Άλλες Ονομασίες Doryleon, Dorylleon, Dorylaeion, Dorylaïon, Darauliya, Adruliya, Sarhüyük

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1 Περίληψη : A Byzantine city of great strategic importance, built in the valley between the rivers Temvros and Vathys and in a distance of approximately 3 km NE of the modern city of Eskişehir. During the Early Byzantine period the city belonged to the province of Phrygia Salutaria. Later it became part of the theme of Opsikion. Between the 7th and the 10th century Dorylaeum formed,often enough, the focal point of the struggle between the Arabs and the Byzantines as well as of mutinous movements. It was finally conquered by the Seljuks of Ikonion around 1180 AD. Άλλες Ονομασίες Doryleon, Dorylleon, Dorylaeion, Dorylaïon, Darauliya, Adruliya, Sarhüyük Γεωγραφική Θέση Central Asia Minor, mod. Central-Western Turkey Ιστορική Περιοχή Phrygia Διοικητική Υπαγωγή province of Phrygia Salutaria, theme of Opsikion 1. Geographical location Dorylaeum was located in Phrygia. It is identified with the modern village of Sarhüyük, built approximately 3 km NE of Eskişehir, in the valley between the river Temvros and its affluent Vathys. Already since Antiquity it lied on a key point on the great merchant road leading from the Bosporus to the Cilician Gates. By the passing of ages, it acquired a great strategic importance, not only thanks to its key geographical position during Byzantine times Dorylaeum controlled the passage from Constantinople towards the hinterland of Asia Minor - but also thanks to its fertile, well irrigated and protected area in which it was built, as well as the nearby thermal springs, famous since Antiquity. 2. Foundation and administrative classification Dorylaeum is known as early as the 4th century BC, during the time of the clash between Antigonus I ( BC) and Lysimachus ( BC) (ca.302). 1 The city owes its name to the mythic person Dorylaios, a descendant of Heracles. 2 During the Roman period it belonged to the Phrygia Epiktetos coenon, a federation of six cities which minted a federal coin, and was a part of the conventus of Synada. During the early Byzantine period it became part of Phrygia Salutaria, as attested by Hierokles, in Synekdemos (6th century) Dorylaeum as a great military centre of the Byzantine Empire During Byzantine times Dorylaeum was the outpost of the theme of Opsikion and a very powerful fortress against every attack the empire would suffer from the east. The great military significance of the city is attested by the fact that already since the 6 th century one of the seven scholae (palatinae) of the empire was stationed there. 4 During the 11 th and the 12 th century Dorylaeum housed the second most important aplekton (army camp) of the empire, next to the one of Malagina, since almost the total force of the Byzantine army of the eastern front could be gathered there. 5 For this reason the area of Dorylaeum served the systematic breeding of asses, mules and of the imperial pack animals in general. It has not become by chance that from Dorylaeum the Byzantine forces started their march towards the fatal, for the empire, battle of Mantzikert (1071). Furthermore, the armies of the Crusaders passed across the region, in the 11 th and the 12 th century, whereas it also formed the operative centre of every army which would operate in Asia Minor. Δημιουργήθηκε στις 25/7/2017 Σελίδα 1/6

