlobasi inglisur enasi gamudmebit Semodioda sityva-nasesxobebi, aramarto evropisa da armosavletis mnisvnelovani enebidan (latinuri, berznuli, franguli, skandinavuri enebi, arabuli da sparsuli), aramed aseve naklebad cnobili enebidan. swored amit aixsneba drevandeli inglisuri leqsikis didi moculoba da mravalferovneba. dreisatvis inglisuri warmoadgens sametyvelo enas ara erti ganvitarebuli saxelmwifosatvis, amitom misi struqturis da axali, drevandelobisatvis damaxasiatebeli leqsikuri erteulebis warmoqmna da am erteulebit enis gamdidreba aqtualuri sakitxia. nasromsi mocemulia enis es cvlilebebi, mati formireba, leqsikis ganvitarebis etapebi da aqtualobis sakitxebi. nasromis meore Tavi - sityvatwarmoebis meqanizmebi. Lleqsikis gamdidrebisa da ganvitarebis sasualebebi - ezrvneba iseti sakitxebis analizs, rogoricaa sityvatwarmoebis metodebi, mati Taviseburebani da yovelive amis gamoyenebit axaali leqsikur-nominaciuri erteulebis formireba. 14

15 mravalricxovani axali sityvebis warmoqmnasa da CamoyalibebaSi did rols TamaSobs sxvadsaxva lingvisturi procesebi romelta mesveobitac mdidrdeba enis leqsikuri Semadgenloba. eს procesebiა თანამედროვე სიტყვათწარმოების ძირითადი ხერხები; derivacia, Sekveca anu Semokleba, neologizmi / axali sityvebis Seqmna, imitacia anu gameoreba, mcdari etimologia, abreviatura da akronimi, Semokleba anu teleskopia, slengi da Jargoni, nasesxebi sityvebi da kalki, Secdoma an gaugebroba, sityvis Sedgena, konversia, sinkopatiis metodi, axali sityvebis Segnebuli da winaswar gansazrvruli formireba, sityvata Serwyma axali leqsikuri erteulis Sesaqmnelad, inversiuli derivacia, Sereva. Sesabamisad wlebis manzilze icvleba terminologia da leqsikuri maragi ganicdis mnisvnelovan cvlilebebs. aseti saxesecvlili sityvebi xsirad gvxvdeba rogorc mxatvrul, samecniero da politikur literaturasi, aseve farto popularizacia eweva mat media sasualelebis mier. enis yoveli leqsikuri siaxle fiqsirdeba leqsikonsi, Tumca Cvens saukunesi axali sityvebis raodenoba iseti tempebit izrdeba rom mati asaxvas leqsikonssi verarc aswreben. drota ganmavlobasi es sityvebi TavisTavad mkvidrdeba enasi da aqtiur leqsikons uertdeba. axali sityvebis formirebis gzebsa da mati enasi CarTvis ganmapirobebel faqtorebs upirobod irebs Cveulebrivi mosaubre. imisatvis, rom mivxvdet sityvis mnisvnelobas, aucilebeli araa vicodet misi agebuleba, martivia is Tu rtuli, SeiZleba Tu ara misi dasla or an met Semadgenel nawilebad. Cven SegviZlia axali sityvis gamoyeneba masin, roca mivxvdebit ra sagans an cnebas gamoxatavs is. rodesac vxvdebit axal nawarmoeb sityvebs, SeiZleba verc avxsnat Cveni matdami damokidebuleba. leqsikonsi Sesuli siaxleebi Zlier grznobebs arzraven im adamianebsi, romlebic maincdamanic bevrs ar fiqroben enaze. kalamburi - es aris kargad cnobil presasi 15

