A 96 Mbit/sec, 15.5 pj/bit 16-QAM Modulator for UHF Backscatter Communication#

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1 A 96 Mbit/sec, 15.5 pj/bit 16-QAM Modulator for UHF Backscatter Communication#!"#$%&"'()'*+,-%./'0%""+#$'!)'1#23,45.' 6'."#$%&")"+,-%.7589#)#58':/'6'-%"")&#23, #)#58':' ;8&+%-/'EA'C!F'

2 Outline!! M%?9B&,835'! NF0'M%?9.?%""#&'! M%?9.?%""#&'*+#,&2'! %&

3 Motivation#! 1PQ;'8.#5'=,&'!"#$%!&'!$(',LR#?".'! S%."'2#%&/')*+,)!-,%!*$' 2#3'! Q3?&#%.#5'5%"%'&%"#.'%&#' '()*& +,-./01230)/&)4& )56.278& '(.9.*& + :)23;<=30)/& '(37*& +

4 Motivation#! 1PQ;'8.#5'=,&'!"#$%!&'!$(',LR#?".'! S%."'2#%&/')*+,)!-,%!*$' 2#3'! Q3?&#%.#5'5%"%'&%"#.'%&#' '()*& +,-./01230)/&)4& )56.278& '(.9.*& + :)23;<=30)/& '(37*& + >./8)9&?373& A)B*&!&

5 Conventional View of Sensor Data Links#! ''!"#$%&'%()*'+#,-*)+%.'#.,#$/'$.-#'/+0.-1#-/$/*-)2#2*$#*33-/$$/3#+2/# 4-.56/7#.,#/'/-&89/:)%/')8;#!"#$%"#&'()'(*+!&,#-#./(-0*(1%2-(-0%-( 2,$!3-%-#,.(#4($%.'(,"5*"4(,1($%/.#-35*(&*44(*+!*.4#6*(-0%.( *$#.'#$/'$.-#'/+0.-1#46*+,.-7#3/$%&'<B# U0%"+#&'#")'F4/'VC4"&%TS,$'K,$#&';%"%'!",&%B#'=,&'!#3.,&'E#"$,&9.W/'FA0'QK!E'HIIX)Y' '! C&

6 Summary of Conventional Links#! "'#"C#2*$#"+#'.%-#'-*3%.#)2%4#*$#*#7.5%6/#3/?%)/D# N93/8L<7O& E9.FG./2H& >H/7(.8<=.9& I)-G;30)/& JK&?373& P.2.<Q.O& K?M&?.L)-G;30)/& E9.FG./2H& >H/7(.8<=.9&! D&

7 MBS Uplink versus Conventional Radios# Frequency Data Rate Peak Transmit Modulation Technology (MHz) (Mbit/s) Power (dbm) Scheme b PSK-CCK a/802.11g 5200/ OFDM Bluetooth FSK THIS WORK QAM (MBS)! Q3'"+@.'$,&9/'$#'@-<4#-#3"'NF0',D#&'%'C_P' L%?9.?%""#&'4@39'",'%?+@#D#'%'5%"%'"&%3.=#&'&%"#',='`X' 0L@"a.)'! ;%"%'&%"#.'%&#'?,-<%&%L4#'",'#O@."@3B'$@&#4#..'<&,",?,4./' L8"',<#&%"#'$@"+'%'.@B3@]?%3"'&#58?"@,3'@3'<,$#&'?,.")'! *+@.'-%9#.'+@B+TL%35$@5"+'$@&#4#..'5%"%'"&%3.=#&' <,..@L4#'=,&'<,$#&'?,3."&%@3#5'5#D@?#.)' SN35;.&E9)L&TU&M(./V&.7&3;UV&WX<MIY>&-.Q<2.8&3/-&PE&</7.Z937.-&2<92G<78V[&& </&!"#$#%&'()*+,&-,./,+"),0*#1&2+3(,!"4*"((1*"4V&\)(/&'<;.H&]&>)/8V&,/2UV&%$$CU^& R&

Prior work in QAM Backscatter#!!@-84%"@,3.',='bTK!c'a'bTNF0',D#&'L%?9.

