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1 (, ) (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone,1931) (Cuzon,2004) (Liao 2011) (2011 ) [2010NZ0002-2]!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!, 0.025% P<0.05,0.05% P<0.05 P>0.05 β-, P<0.05 3, β-, β /g /g, β /g /g 2004, β- laramie_liu@139.com 23

2 0.4% 0.1% 0.2%( 2009) 1.1 (SGR) A(Vitamin A VA) (T-AOC)(P<0.05) D(Vitamin D VD) E(Vitamin E VE) K(Vitamin K VK) (fat-soluble vitamins) VK VA VD VE (He,1992) ( 2009) 80 mg/kg VA, 4 (P<0.05), (P<0.05) P<0.05 WSSV ( 76.3%) P> ( 23.7%) VA SOD CAT GPX mrna (P< P>0.05 VA 0.05) ( 2010) P< P>0.05 VA (water-soluble vitamins) (P<0.05) C(Vitamin C VC) B VC VA ( ( ) 36 mg/kg) (P<0.05) VC,, VA VC,VC 4, VC VA mg/kg 11 (He,1993a) VC VA 18 mg/kg 0.1 g VA, VC 120 mg/g, mg/kg 2007, VC (Cuzon,2004) VE VE (PL10)VC 100 mg/kg VC, VE 90~100 mg/kg He mg/kg 4 VC, 5% 130 mg/kg VE 200 mg/kg Ruff VC (Lavens,1999) 5% 2001 VE, VC 100 mg/kg, (Ruff,2001) VE SOD CAT VC mg/kg GPX GST,, VE Liu 2007 VE VC mg/kg ( 2009) VC (AAPP) 31~ 62 mg/kg 15 mg/kg 24

3 25 mg/kg AAPP (P>0.05) B, (0.55±0.03) g 90%; AAPP B 1 (Vitamin B 1 VB 1 )19.70~50.80 mg/kg AAPP(15 25 mg/kg) (P<0.05) VB 1 (Cuzon,2004) P>0.05 VB mg/kg (2 000 mg/kg) (TKA) VB 1 (0.83 mg/kg) (Kontara,1997) (P<0.05) P> d, 130 mg/kg ( ) TKA Lavens 1999 VB mg/kg VC VC β- (López 2003) B Vitamin 6 B 6 VB 6 C ~ mg/kg Li mg/kg 10 VB 6 4 VC mg/kg VB 6 P> VC-2- P<0.05 VB 6 P<0.05 P>0.05 C VC-2- VB 6 (P<0.05) VC ( 300 mg/kg ) mg/kg VC 2004a VC VE VA VC VB 1 VB 6 (P<0.05); VC 120 mg/kg (P>0.05) VC VC P<0.05 (, 2004b) VC, (SOD CAT GPX GST), (Wang,2006) L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate LAPP 1 VC, 2 VC 191 mg/kg; (Minerals) (Macro elements) (Micro elements) VC 360 mg/kg(niu 2009) VC 25

4 % % 1% 2% (0% 0.5% 1% 1.5% 2%) 15 8,, ( 0.77%) 0.93% 1% 2% 1 A D E K B 1 B IU/kg IU/kg 300 mg/kg 5 mg/kg 50 mg/kg 40 mg/kg 75 mg/kg 200 mg/kg B 6 B 12 C 5 mg/kg 0.1 mg/kg 1 mg/kg 300 mg/kg 400 mg/kg mg/kg 10 mg/kg 2.1 0% 0.05% 0.10% 0.20% 0.40% 0.80% 1.60% (Ca) (P) (Na) (K) 3.20% 6.40% 12.80% [ (1.041~1.104) g] (P<0.05) P> % 0% 3.20% 6.40% 12.80% RNA Co Co ( 2006) (0% 1% 2% 4%) P Ca 4% P (P<0.01) 0.35% Ca 0.5%~1.0% 1.0% P Ca 2% (Cheng 2006) KH 2 PO 4 2H 2 O, 2.09%~2.20% KH 2 PO 4 2H 2 O 1.0%( 2009) 1.0%~2.0% 2.0% P Ca P 4% Ca P 2(Davis 1990) (P<0.05) (0% 0.75% 1.5%) (0% 0.75% 1.5%) (P>0.05) ( ) 4% ( 2008) 0%( ) 1% 2% > > > 4% 4 40 d > 4 26