16 saprotesto werili, romelsic gakicxulia sasineli Jargoni, rogoricaa breakdown (CaSla), sazizrari sityvebi, rogoricaa transportation (transportireba), da uxesi Secdoma, rogoricaa layby (avtosadgomi). mravali lingvisti Tanxmdeba im faqtze, rom aqamde sityvis warmoebis sakitxs didi yuradreba ar etmoboda inglisuri enis armweri gramatikosebisagan, an zogadi lingvistikis sferosi momusave mecnierebisagan. vianidan es aris sxvadasxva procesebis ertgvari nakrebi (Sedgena, afiqsacia, konversia, ukuwarmoeba da sxva), razec, rogorc jgufze, rtulia zogadi Sefasebebis gaketeba, sityvis warmoebas gramatikasi Cveulebriv erti an ori Tavi etmoba. valeri adamsi gamoyofs or mtavar mizezss, ratom ar aris es sakitxi mimzidveli lingvistebistvis: pirveli - es aris gramatikis kavsirebi sagnebisa da ideebis aralingvistur samyarostan, ristvisac sityvebi gvazleven dasaxelebebs da meore - mati saewvo pozicia arweritsa da istoriul kvlevebs Soris. ramdenime mokle SeniSvna im kursis Sesaxeb, romelsac lingvistebi bolo saukunis ganmavlobasi miyvebodnen, ufro martivad gasagebs gaxdis yovelive zemoarnisnuls. azrisa da metyvelebis urtiertobis procesi rtulia. sanam azri sityvebsi ar gamogvitqvams is ar SeiZleba iyos garkveuli, igi danawevrebuli,camoyalibebuli saxisa. azri yalibdeba sityvis mesveobit da sityvasi. sityvasi isxavs azri xorcs sityva anawevrebs azrs, uket - azris Sinaars. is rac cnobierebasi mogvepoveba, sanam mas sityvebit gadmovcemdet, sxva araferia, Tu ara azris Sinaarsi, igi mocemulia - xan arqmis, xan ertoblivi warmodgenis saxit, romelic mtliania da daunawevrebeli. codnis dagroveba, misi gadacema Taobidan Taobebze, gamocdilebis gziareba da sxva, kacobriobis arsebobisa da winsvlis aucilebeli pirobaa. ena aris ori mxaris - gamosaxulebis da mnisvnelobis ertianoba. pirvels miekutvneba fonemebi da mati kombinaciebi, xolo meores - azrebi. fonemata Serwyma gvazlevs sityvebs, xolo mati Serwyma - winadadebebs da 16

17 frazebs. mnisvnelobis matarebelia ara calkeuli fonema, aramed sityva. es ukanasknelia is sabaziso erteuli, romelzec dafuznebulia enis sazrisi (mnisvneloba). sityvata cvalebadobas da mat kavsirebs gamoavlens gramatika(morfologia da sintaqsi), xolo Sinaarsul mxares - semantika da etimologia.adamianis saqmianobis sfero da mastabi izrdeba da fartovdeba, rac moitxovs enis Sesabamis srulyofas da gamdidrebas. amis safuzveli, amosavali bazaa bunebrivi ena. magram Tavisi Tavdapirveli saxit igi ukve sakmarisi araraa. sawiroa axali sityvebis da terminebis Seqmna, rac iwvevs enis leqsikuri fondis Semdgom gafartoebas, daxvewas da dazustebas. es procesi ukve mizandasaxulad, cnobierad mimdinareobs. mas warmartaven ukve calkeuli adamianebi. mesame TavSi `sityvatwarmoebis funqciebi da mnisvnelobebi Tanamedrove inglisurtan mimartebasi - ganxilulia sintaqsuri funqciidan gamomdinare, iseti sityvatwarmoebebi, rogoricaa gansazrvrebiti konstruqcia an gansazrvrebiti frazebi, miekutvnebian sintaqsuri reduqciis klass da Sesabamisad ganixileba sintaqsis sferosi (Tumca zogierti gramatikosi mat sintaqsur erteulebad ar miicneven). gansxvavebit saxelobiti funqciis mqone sityvatwarmoebebisa, sintaqsuri funqciis mqone sityvatwarmoebebi ar iswrafvian enis leqsikonsi gaertianebisken, mosaubris mexsierebasi darcenis miznit, aramed isini specialurad, mocemuli momentistvis iqmneba. es ki xsnis im faqts, Tu ratom eqvemdebarebian aseti formebi naklebad leqsikur SezRudvebs da Tu ratom SeiZleba mati gamoyeneba masin, rodesac ar arsebobs mati gamoyenebis sawiroeba erteulebis dasaxelebis dros (mag; letter writer-is SemTxvevaSi piri, romelmac dawera werili an diners pirebi, romlebmac miirtves sadili ). rogorc Sekvecili sintaqsuri gardaqmnili formebi, mati Seqmnis ZiriTadi mizania martivi da farto kombinaciuroba SedarebiT rtul konstruqciebsi, an stilisturi variaciis Seqmna. 17