2 4. Military history Between the 7 th and the 10 th century Dorylaeum used to be a common target during the arabic attacks and the raids. In 741 it became the theatre of the clash between Constantine V ( ) and the usurper Artabasdos, cοmes of the theme of Opsikion. In 970 it became the gathering point for the troops of Bardas Skleros, during the first mutiny of the usurper of the throne Bardas Phokas. In the second phase of the last mutiny of Bardas Phokas ( ) the city was briefly captured by the usurper, along with many other cities of Asia Minor. During the 11 th and the 12 th century Dorylaeum suffered the consequences of the penetration of the Seljuks in Asia Minor, often being in the eye of the storm in the struggle between the Byzantines, but the Crusaders also, with the Seljuks who had invaded Asia Minor. Around 1080 it fell in the hands of the Sekjuks for the first time. Since then the city was deserted, passing many times under the control of Turkmen, nomads who had settled in the area. In 1175 the city was recaptured by Manuel I Komnenos ( ) and it was renovated, becoming then an important, advanced frontier fortress of the empire. 6 In the year 1180 AD, or shortly after, Dorylaeum finally came under the control of the Seljuks Rūm, within the scope of the campaign of the Seljuk sultan against the Maeander valley, and it was amongst the region which Masût (Muhyiaddin Mas udsah), son of Kiliç Arslan II ( ) received in 1188/1189. The city of Dorylaeum was rebuilt by the Seljuks near the thermal springs of the region and took the name Eskişehir. 5. The society of Dorylaeum Certaın important Byzantine families derive from the area of Dorylaeum, like the Melissenos Family, whose members possessed vast tracks of land at the end of the 11th century Monuments The ancient settlement of the city had been located on a hill, in a distance of 100 m NW of the river Vathys. The settlement was fortified with a circuit that surrounded the foot of the hill, which dates back to the second half of the 3rd century. A second fortification wall, of a slightly later date, encircles the area of the ruins of the city from the E and the SE, where the ancient agora has also been located. Most of the inscriptions of Dorylaeum have been found in the area between these two walls. The remains of a third, medieval fortification wall, are situated on the upper part of the plateau. In Eskişehir numerous Roman and Byzantine inscriptions and architectural remains have been located. Traces of other settlements have also been found in sites around Dorylaeum. The city communicated with the thermal springs through a stone-paved street, along which at least two bridges have been located. In the wider region of Dorylaeum and of the river Tembros the remains of another Byzantine bridge are still visible, next to which certain Roman inscriptions have been found. On the river Vathys a small one bridge, possibly of Seljuk construction, has also been located. 7. The thermal springs and the baths of Dorylaeum The famous thermal springs of the city of Dorylaion are located in the centre of the modern city of Eskişehir. At this point, the bath complex had been possibly built during the Byzantine period, but later it was destroyed in warfare. According to Ibn Khurdadhbeh, the Arab chronicler of the 9 th century, a great bathhouse was erected in the area of the thermal spring, under the care of the central administartion as aimed in serving the numerous armies passing via Dorylaeum on their way to the operations of the east. The complex, comprising of seven halls, was capable to serve one thousand people. According to John Cinnamos in the end of the 11 th century, shortly before the first capture of the city by the Seljuks, Nikephoros Melissenos built, among other clusters, thermal baths, porticoes and plynous (wash basins) Diodorus Siculus, ΧΧ,108, see Dictionnaire d'histoire et de Géographie Ecclésiastiques, vol. 14 (Paris 1960) p , s.v. Dorylée (R. Janin). Δημιουργήθηκε στις 25/7/2017 Σελίδα 2/6