8 Prior work in QAM 1PQ;'HIJI)' _&

9 Scattered Fields from an Antenna#! Ud&##3'J`Xe/'_%3.#3'J`f`Y' E scat (Z L )=E scat (Z a)+γ (Z L ) E anti m I ant `&

10 Scattered Fields from an Antenna#! Ud&##3'J`Xe/'_%3.#3'J`f`Y' E scat (Z L )=E scat (Z a)+γ (Z L ) E anti m I ant! 4%56+%65,)02*"#01+,%%#5!$(0@.'5#<#35#3"',3'%3"#33%' B#,-#"&2/'."&8?"8&#/'%35'<,.#)' #$&

11 Scattered Fields from an Antenna#! Ud&##3'J`Xe/'_%3.#3'J`f`Y' E scat (Z L )=E scat (Z a)+γ (Z L ) E anti m I ant! 4%56+%65,)02*"#01+,%%#5!$(0@.'5#<#35#3"',3'%3"#33%' B#,-#"&2/'."&8?"8&#/'%35'<,.#)'! 7$%#$$,02*"#01+,%%#5!$(0@.'5#<#35#3"',3'"+#'?,3R8B%"#' &#g#?"@,3'?,#h?@#3")' ##&

12 Scattered Fields from an Antenna#! Ud&##3'J`Xe/'_%3.#3'J`f`Y' E scat (Z L )=E scat (Z a)+γ (Z L ) E anti m I ant! 4%56+%65,)02*"#01+,%%#5!$(0@.'5#<#35#3"',3'%3"#33%' B#,-#"&2/'."&8?"8&#/'%35'<,.#)'! 7$%#$$,02*"#01+,%%#5!$(0@.'5#<#35#3"',3'"+#'?,3R8B%"#' &#g#?"@,3'?,#h?@#3")' Γ (Z L )= Z a Z L Z a + Z L! ]#45.'58#'",'%3"#33%T-,5#'.?%""#&@3B)' #%&

13 Baseband Signal Model#! F) A48""#&' dg3-937g9.&bdc&,/aj(38.&b,c&

14 Baseband Signal Model#! F) A48""#&' M) dg3-937g9.&bdc&,/aj(38.&b,c& #!&

15 Baseband Signal Model#! F) A48""#&' M) A) dg3-937g9.&bdc&,/aj(38.&b,c& #C&

16 Baseband Signal Model#! F) A48""#&' M) A) dg3-937g9.&bdc&,/aj(38.&b,c&! %3"#33%)'! #D&

16-QAM Modulator Design# J) *+#'5#.@&#5'NF0'?,3."#44%"@,3' @.'5&%$3'@3'"+#'QaN'<4%3#)' H) QaN'<,@3".'%&#'?,3D#&"#5'",' &#g#?"@,3'?,#h?@#3".)' e) P&,-'&#g#?"@,3'?,#h?@#3"./' @-<#5%3?#.'%&#'?%4?

17 16-QAM Modulator Design# J) H) Ideal Quadrature ?.8<9.-&M)/87.;;30)/& In Phase Γ = [x + jy] max [x + jy]?.8<z/.-&39)g/-&3& C$&Y(LV&`#C&IA=& 3/7.//3U& Z Li Z a = Z a Z a Γ i 1+Γ i ances values may fall in #R&