18 sityvatwarmoebebi rogorc saxelobiti, anu leqsikuri funqciis mqone erteulebi leqsikologiis Seswavlis sagans warmoadgens. am funqciit isini miiswrafian enis leqsikonsi da mosaubris mexsierebasi damkvidrebisken. axali sityvebisa da gamotqmebis Seqmnisgan an situaciuri sityvatwarmoebisgan gansxvavebit, saxelobiti funqciis mqone rtuli sityvebi ar iqmnebian adgilze, aramed mat ireben enis leqsikonidan da mosaubreebi mat itviseben rogorc winaswar Camoyalibebul fiqsirebul leqsikur erteulebs, rogorc sxva leqsemebs. SemdgmomSi Cven sityvatwarmoebebze koncentracia unda movaxdinot rogorc saxelobit erteulebze. Tumca, mattan dakavsirebit unda gavitvaliswinot, rom enasi arsebobs aseve sxva saxelobiti erteulebic da rom aman SesaZlebelia xeli SeuSalos kidevac rtuli sityvebis warmoebis process. leqsikonsi arsebuli xarvezebis Sevseba aseve SesaZlebelia garedan (ucxour safuzvelze) leqsemebis sxva enebidan sesxebis mesveobit, an Signidan (erovnul safuzvelze) denotaciuri gardaqmnis an frazeologiuri erteulebis formaciis mesveobit. nasromis meotxe Tavi leqsikur-nominaciuri erteulebis damkvidreba da aqtualobasxvadasxva sferosi - axali sagnebis arsanisnavad enasi mudmivad ibadeba axali cnebebi, an zogjer, sagnebisa da cnebebis armnisvneli axali sityvebi anacvlebs jer kidev arsebul Zvel sityvebs. Sesabamisad, enasi aramudmivi sityvebis raodenoba yoveltvis meryeobs. leqsikasi axali sityvebis Semosvla, rogorc wesi, imaze metia, vidre leqsikonis Sevseba. Tanamedrove inglisuri enis leqsikologiis mizania uzrunvelyos Tanamedrove inglisur enasi arsebuli sityvata maragis sistematiuri arwera. sityvebi, mati Semadgeneli nawilebi morfemebi da sityvata jgufebis sxvadasxva tipebi eqvemdebareba struqturul da semantikur analizs upirveles yovlisa sinqronuli kutxit. sxva sityvebit rom vtqvat, Tanamedrove inglisuri enis leqsikologiis mizania Tanamedrove 18

19 inglisuri enis sityvata struqturebisa da sityvata formaciebis problemebis kvleva, aseve inglisuri sityvebis semantikuri struqturis kvleva. igi Seiswavlis aseve leqsikonis erteulebis klasifikaciis principebs, romelta mixedvitac leqsikuri erteulebi iyofa sxvadasxva jgufebad, aseve im wesebsa da kanonebs, romelta mixedvitac xorcieldeba leqsikonis gadaxaliseba da leqsikonis Zveli erteulebis axal erteulebad Canacvleba. igi agretve Seiswavlis im urtiertobebs, romlebic arsebobs inglisuri enis leqsikonis sxvadasxva leqsikur doneebs Soris da im specifiur kanonebsa da regulaciebs, romelta safuzvelzec vitardeba Tanamedrove leqsikoni. aseve ganxilavs inglisuri enis leqsikonis gamdidrebis wyaroebs da misi zrdas, cvlilebebis, romlebic massi mimdinareobs mteli istoriis manzilze, radgan is diaqronuli midgoma, romelic gamoiyeneba leqsikonis Camoyalibebis kvlevisas, mnisvnelovnad uwyobs xels misi zemoqmedebis Sedegebis gagebas Tanamedrove drosi. leqsikoni es aris sityvata krebuli, romlebic xsirad mocemulia anbanis mixedvit informaciis, ganmartebebis, etimologiebis, fonetikis, warmotqmebisa da sxva informaciis gamoyenebit; an es aris ert enaze Sedgenili wigni, sadac sityvebi mocemulia Tavisive eqvivalentebit sxva enaze, romelic aseve leqsikonis saxelitaa cnobili. nilsenis (2008) Tanaxmad, leqsikoni SeiZleba mivicniot rogorc leqsikografiuli produqti, romelsac gaacnia sami ZiriTadi maxasiatebeli: (1) is aris erti an meti funqciis matarebeli; (2) is Seicavs iset monacemebs, romelta SerCevac moxda arnisnuli funqciebis ganxorcielebis miznit; da (3) misi leqsikografiuli struqturebi aertianebs da amyarebs kavsirs monacemebs Soris ise, rom es monacemebi ara marto akmayofilebs momxmareblebis motxovnebs, aramed asrulebs leqsikonis funqciebsac. uzvelesi inglisuri enis leqsikonebi iyo franguli, italiuri an latinuri sityvebis specialuri terminologiuri leqsikonebi, 19