3 2. Jones, A.H.M., The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces (Oxford 1971) p Le Synekdèmos d Hiéroklès et l opuscule géographique de Georges de Chypre, ed. Honigmann, E. (Bruxelles 1939) p. 29. For the early Byzantine Dorylaeum see also Stephanus Byzantius, Stephanos Byzantinii [ie. Stephani Byzantii], Stephani Byzantinii Ethnicorum quae supersunt, ed. Meineke, A. (Berlin 1849, ανατ. Chicago, Illinois 1992) p This information is provided by 5th/6th-century inscriptions from this region: at least one of the comes of the gentiles iuniores, that is one of the tagmata of the imperial guard (scholae palatinae), as well as other military and civil officials; see Drew-Bear, Th. Eck, W., Kaiser, Militär und Steinbruchinschriften aus Phrygien, Chiron 6 (1976) pp Hoffmann, D., Das spätrömische Bewegungsheer und die Notitia Dignitatum, vols. I-II (Epigraphische Studien 7/I, 7/II, Düsseldorf ) I, pp 280, 298 = TIB See Huxley, G., A List of ά.πληκτα, Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 16 (1975) p The list of the aplekta of the empire is preserved with the form of a short essay under the title «Yπόθεσις των βασιλικων ταξειδίων και υπόμνησις των απλήκτων», incorporated in the most complete manuscript of the work of Constantine Porfyrogennitus ( ), De ceremoniis aulae byzantinae (Περί βασιλείου τάξεως), in the code of Leipzig, which dates to the 12th century AD. 6. Wirth, P., Kaiser Manuel I. Komnenos und die Ostgrenze. Rückeroberung und Wiederaufbau der Festung Dorylaion, Byzantinische Zeitschrift 55 (1962) pp ; Magdalino, P., The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, (Cambridge 1993) p. 96. The rebuilding of Dorylaeum was praised by Euthymios Malakes, metropolitan of Neai Patrai in his speech in honour of the day of the Epiphany of the year 1176, op.cit., pp , as well as in an anonymous heroic poem, dedicated to Manuel I Komnenos, see Λάμπρος, Σπ., «Σύμμικτα-Στίχοι εις Mανουήλ τον Kομνηνόν», Nέος Eλληνομνήμων 5 (1908) p See Bλυσίδου, B. and others, H Mικρά Aσία των θεμάτων. Έρευνες πάνω στην γεωγραφική φυσιογνωμία και προσωπογραφία των βυζαντινών θεμάτων της Mικράς Aσίας (7ος-11ος αι.), (IBE/EIE, Eρευνητική Bιβλιοθήκη 1, Aθήνα 1998) p Ioannis Cinnami, Epitome rerum ab Ioanne et Alexio Comnenis gestarum, ed. Meineke, A. (CSHB, Bonn 1836) pp On the thermal baths of Dorylaeum see Berger, A., Das Bad in der byzantinischen Zeit (München 1982) p. 76. Βιβλιογραφία : Brandes W., Die Städte Kleinasiens im 7. und 8. Jahrhundert, Amsterdam 1989, Berliner byzantinistische Arbeiten 56 Zgusta L., Kleinasiatische Ortsnamen, Heidelberg 1984, BN 21 Jones A.H.M., The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces, 2, Oxford 1971 Βλυσίδου Β., Λουγγής Τ., Λαμπάκης Σ., Σαββίδης Α., Κουντούρα-Γαλάκη Ε., Η Μικρά Ασία των θεμάτων. Έρευνες πάνω στη γεωγραφική φυσιογνωμία και προσωπογραφία των βυζαντινών θεμάτων της Mικράς Aσίας (7ος-11ος αι.), Αθήνα 1998, Eρευνητική Bιβλιοθήκη 1 Belke K., Mersich N., Phrygien und Pisidien, Wien 1990, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 7 Ramsay W.Μ., The Historical Geography of Asia Minor, 2, London Amsterdam 1962 Janin R., "Dorylée", Dictionnaire d histoire et de géographie ecclésiastique, Paris 1960, Δικτυογραφία : Dorylaion Δημιουργήθηκε στις 25/7/2017 Σελίδα 3/6