$'?,3"&,44#5'L2'b'5@B@"%4'4@3#.'[&#<&#.#3"@3B'L@".'@3' %'.2-L,4\'! >%?+'@-<#5%3?#'&#<&#.#3".'%3'@35@D@58%4'.2-L,4)' #_&$

18 Circuit Implementation#! (c)! %'.2-L,4\'! #_&

19 Measured Impedances#,-.3;&3/-&I.38G9.-&hi&j3;G.8& Ideal Γ Measured Γ Z j0.03 Z j0.03 Z j j0.3 Z j j0.29 Z j0.04 Z j0.02 Z j j0.33 Z j j0.29 Z j j0.63 Z j j0.6 Z j j0.9 Z j j0.89 Z j j0.62 Z j j0.59 Z j j0.9 Z j j0.94 Simulated EVM 868 MHz 2.96% 915 MHz 0% 950 MHz 2.09% Measured EVM 915 MHz 3.62% Ideal Measured! C.@3B'%'jEF/'@-<#5%3?#.'$#&#'-#%.8&#5)'0#%.8&#5'D%48#.'.+,$'B,,5'%B&##-#3"'$@"+'<&#5@?"#5/'@5#%4'4,?%"@,3.'=,&'e3&f& C$&g&6$)'! E#O"/'$#'<#&=,&-#5'%'.#&@#.',=',D#&T"+#T%@&'"#.".'",'?,3]&-' "+%"'"+#'.?%""#&#5']#45.'+%D#'"+#'?,&&#?"'-%B3@"85#'%35' <+%.#)' #`&

20 Over-the-air Constellations# 4-PAM 4-QAM/4-PSK 16-QAM 3 bi37;35c& 3 1 Quadrature 1 1 Quadrature 0 Quadrature In Phase In Phase (a) (b) (c) In Phase N3Z&<8&k;32.-&%URC&L&3B3H&49)L&3&g%@&-XLV&`#C&IA=&PE&8)G92.U&N(.&73Z&<8&793/8L<l/Z&C$$V$$$& 8HL5);8"8.2&4)9&!aJKI&3/-&C$$V$$$&8HL5);8"8.2&4)9&!V#DadKI&b#&I5k8V&%&I5k8&9.8k.20Q.;Hc& %$&

21 EVM and Power Consumed versus Symbol Frequency# I)-G;37)9&J)B.9&2)/8GLk0)/& </ &;</.39;H&B<7(&-373&937.U&,/29.38</Z&-373&937.&9.-G2.8&8HL5);&./.9ZH&23G8</Z&3&;39Z.9&mjI&! %#&

22 OTA 96 Mbit/sec Constellation#! 0#%.8&#-#3"'.#"8<i'! mhe'5m-',8"<8"'<,$#&'! 1#.84".i'! [bf/jfb'.2-l,4.\'! M>1'6'G)If'O'JI X '! >j0'o'`)efk'! J)b`'-Z'[JG)G'<(aL@"\' %%&

23 Link Budget# TABLE II 16-QAM BACKSCATTER LINK BUDGET λ P t G t, G r RCS, min. P r r max. 96 Mbps 33 cm +28 dbm 8 dbi 0.03 m dbm m 60 Mbps 33 cm +28 dbm 8 dbi 0.03 m dbm m 40 Mbps 33 cm +28 dbm 8 dbi 0.03 m dbm m! F'-%O@-8-',<#&%"@,3%4'5@."%3?#',='Jn)IJ'-'@.' <&#5@?"#5'=,&'%'`X'0L@"a.'5%"%'&%"#' F..8-<"@,3.i'! 1#%5#&'!#3.@"@D@"2'4@-@"#5'[&#"8&3'4@39'4@-@"#5\'! J'L<.a_l'.<#?"&%4'#h?@#3?2'! 0#%.8&#5'&#?#@D#&'3,@.#']B8&#',='J`'5M'! JH'5M'>LaE,'-%&B@3'[=,&'M>1',='JI Te \'! ;@p#&#3"@%4'1a!'5#"#&-@3#5'l2'-@3@-8-'5@."%3?#' L#"$##3'%32'H'<,@3".'@3'"+#'?,3."#44%"@,3)' %@&

24 Conclusions#! L%?9.?%""#&'-,584%",&' 86%65#0.*590 H) %!&

25 CMOS Micrograph# #DadKI&I)-G;37)9&,Lk;.L./7.-&</&MIY>& %C&

26 Thank you!! %D&

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