20 sadac ucxo sityvebis ganmartebebi mocemuli iyo ingisur enaze. arsanisnavia, rom sityva leqsikoni ukavsirdeba inglisel jon garlandis saxels, romelmac 1220 wels dawera wigni Dictionarius, romlis danisnulebac iyo latinuri sityvebis swori diqcia. adreuli 8000 sityviani ara anbanuri wyobis CamonaTvali - Elementaries, asocirdeba ricard mulkasteris saxeltan, romelmac is 1582 wels Seqmna. SeiZleba itqvas, rom samuel jonsonis inglisuri enis leqsikoni (1755), ariarebulia WeSmaritad sarwmuno da mnisnelovan inglisuri enis leqsikonad da is faqti, rom mravali adamiani jer kidev SecdomiT miicnevs jonsons pirveli inglisuri enis leqsikonis Semqmnelad, amis utyuari dasturia..]am etapistvis, leqsikonebi ZiriTadad Seicavs sityvebis teqstualur informacias; isini mocemulia anbanurida ara tematuri TanmimdevrobiT (romelic adre wyobis sakmaod cnobili forma iyo, rac imas nisnavs, rom cxovelebi dajgufebuli iyo ertad da as.). unda arinisnos, rom jonsonis Sedevri pirvlia, sadac yvela es elementi ertadaa Tavmoyrili, romelic saboloo jamsi, qmnis pirvel Tanamedrove leqsikons. jonsonis leqsikonma inglisuri enis standarti 150 wlis manzilze SeinarCuna, sanam 1884 wlidan oqsforids universitetis gamomcemlobam ar daiwyo oqsfordis inglisuri enis leqsikonebis Sedgena da gamocema mokle krebulebis saxit. daaxloebit 50 weli daswirda am uzarmazari samusaos dasrulebas da sabolood 1928 wels srulad gamoica oqsfordis inglisuri enis leqsikonebis Tormet tomeuli. dresdreobit, es leqsikoni rceba yvelaze amomwurav da sarwmuno inglisuri enis leqsikonad, sadac mocemulia yovel sam TveSi ertxel specialuri gundis mier damatebuli Sesworebuli da ganaxlebuli monacemebi. am Tanamedrove leqsikonis yvelaze mtavari xelsemwyobi iyo yofili samxedro qirurgi viliam Cester mainori, damnasave mkvleli, romelic motavsebuli iyo sulit avadmyof damnasaveta fsiqiatriul saavadmyofosi. 20

21 inglisuri enis leqsikonebsi, sadac sityvata warmotqma gansxvavdeba mati martlweris formisagan, Cveulebriv mocemulia sityvebis warmotqmis wesebi saertasoriso fonetikuri anbanis mixedvit. magalitad, sityva dictionary-s ganmartebas SeiZleba mosdevdes Semdegi saxis fonemuri martlwera /! dɪkʃ! nɛri/. Tumca, amerikuli inglisuri leqsikonebi xsirad iyeneben sakutari warmotqmis martlweris sistemebs, magalitad: dictionary dĭk sh! nār ē, masin, roca britanetis erta megobrobis qveynebsi yvelaze xsirad sfa gamoiyeneba. sxvebi gadamarcvlis sistemebs iyeneben; mag: dictionary SeiZleba gadaimarcvlis Semdegnairad DIK-sh! -nair-ee. zogiert onlain an eleqtronul leqsikons sityvebis xmovani versiebic gaacniat. sxcadasxva enebsi sityvebs SeiZleba hqondes gansxvavebuli formebi, magram umravles leqsikonebsi mxolod ubrunveli an uurlebeli formebi gvxvdeba sawyis sityvad. leqsikonebi ZiriTadad wignis formisaa, magram zogierti SedarebiT axali leqsikonebi, rogoricaa StarDict da oqsfordis axali amerikuli leqsikoni, aris eleqtronuli leqsikonebi, romlebic PDA-ze an kompiuterebsi musaobs. aseve arsebobs mravali internet onlain leqsikoni. Cveulebriv leqsikonsi TiToeul sityvas SeiZleba hqondes ramdenime mnisvneloba. zogiert leqsikonsi mocemulia sityvis calkeuli mnisvneloba mati xsirad gamoyenebis mixedvit, gansxvavebit im leqsikonebisagan, sadac ganmartebebi mocemulia istoriuli Tanmim*devrobiT, sadac pirvel adgilze sityvis uzvelesi gamoyeneba dgas. inglisuri enis leqsikonebi gamoirceva Tavisi mravalferovnebit. nebismieri enis leqsikoni uwyvetliv icvleba, radgan mas axali sityvebi emateba, sityvebi icvleba, isini gamoiyeneba an saertod qreba. xdeba sityvebis kombinirebis metodebis gamoyeneba axali leqsikuri erteulebis Sesaqmnelad. aseve ikveceba sityvebis formebi axali sityvebis Sesaqmnelad. Sekvecac da gazrdac SesaZlebelia ertidaigive sityvis elementze moxdes. magalitad, leqsiluri metafora flying 21