4 Phrygien Γλωσσάριo : agora, the The term initially meant the gathering of the people. During historical times this gathering was called ecclesia and the word agora meant the public space where citizens gathered. The agora consists of commercial and religious buildings as well as constructions of political character. aplêkton, fossaton Since late Antiquity the terms aplêkton (< applicitum) and fossaton (< fossa: ditch) meant the military camp. During the middle Byzantine period aplêkton took a more specific meaning defining the place where the imperial troops were raised before a campaign. The imperial aplêkta in Asia Minor were six: Malagina, Dorylaion, Lopadion, Καβόρκιν, η Δαζυμών, ο Βαθύς Ρύαξ. The list of the aplêkta of the empire is preserved under the title «Ὑπόθεσις τῶν βασιλικῶν ταξειδίων καὶ ὑ πόμνησις τῶν ἀπλήκτων», which is incorporated in the most complete manuscript of the work of Constantine Porphyrogenetus ( ) De ceremoniis aulae byzantinae (Περί βασιλείου τάξεως), in the codex of Lipsia of 12th century. comes 1. A title in the Roman and the Byzantine Empires, designating an official with political but mostly military jurisdiction. Especially the comes Orientis held the position corresponding to that of a vicar in Early Byzantine period. In the years of Justinian I, the comes in head of wider provinces assumed political and military powers, while in the Middle Byzantine period the Opsikion theme was one of the few themes which was the jurisdiction of a comes instead of a strategos. 2. A nobility title in medieval Europe. conventus, us In the Roman provinces, the term referred to the meetings of the provincials in places appointed by the praetor or the proconsul of the province for the purpose of administering justice. In order to facilitate the procedure, the province was divided into districts or circuits called conventus, forum or jurisdictio. The Roman citizens living in a province under the jurisdiction of the proconsul, and accordingly had to settle any business at a conventus had to appear there. koinon, the The term koinon pertains to every confederacy of ancient cities. scholae palatinae Scholae palatinae were created by Diocletian ( ). They were corps of the imperial guard, and to be more precise they formed the personal army of the emperor. They served under the magistri officiorum and later on under the Domesticos ton Scholon. Seven regiments were stationed in the East and five in the West. Justinian I ( ) introduced four more short-lived regiments. stoa, portico, the A long building with a roof supported by one or two colonnades parallel to its back wall. theme A Byzantine term that signifies wide military and administrative units under the administration of a strategos (general). The institution was consolidated in the 7th century and was characteristic for the organization and the division of Byzantine Empire at the Middle Byzantine period. The term applies also to the army unit that resided in each administrative unit and was staffed by farmer-soldiers. The thematic system was maintained until the end of Byzantine period. However, in the Later Byzantine period it was used in order to declare mostly tax units. Πηγές Meineke, A. (ed.), Ioannis Cinnami, Epitome rerum ab Ioanne et Alexio Comnenis gestarum, (Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, Bonnae 1836). Meineke, A. (ed.) Stephani Byzantinii Ethnicorum quae supersunt, (Berlin 1849, reprint. Chicago 1992: Stephani Byzantinii Ethnicα. A Geographical Lexicon on Ancient Cities, Peoples, Tribes and Toponyms). Honigmann, E. (ed.), Le Synekdèmos d Hiéroklès et l opuscule géographique de Georges de Chypre, (Bruxelles 1939). Παραθέματα Δημιουργήθηκε στις 25/7/2017 Σελίδα 4/6