5 H (Survival) (PER) (FCR) (P>0.05)( 2009) [ (5.27±0.20) g] > 0%( ) (P> 0.5% 1.0% 2.0% 4 50 d 0.05) (CER) (P> (1.5) (SGR) 0.05) Met-16 Fum-32 (GH) (P<0.05) (FCR) (P<0.05) (P<0.05) 2.0% (FCR) (P<0.05) (,2010) (P<0.05) (Zn) Zn 110 mg/kg (Davis 2.0% 1993) (P< mg/kg ) (SGR)(P<0.05)( (PO) (AKP) ) (P<0.05)(, 2009) 4 10 K + 10 g/kg, Na + PO (Roy 2007) AKP 2.2 AKP 2 (Cu) 40~60 mg/kg mg/kg mrna Toll mrna Cu 34 mg/kg 120 mg/kg Toll mrna mr- (Davis 1993) NA 30 mg/kg 150 mg/kg (SOD) 50 mg/kg mg/kg 2003 Toll mrna mrna 10 mg/kg (Mg), ( 2007) (0.74± Mg, 0.12%(Liu 1996) 0.01) g Mg 3 (SGR) Mg Roy

6 Mg 2+ (Roy 2009) 1 (Se) (GSH-Px) Se 2 0.2~0.4 mg/kg (Davis 1990) 3 Se (GSH) 4 Se GSH 0.1 mg/kg 120 mg/kg, ( 2009) [1] Se VE [D].,2009. VE Se [2],, 400 mg/kg 0.4 mg/kg ( 2010) (Fe) WSSV B 1 [J]. [5], 180 mg/kg( ) (Páez-Osuna,1995) (Kanazawa,1984;Davis,1992), (Kanazawa 60 mg/kg ) 80 mg/kg (Mn),2007,19(6): [9], 2007(1): 1-4. Mn [10], [11],,,. [J].,2004a, 28(6): Mn(Liu 1997).,. [J]., 2006, 30(11): [3]. [D].,2010. [4],,. (Litopenaeus vannamei ),2010, 22(4): ,. [J]., 2009,30(5): [6],,,. [J].,2008,29(6): [7],,,. B 6 [J]., 2010, 22(3): [8],,,. A [J].. [J].,. VC [D]. C [12],,,. C [J].,2004b,28(8): [13],, (Litopaneaus vannamei) [J].,2010,41(4): [14],,.. E (Litopenaeus vannamei) [J]., 2010,41(1): [15],,,.