22 saucer warmoadgens Sedgenil sityvas, romelic Sedgeba zomis armnisvneli sityvisgan da frenis armnisvneli sityvisgan. nasromsi mocemuli kvleva Catarda The Oxford Dictionary of new Words ert-ert gamocemaze dayrdnobit. kvlevisatvis gamoyenebul iqna 20-e saukunis bolosatvis arsebuli monacemebi ris Sedegadac dadginda rom inglisuri enis leqsikis ganaxleba uwyveti procesia. misi ganvitaereba komunikaciis yvela ZiriTad sferosi mimdinareobs aqtiurad, magram kvlevam acvena rom ufro xsirad enis leqsika izens axal sityvebs polotikis, xelovnebisa da kulturis, biznesisa da Tanamedrove teqnologiebis (kompiuteris) mimartulebit. qvemot mocemulia nimusebi gvicvenebs imas, Tu romel sferosi sityvatwarmoebis romeli xerxia gamoyenebuli da aqtualuri. agretve warmodgenilia is frazebi romlebsic moxda mati asaxva pirvelad. Business World 1. adhocracy noun. (ad+hocracy) blending moqnili da araformaluri martvis organizaciuli sistema romelic Seqmnilia sawiroebis dros gamoyenebistvis. As information technology reduces communication costs, the nonhierarchical structures (such as markets and adhocracies) may help overcome the limitations of hierarchies. Scientific American Sep. 1991,p Kanban noun. (kan+ban) borrowed from Japanese. dawesebuleba: karta an furceli romelic gamoxatavs sawarmoo specifikacias da motxovnebs, romelic gavrcelebulia TanamSomlebs Soris da egzavnebat sawaroo xazit komponentebis miwodebis regurirebisatvis. aqedan gamomdinare: sawarmos koordinierubli sistema iyenebs am kartas. Material passed through many different processes in its transition from a black board to a finished printed circuit assembly including three kanbans. Professional Engineering July 1991,p Air Miles plural noun. compound safirmo dasaxeleba motxovnilebata sqemis stimulirebisatvis, rodesac sakredito baratebi icvleba TviTmfrinaviT ufaso 22

23 mgzavrobaze, adamianebistvis romlebic xsirad sargeblobet TvTimfrinaviT da ireben am aqciasi monawioebas. Air Miles will be awarded for every eligible journey participants make on British Airways scheduled services, so the more flights that a passenger makes, the more Air Miles are accumulated building up for a leisure trip or even a complete holiday. Highlife (British Airways) may 1991, p.7 4. Ring-fence transitive verb.(ring-fence) -compounded. usafrtxoebis dacva an garantia (Tanxis) The European Fighter Aircraft, to cost $22 billion over a number of years, has been ring-fenced from the current spending bettles. Daily Telegraph 24 July 1992,p zaitech noun. (zai+teku) compound finansebis kompleqsuri martva, kerzod sainvesticio safinanso bazarze monawileoba kompaniis rogorc damatebiti sargo, romelsac iq irebs Tavisi Sesrulebuli ZiriTadi operaciebisgan. About 70 percent of the $135 billion went for zaitech, Japanese slang for financial engineering. Playboy Nov.1992,p Human resources plural noun. (human+resources)-compounded adjective+noun Oorganizaciis ert-erti ganyofileba romelic agvarebs administraciis martvas, menejments da TanamSromelTa treningebs A study demonstrates the difficulty women have jumping from staff positions in areas like human resources to line. New York Times 23 Feb. 1992, Sec. 3,p Bancassurance noun. (banc+assurance) -borrowed from French. sadazrvevo produqtebisa da momsaxurebis, gansakutrebit sicocxlis dazrvevis gayidva sabanko dawesebulebebis mier. The job losses stem largely from the amalgamation of TSB s bank and insurance operations into a unified bankassurance business. Guardian June 1993,section 1, p Cash-back noun. (cash-back) - compounded noun+noun ufaso gantavseba, savawrod mowodebuli sxvadasxva nivtis, romelzec damkvets ufleba aqvs gadaixados gansazrvruli Tanxa xelze Tu miirebs sakredito an sadebeto Sesyidvis kartas, 23