5 a) Manuel Iʹs campaign in the region of Dorylaion (1159 μ.x.) Bασιλεὺς δὲ [δηλ. ο Mανουήλ A Kομνηνός] ἐπεὶ ἀμφὶ τροπὰς ἤδη χειμερινὰς ὁ ἥλιος ἐγένετο, διὰ τοῦ Ἑλλησπόντου πορθμοῦ ἐπὶ Ἀσίαν διαβὰς ἄχρι Δορυλαίου ἦλθε περὶ ἄμφω τῷ ποταμῷ, ὢν ὁ μὲν Bαθὺς πρὸς τῶν ἐγχωρίων, Θύβρις δὲ ἄτερος ὀνομάζεται, τὴν περιοικίδα τε πᾶσαν καταδραμὼν μυρίαν ἐκεῖθεν ἀνδρῶν καὶ ζώων ἄλλων ἥλασε πληθῦν. Meineke, A. (ed.), Ioannis Cinnami, Epitome rerum ab Ioanne et Alexio Comnenis gestarum. Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae (Bonnae 1836), p b) Description of Dorylaeum in late 11th c., after John Kinnamos Τὸ δὲ Δορύλαιον τοῦτο ἦν μὲν ὅτε πόλις ἦν μεγάλη τε εἶπερ τὶς τῶν ἐν Ἀσίᾳ καὶ λόγου ἀξία πολλοῦ. Αὔρα τε γάρ τὸν χῶρον ἁπαλὴ καταπνεῖ, καὶ πεδία παρ αὐτὴν τέταται λειότητος τε ἐπὶ πλεῖστον ἥκοντα καὶ ἀμήχανον τὶ προφαίνοντα κάλλος, οὕτω μέντοι λιπαρὰ καὶ οὕτως εὔγεω, ὡς τὴν τε πόαν δαψιλῆ μάλιστα ἐκδιδόναι καὶ ἁβρὸν παρέχεσθαι ἄσταχυν. Ποταμὸς δὲ διὰ τοῦ τῆδε τὸ νάμα πέμπει καὶ ἰδέσθαι καλὸς καὶ γεύσασθαι ἡδὺς. Πλῆθος ἰχθύων τοσοῦτον δέ ἐννήχεται τούτῳ, ὅσον εἰς δαψίλειαν τοῖς τῆδε ἀλιευόμενον ἐλλιπὲς οὐδαμὴ γίνεσθαι. Ἐνταῦθα Μελισσηνῶν πότε καίσαρι οἰκίαι τε ἐξωκοδόμηνται λαμπραὶ καὶ κῶμαι πολυάνθρωποι ἦσαν θερμὰ τε αὐτόματα καὶ στοαὶ καὶ πλυνοὶ, καὶ ὅσα ἀνθρώποις ἡδονὴν φέρει, ταῦτα δὴ ὁ χῶρος ἄφθονα παρεῖχεν. Meineke, A. (ed.), Ioannis Cinnami, Epitome rerum ab Ioanne et Alexio Comnenis gestarum. Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae (Bonnae 1836), p ; p Χρονολόγιο ca. 302 BC.: First mention of the city 651/652 AD: Muʹ awiyaʹs army fails to seize the city 707/708: Arab raid to the city 741: The city is caught in the middle of the clash of Constantine V ( ) and Artabasdos 779: Another Arab attack fails 805: Calif Harun ar Rasidʹs army reaches the city while marching against Amorion Summer of 838: Emperor Theophilos ( ) arrives to Dorylaion, seeking to block the advance of Calif al Mu tasimʹs forces towards Amorion 970: Bardas Skleros gathers his forces in the context of the first rebellion of the usurper Bardas Fokas. The city is taken over during the second phase of Bardas Phokasʹs rebellion ( ) 1069: The city caught in the middle of the rebellion of the Frank mercenary Crespin de Brichanteau (Crispinus) 1071: Gathering of the army which would take part in the battle of Matzikert at some time later 1074: The forces of Caesar John Doukas assigned with the repression of the Norman mercenary Roussel de Bailleulʹs rebellion, arrive to the city 1/7/1097: The combined forces of the Seljuk sultan Kiliç Arslan I ( ) and of the Danismendid dynasty are defeated by the Crusades led by Geoffroy de Buyon, in the valley of River Bathys Δημιουργήθηκε στις 25/7/2017 Σελίδα 5/6

6 1116: Alexios Iʹs army is stationed in the valley of Dorylaion while on campaign 1147: The German army of the Second Crusade, under the command of Emperor Conrad II Hohenstaufen ( ) is defeated by the Seljuks 1159: Byzantine forces are sent to the region to confront the Seljuks 1160: The envoys of the Sultan of Ikonion Kiliç Arslan II ( ) pass from the city on their way back from their ambassade to Manuel I Komnenos ( ) ca. 1170: The city reconquered by the Byzantines 1175: Manuel I Komnenos rebuilds the city and organises it as an advanced της σε προκεχωρημένο border fortress. About 2000 Turcmen nomads are banished from the area ca. 1176: Sultan Kiliç Arslan II, the winner of the battle of Myriokephalon, lays down the demolition of the Dorylaion fortress as a condition for a peace treaty with the Byzantines. Manuel I Komnenos declines ca. 1180: The city definitely into Seljuk hands 1188/1189: The city part of the dominion of Masut, Kiliç Arslan IIʹs son (Muhyiaddin Mas udsah). Rebuilding of the city by the Seljuks; renamed into Eskişehir Δημιουργήθηκε στις 25/7/2017 Σελίδα 6/6