7 [J].,2003, 10 and iron[j]. Mem. Fac. Fish Kagcshima. Univ., 1984,33: (6): [34] Kontara E K M, Merchie G, Lavens P, et al. Improved production [16],,,. of postlarval white shrimp through supplementation of L -ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate [J].,2005, 1(2): in their diet[j]. Aquacult Int., 1997, 5:127- [17],, mrna Toll mrna [J]. [35],2011,35(7): Lavens P, Merchie G, Ramos X, et al.supplementation of ascorbic acid 2 -monophosphate during the early postlarval stages of the [18],,,. shrimp Penaeus vannamei[j]. Aquac. Nutr., 1999,5(3): [J].,2009, 30(3): [36] Li E, Yu N, Chen L Q, et al. Dietary Vitamin B 6 Requirement of the [19],,,. Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, at Low Salinity [J]. [J].,2004,28(2): Journal of the World Aquaculture Society,2010, 41(5): [20]. [37] Liao I C, Chien Y H. The Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, [D]., in Asia: The World's Most Widely Cultured Alien Crus- [21],,,. tacean. In the Wrong Place - Alien Marine Crustaceans: Distribution, [J]., 2006(6): Biology and Impacts Invading Nature - Springer Series in [22],,,. Invasion Ecology, 2011, Volume 6, Part 4, , DOI: [J].,2007, / _17. 22(5): [38] Liu Y, Wang W N, Wang A L, et al. Effects of dietary vitamin E [23]. [D]. supplement ation on antioxidant enzyme activities in Litopenaeus, [24] Cheng K M, Hu C Q, Liu Y N, et al.effects of dietary calcium, phosphorus and calcium / phosphorus ratio on the growth and tissue mineralization of Litopenaeus vannamei reared in low - salinity water[j]. Aquaculture, 2006, 251: [25] Cuzon G, Lawrence A, Gaxiola G,et al. Nutrition of Litopenaeus vannamei reared in tanks or in ponds [J]. Aquaculture, 2004,235 (1/4): [26] Davis D A, Boyd C E, Rouse D B.Effects of Potassium, Magnesium and Age on Growth and Survival of Litopenaeus vannamei Post-Larvae Reared in Inland Low Salinity Well Waters in West Alabama [J]. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 2005,36 (3): [27] Davis D A,Gatlin D M.Evaluation of the dietary zinc requirement of Penaeus vannamei and effects of phytic acid on zinc and phosphorus bioabailability[j]. J World Aquac Soc, 1993,241(1): [28] Davis D A, Lawrence A L, Gatlin III D.Dietary copper requirement of P. vannamei[j]. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci.Fish., 1993,59(1): [29] Davis D A, Lawrence A L, Gatlin III D M. Mineral requirements of Penaeus vannamei: a preliminary examination of the dietary essentiality for thirteen minerals[j]. J. World Aquac. Soc., 1992, 23 (1):8-14. [30] He H, Lawrence A L, Liu R Y. Evaluation of dietary essentiality of fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E and K for penaeid shrimp (Penaeus vannamei)[j]. Aquaculture, , [31] He H, Lawrence A L. Vitamin E requirement of Penaeus vannamei[j]. Aquaculture,1993a, 118: [32] He H,Lawrence A L. Vitamin C requirements of the shrimp Penaeus vannamei[j].aquaculture, 1993b,114: [33] Kanazawa A,Teshima S,Sasald M.Requirements of juvenile prawn for ealdum,phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, copper,manganese 29 vannamei (Boone,1931) exposed to acute salinity changes [J]. Aquaculture, 2007, 265(1/4): [39] López N, Cuzon G, Gaxiola G. Physiological, nutritional, and immunological role of dietary β 1-3 glucan and ascorbic acid 2- monophosphate in Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles [J]. Aquaculture, 2003, 224(1/4): [40] Páez-Osuna F,A C Ruiz-Fernández.Trace metals in the Mexican shrimp Penaeus vannamei from estuarine and marine environments[j]. Environmental pollution, 1995,87(2) [41] Roy L A, Davis D A, Nguyen T N, et al. Supplementation of Chelated Magnesium to Diets of the Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, Reared in Low -salinity Waters of West Alabama [J]. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society,2009, 40 (2): [42] Roy L A, Davis D A, Saoud I P, et al.supplementation of potassium, magnesium and sodium chloride in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, reared in low salinity waters[j]. Aquaculture Nutrition,2007,13(2): [43] Ruff N, Lavens P, Huo J Z,et al. Antioxidant effect of dietary tocopherol and ascorbic acid on growth and survival of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae[j]. Aquaculture International,2001,9(2): [44] Saoud I P, ROY L A, DAVIS D A. Chelated Potassium and Arginine Supplementation in Diets of Pacific White Shrimp Reared in Low-Salinity Watersof West Alabama [J].North American Journal of Aquaculture,2007, 69: [45] Wang W N, Wang Y, Wang A L. Effect of supplemental L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate (APP) in enriched live food on the immune response of Penaeus vannamei exposed to ammonia -N [J].Aquaculture,2006, guiyush@126.com

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