24 Tanxa emateba angarisze. Cveulebriv atributad iyneben aset frazas, rogoricaa fuladi sasualebebi nivtis sanacvlod da fulis dabrunebis sqema. Nearly one in ten now gets cash elsewhere, often from a supermarket. For example, Sainsbury s has a cash-back scheme, which allows you to add extra to your bill if you pay by debit card. Daily Mail 10 Mar. 1993,p Loyalty card noun. (loyalty+card) compounded noun+noun ertgulebis barati; piradobis damadasturebeli barati romrlic gaicema sacalod movawrisagan Tavis momxmareblisatvis, rata masze dagrovil iqnas SeZenili saqonlis kreditebi momavali fasdaklebisatvis. All the big supermarket groups have experimented with loyalty cards giving rebates or discounts tied to spending levels. Independent on Sunday Jan. 1994,p Total quality noun phrase. (total+quality) compounded adjective+noun martvis Teoria ZiriTadad emyareba princips, rom yoveli persona valdebulia inarcunebdes maral standarts musaobasi yvela kompaniasi da morvaweobis aspeqtsi The fad of the moment, business process re-engineering has since upstaged such preceding fads as just-in-time and total quality management. Economist 2 July 1994(electronic edition) 11. not-for-profit adjective. (not+for+profit) compounded through affixation links: not(non) negative prefix=noun=adjective mogebaze araorientirebuli; ar aris gamiznuli mogebis mirebaze. An incubator is not-for-profit organization that helps just-hatched companies get off the ground by providing a professional environment. Post (Denver) Apr. 1995, section G, p Data warehouse noun. Compound. monacemta nakrebi, romelic iqna SemuSavebuli sawarmos Sida da arasawarmoo wyarodan da gadamusavdeba formasi, romelic azlevs sasargeblo rekomendacias pirebs, romelsakc iyeneben organizaciebi. 24

25 Data warehousing offers users the possibility of pulling together information held in disparate and potentially incompatible locations throught an organization and putting it to good use. Computing 8 June 1995,p Air Mile plural noun compounded.(air+mile) specializirebulad gamosayenebeli mowyobiloba romelic miertebulia sahaero mils gamoiyeneba Jangbads mocilebul gemze. aset samgzavros haeri miewodeba specialuri sahaero milebit. The accumulation of air miles has become one of the ruling obsessions of modern American life. Guardian 29 NOV. 1995, SECTION 2, P hole-in-the-wall - noun. Compounded.(as a fixed phrase) bankomati; manqana romelic damontajebulia bankis gare kedelze, romelic izleva fuls da informacias pirovnebis sabanko angarisis Sesaxeb. Multimedia kiosks are already commonplace in the US, and are making headway in Britain. They look like hole-in-the-wall bank machines, but have touch-screen control, a document scanner, a telephone and a video camera. Independent 14 April 1995,p Presence noun. (present+ence) - compounded pozicia an saqmianoba konkretul, specifikur bazarze. CNN established a brand awareness and market presence that was very difficult for the followers-on to knock out. Wired Jan. 1995,p.86 kvlevis Sedegad nateli gaxda rom biznesis sferosi dominirebs sityvatwarmoebis meqanizmi Compounding anu sityvis Sedgena, romelic 12 erteulit aris warmodgenili. aseve gvxvdeba nasesxebi sityvebis (Borrowing) 2 erteulit aris warmodgenili; sityvata Serwyma (Blending) 1 erteulit aris warmodgenili. daskvna: rogorc ukve vnaxet, axali sityvebis Sesaqmnelad mravali gza arsebobs, kerzod: sityvebis sesxeba sxva enebidan, ramdenime sityvis SeerTebiT an ukve arsebuli sityvebidan sxva sityvebis warmoebit. rasakvirvelia, kidev mravali sxva 25

