Contents 1 Introduction to Radio Systems 2 Modulation and Detection

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1 Contents 1 Introduction to Radio Systems Overview of Wireless Communication Systems Simplified Block Diagram of Transmitter and Receiver Basic Modulation Definitions in Mathematical Terms Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM) Phase Modulation (PM) Spectral Properties of the Basic Modulation Schemes Amplitude Modulation Spectrum Frequency Modulation Spectrum Differences Between AM and FM Vector Representations AM Vector Representation FM Vector Representation Narrowband FM Wideband FM Phase Modulation Spectrum Summary References Modulation and Detection AM Modulators Methods to Create Single Sideband (SSB) AM Signals AM Demodulators Envelope Detector Product Detector FM Modulators Direct FM Modulator Indirect FM Modulator PM Modulator FM Demodulators FM Balanced Demodulator FM Quadrature (Detector) Demodulator xi

2 xii Contents Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)-Based FM Demodulator Zero-Crossing Detector FM Demodulator PM Demodulators Digital Modulation Binary Modulation Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK) Binary Modulation Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) Binary Modulation Phase-Shift Keying (PSK) Complex Envelope Form of Modulation Signals M-ary Modulation MPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying Modulation BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying Detection Differential Binary Phase Shift Keying DBPSK DPSK Modulator DPSK Demodulator Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Modulation QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Modulator Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Demodulator π/4 QPSK Shifted Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying Modulation π/4 QPSK Shifted Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying Modulator π/4 QPSK Shifted Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying Demodulator π/4 Shifted QPSK Demodulator with IF Differential Detector π/4 QPSK Demodulator: FM Discriminator Binary Frequency-Shift Keying BFSK BFSK Modulator BFSK Demodulator: Coherent Detector BFSK Demodulator: Noncoherent Detector Minimum Shift Keying MSK MSK Modulator MSK Demodulator M-ary QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Multiplexing Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Modulation Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Modulation/Demodulation Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Modulation/Demodulation Summary References Typical System Performance Parameters Transmitter Modulation Accuracy Adjacent and Alternate Channel Power... 62

3 Contents xiii 3.2 Receiver Sensitivity Noise Figure Selectivity Image Rejection (IR) Dynamic Range Spurious Free Dynamic Range (SFDR) System Components Transmission Lines Amplifiers Gain Compression and Desensitization Crossmodulation Intermodulation Memoryless Bandpass Nonlinearities Mixers Filters Oscillators Amplitude Noise Phase Noise of a Local Oscillator Frequency Multipliers Summary References Radio Channel Fundamentals and Antennas Wireless Radio Channel Radio Transmitter and Receiver Block Diagram Wave Propagation Phenomena Multi-Path Propagation Free Space Propagation Model Reflection Models Diffraction Models Scattering Models Refraction in the Troposphere Description of Antennas and Their Parameters Summary References Noise, Nonlinearity and Time Variance Introduction Thermal Noise Quantification of Thermal Noise Shot Noise Quantification of Shot Noise Noise Bandwidth Signal-to-Noise Ratio Available Noise Power

4 xiv Contents 5.5 Noise Figure Spot Noise Figure Noise Temperature Effective Noise Temperature of a Network Overall Noise Figure of Cascaded Networks Mixer Noise Figure Noise Calculation in Baseband Nonlinearity and Time Variance Gain Compression and Desensitization Crossmodulation Intermodulation Cascaded Nonlinear Stages Second-Order Input Intercept Point Intermodulation Distortion Formulas Cascade Second-order Input Intercept Point Two-tone IlP Single-Tone IlP Time-Varying-Envelope Signal IlP Third-Order Input Intercept Point Two-Tone IlP Summary References Sensitivity and Dynamic Range Introduction Sensitivity Minimum Detectable Signal Signal-to-Noise Ratio dB Compression Point Intermodulation Distortion Cascaded Receiver Networks Dynamic Range Receiver Blocking Spur-Free Dynamic Range Summary References Transceiver Architectures Introduction Transmitter Architectures: Heterodyne Transmitter Architectures: Homodyne Homodyne Transmitter Architecture Drawbacks LO Disturbance and Its Corrections Receiver Architectures: Heterodyne Super-Heterodyne Receiver Dual IF Topology Homodyne (Zero IF/Direct-Conversion) Receiver Homodyne Receiver Drawbacks

5 Contents xv DC Offsets Offset Cancellation Approaches I/Q Mismatch Transmitter Leakage Receiver Architectures Image-Reject Hartley Architecture Hartley Architecture Drawbacks Weaver Architecture Digital-IF Receiver Sampling IF Receiver Oscillators Phase Noise, Oscillator Pulling and Pushing Phase Noise Jitter and Random Jitter Analysis of Phase Noise Mathematical Treatment Phase Noise Mechanisms: Phenomenology Quantification of FM noise mechanism Oscillator Pulling and Pushing Oscillator Pulling Oscillator Pushing Manifestations/Effects of Phase Noise Summary References Case Studies Introduction WCDMA Receiver WCDMA Receiver Analog Systems Requirements WCDMA System Performance Requirements WCDMA Receiver System Operating Conditions Transmitter Leakage at LNA input Duplexer Filter Frequency Response Required Es/N 0 and Receiver Implementation Loss Receiver Noise Third-Order Linearity Second-Order Linearity Input 1-dB Compression LO RF Leakage LTE (Long Term Evolution) Receiver (4G) Study of LTE Receiver Front-End Summary References Tutorials Tutorial 1: Introduction to SystemVue and Basic Receiver Design Learning Objective Prerequisites for this Tutorial

6 xvi Contents Design Task Getting Started and Schematic Window Implementation of Basic Receiver Model Setting of Component Parameters Add RF System Analysis and Execute Simulation Visualization of Simulation Results Additional Exercises Tutorial 2: Direct Conversion Receiver Design Learning Objective Prerequisites Design Task Implementation of Direct Down Conversion First Simulation and Analysis of Results Optimized Implementation Tutorial 3: Heterodyne Receiver Design Learning Objective Prerequisites Design Task Implementation of an Additional Conversion Stage Optimization of the Design Comparison of Direct Down-Conversion and Heterodyne Receiver Tutorial 4: PSK Transmitter Design and Complete RF Transmission Link Learning Objective Prerequisites Design Task SystemVue Data Flow environment Implementation of Direct Up Conversion Transmitter Simulation and Analysis of Results Receiver Integration Signal Recovery Analysis Bit Error Rate Simulation Tutorial 5: FMCW Radar Learning Objective Prerequisites Design Task Implementation of FMCW Radar Target Simulation and Recognition Signal to Noise Ratio Analysis Summary Appendix Index

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