26 sasualeba arsebobs sityvebis warmoebisa, mat Sorisaa, sityvebis konversia erti gramatikuli kategoriidan meoresi. kvlevebis Sedegebis ganxilvis Semdeg samartliani iqneba mirebul Sedegebze damatebiti Sefasebebis gaketeba. pirvel yovlisa, unda arinisnos, rom nasromsi ganxiluli yvela sityvatwarmoebis meqanizmi metnaklebad aqtualuri armocnda komunikaciis sxvadasxva sferosi. hipoteza imis Sesaxeb, rom sityvis warmoebis processi gansakutrebit mnisvnelovan rols afiqsebi TamaSobs, mcdaria. lingvisturi analizistvis The Oxford Dictionary of new Words SeirCa ert-erti gamocema da masze dayrdnobit, kvlevisatvis gamoyenebul iqna 20-e saukunis bolosatvis arsebuli monacemebi ris Sedegadac dadginda rom inglisuri enis leqsikis ganaxleba uwyveti procesia. Teoriuli da metodologiuri safuzvlebis Seswavlam cxadhyo, rom axlad warmoebuli sityvebi mnisvnelovnad afartoveben da drevandelobasan ufro moqnils da Sesabamiss xdian enas. am analizisas yvelaze SesamCnevi isaa, rom Tanamedrove nglisursi arsebuli neologizmebis Camoyalibebis procesi rtulia maram aucilebeli, enasi Semavali leqsikuri erteulebis misi gamoyenebisas SezRudulebi ar viyot. biznesi Tanamedrove cxovrebis mamozravebeli Zalaa. massi mimdinare inovaciruri procesebi da mudmivi winsvla TavisTavad moitxovs axal, specifiur leqsikur erteulebs. yovelive amis Sedegad biznesis sferosi Seqmnili axali enobrivi erteulebi amdidrebs, uefro daxvewils da moqnils xdis enas. Cvens mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom biznesis sferosi meti aqtuelobit gamoirceva sityvatwarmoebis meqanizmebi rogoricaa nasesxebi sityvebi (borrowing), sityvata Serwyma (Blending) da sityvata Sedgena (compounding). xolo xelovnebisa da musikis sferosi sul sxva surati ikveteba. aq sityvatwarmoebis xerxebis mravalferovneba gvxvdeba. 26

27 TiTqmis yvela sityvatwarmoebis xerxi Tanabari intensivobit gamoiyeneba. Tanamedrove teqnologiebi drevandelobis ert-erti aucilebeli dargia. es sfero mudmivad ganaxlebadia da TavisTavad moitxovs iset axal leqsikur erteulebs romlebic arweren massi mimdinare procesebs. sityvata sesxeba (loanword), Sekveca (clipping), da sityvata Serwyma (compounding) es is ZiriTadi metodebia romlta sasualebitac warmoiqmneba axali sityvebi am sferosi. The Oxford Dictionary of new Words - is leqsikonsi mravlad aris warmodgenili garemos amsaxveli (environment) axali sityvebi. derivacia (derivation), sityvata Serwyma (compounding), da sxva sityvebis ert kombinaciasi gaertianeba (blending) aris is aqtiurad moqmedi metodebi romlta sasualebitac formirdeba am sferosi axali leqsikuri erteulebi. naklebi aqtualobit gvxvdeba sityvata Sekveca (clipping). Tanamedrove sazogadoeba aqtiurad iyenebs egret wodebul sleng (slang) sityvebs rac ZiriTadad axalgazrda Taobis damsaxurebaa. am qvetavsic romelic ezrvneba kacobriobas da sazogadoebas, romelsic es xalxi morvaweobs arc ise mravladaa enis gamdidrebis da gavrcobis metodebi gamoyenebuli. am kutxit aqtualobit gamoirceva slengi (Slang), derivacia (derivation) da sityvis Sedgena (Compounding) -is sasualebit warmoebuli sityvebi. Cvens samyarosi sportis uamravi saxeoba arsebobs. cxovrebis winsvlastan ertad es sferoc win miiwevs. iqmneba axali saxeobebi, am siaxleebs Tan sdevs enis leqsikuri maragis gafartoveba rata es procesebi arweril iqnas. am sferos kvlevisas gamoikveta, rom ZiriTadi meqanizmi axali sityvebis warmoebisa sityvata Sedgena (Compounding)-ia. aseve aqtiuradaa CarTuli Semokleba (Abbreviation), akronimi (Acronymy),Serwyma (Blending), afiqsacia (Affixation), Sekveca (Clipping). 27

28 ocdameerte saukunis ZiriTadi mamozravebeli tendenciebia mecniereba da axali teqnologiebi. am sferoebis ganvitarebastan kvaldakval enasi arsebuli leqsikuri maragi moitxovs mudmiv gavrcobas. axali erteulebi, romlebic asaxaven sityvata Serwyma (compounding), akronimebi (acronym) da slengi (slang) is ZiriTadi sityvatwarmoebis xerxebia romlebic gamoikveta am sferoebis kvlevisas. kacobriobis arsebobis manzilze janmrteloba da jansari cxovrebis wesi yoveltvis win aris wamoweuli. uamravi siaxle inergeba am kutxit rac sawiroebs axal enobriv erteulebs rata komunikaciisas arqmadi iyos es procesebi. zemotarnisnuli sferoebisagan gansxvavebit aq mravlad siytvatwarmoebis xerxebis mravalferovnebaa, rogorebicaa slengi (slang), sityvata Serwyma (compounding), akronimebi (acronym) da sityvata Semoklebebi (abbreviation) Tanamedrove xelovneba da sporti agretve ert-erti gamokvetili Tavebia The Oxford Dictionary of new Words - is leqsikonsi. uamravi axladseqmnili sityvaa am mimartulebit, Tanamedrove xelovnebis kutxit meti aqtiurobit gamoirceva sadac dominirebs slengis (slang) terminebi, xolo naklebi aqtiurobit sityvata nasesxobebi (borrowing) da sityvata Serwyma (compounding). xolo sportsi ki piriqit meti procentulobit gamoirceva sityvata Serwyma (compounding) slengi ZiriTadad ar gvxvdeba. politika es is sferoa romelic mudmivad sawiroebs da moitxovs axal leqsikas romelic TanxvedraSi iqneba drevandelobastan. rogorc kvlevit dadginda sityvata Serwyma (compounding) aris aqtiurad moqmedi meqanizmi am mimartulebasi. kvlevis Sedegad aqtiurad iqna Seswavlili agretve xelovnebisa da kulturis dargsi leqsikis gamdidrebisa da ganaxlebis sakitxebi. am sferosi SeiniSneba sityvatwarmoebis xerxebis gamoyenebis mravalferovneba. procentulad Warbobs 28

29 slengis (slang) terminebi. agretve aqtualobit gamoirceva nasesxebi sityvebi (borrowing) da da sityvata Serwymis metodi (compounded). kvlevis amgvari Sedegis pirveli mosalodneli mizezi amgvari Sedegisa SeiZleba iyos xalxis survili gaamartivon TavinaTi ena, vinaidan Sedgenili sityvebi da frazebi grzeli da rtulad warmosatqmelia, masin roca Sereuli sityvebi gacilebit mokle da martivi warmoatqmeli SeiZleba iyos. aseve Tanamedrove samyarosi axali obieqtebis an fenomenebis arsawerad xsirad sawiroa sityvebis kombinireba. meore SesaZlo mizezi SeiZleba iyos is iumoristuli efeqti, romelic adamianebs surt rom miiron ori Seusabamo sityvis kombinaciidan. da bolos, zogi adamianistvis amgvari narevebis formireba ubralod interesis sferos warmoadgens. arsebobs veb-gverdebi, sadac adamianebi gamoxataven TavianT kreatiulobas sakutari Seqmnili neologizmebis afisirebit (gansaxilvelad) da Semdeg iziareben sxvebis SeniSvnebs mirebul SedegebTan dakavsirebit. sityvis warmoebis art-erti yvelaze Cveulebrivi gza aris Sedgena, romelsac mxolod amis Semdeg moyveba afiqsebis dartva. sityvis warmoebis processi aseve mnisvnelovania Semokleba. winamdebare nasromis Teoriul nawilsi mocemulia aseve sxvadasxva avtorebis mosazrebebi imis Taobaze, rom afiqsacia, Sedgena da konversia sityvis warmoebis ZiriTadi saxeobebia, xolo Semokleba, blendingi, akronimebi da abreviaturebi - meorexarisxovania, Tumca sxvadasxva onlain eqsikonebidan arebuli neologizmebis am lingvistur analizsi blendingi upirvelesia sityvis warmoebis processi, xolo konversia sruliad isviati saxeobaa, gansakutrebit SerCeuli axlad Seqmnili sityvebis SemTxvevaSi. mirebuli Sedegebis gatvaliswinebit SeiZleba davaskvnat, rom Tanamedrove inglisursi ori an meti sityvis sxvadasxva nawilebis kombinacia ufro popularuli xdeba im 29