Contents 1. Introduction Theoretical Background Theoretical Analysis of Nonlinear Interactions... 35

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1 Contents 1. Introduction Nonlinear Optics and Nonlinear-Optic Instruments Waveguide and Integrated Optics Historical Perspectives on Waveguide NLO Devices Future Prospects...6 References Theoretical Background Optical Waveguides Waveguide Structures and Electromagnetic Waves Planar Waveguides Channel Waveguides Nonlinear Optical Polarizations Dielectric Response Function and Susceptibility Second-Order Nonlinear Polarization Third-Order Nonlinear Polarization Coupled-Mode Equations Phase Matching Coherence Length and Phase Matching Birefringence Phase Matching Mode Dispersion Phase Matching Quasi-Phase Matching Cerenkov-Radiation-Type Phase Matching Other Phase Matching Methods...31 References Theoretical Analysis of Nonlinear Interactions Guided-Mode Nonlinear-Optic Interactions Second-Harmonic Generation Sum-Frequency Generation Difference-Frequency Generation Optical Parametric Amplification Quasi-Phase Matching by Chirped Grating Coupled-Mode Formalism SHG Characteristics and Design Guidelines Cerenkov-Radiation-Type Interaction Green Function Approach...64

2 X Contents Coupled-Mode Formalism SHG Characteristics Wavelength Conversion of Ultrashort Pulses Coupled-Mode Equations Pulse Walkoff and Phase Matching Bandwidth Beam Propagation Method Formalism Interaction Characteristics Cascaded Second-Order Nonlinear-Optic Effects Nonlinear Phase Shift Effective Nonlinear Refractive Index...87 References Nonlinear-Optic Interactions in Resonator Second-Harmonic Generation in Optical Resonator Description of Resonant SHG Devices Singly Resonant SHG Devices Doubly Resonant SHG Devices Optical Parametric Oscillation Waveguide Resonators and Resonant Modes Singly Resonant Oscillator Doubly Resonant Oscillator Pump-Resonant Oscillators References Quantum Theory of Nonlinear-Optic Devices Quantum States of Optical Waves Field Quantization Photon Number States Coherent States Squeezed States Expressions for Quantum Fluctuation Field Amplitude Fluctuation Covariance Matrix and Squeezing Spectrum Intensity Noise Traveling-Wave Second-Harmonic Generation Nonlinear Coupled-Mode Equations and Steady-State Solutions Linearized Differential Equation for Fluctuation Fluctuation Propagation Matrix Fluctuation and Squeezing Characteristics Resonant Second-Harmonic Generation Steady-State Solutions Degenerate Parametric Amplification Sum-Frequency Generation Difference-Frequency Generation and Parametric Amplification Fluorescence Power Photon Correlation...138

3 Contents XI References Waveguide Fabrication and Characteristics Proton-Exchanged Waveguides Anneal/Proton-Exchange Variations of Proton Exchange Ion-Exchanged Waveguides Metal-Diffused Waveguides Ti-Indiffused Waveguides Zn-Indiffused Waveguides Ion-Implanted Waveguides Other Waveguide Fabrication Techniques Liquid Phase Epitaxy Ridge Formation Photorefractive Damages Reduction of Nonlinear-Optic Effect References Fabrication of QPM Structures Crystal Structures and Spontaneous Polarization Ferroelectric Domain Inversion and Hysteresis Loop Review of QPM Structure Fabrication Work High Temperature Methods Proton and Ion Exchange Methods Room Temperature Methods Materials Other than Ferroelectrics Electron-Beam Direct Writing Method Procedure and Mechanism Domain-Inverted Gratings Pulse Voltage Application Method Control for Pulse Voltage Application Domain Inverted Gratings References Second-Harmonic Generation Devices Review of Research Work on Waveguide SHG Devices Dielectric Thin-Film Waveguides Ferroelectric Crystal Waveguides Semiconductor Waveguides Organic Waveguides Glass Waveguides Prototype Waveguide QPM-SHG Devices Design and Theoretical Performances Experimental Performances Modified Waveguide QPM-SHG Devices Structures for Residual Phase Mismatch Compensation...214

4 XII Contents Structures for Wide Bandwidth Waveguide Structures for High Efficiency SHG QPM-SHG Devices with Distributed Bragg Reflector Resonant Waveguide SHG Devices Waveguide SHG Devices with Electrooptic Components Cascaded SHG-SFG Third-Harmonic Generation Devices Rare Earth-Doped Waveguide Self SHG Lasers Applications of Waveguide SHG Devices Input Coupling and Output Beam Forming for C-SHG Devices Short Pulse, Multicolor, and Ultraviolet Light Generation Implementation of Blue QPM-SHG Laser Applications to Optical Disk Memory Other Applications References Difference-Frequency Generation Devices Fundamental QPM-DFG Devices Design and Theoretical Performances Fabrication and Experimental Results Integration of Coupling Structures Cascaded SHG-DFG Wavelength Conversion Working Principle and Theoretical Performances Device Fabrication and Experimental Results Balanced Mixer Configuration Waveguide Structures for High-Efficiency Converters APE Waveguide Buried by Inverse Proton Exchange APE Waveguide with High-Index Cladding Polarization-Independent Wavelength Converters AlGaAs Waveguide QPM-DFG Devices Polarization-Independent LiNbO 3 Waveguide QPM-DFG Devices Applications to Photonic Networks Comparison of Various Wavelength Converters Simultaneous Multichannel Wavelength Conversion Variable Wavelength Conversion Dispersion Compensation and Other Signal Processing Generation of Long Wavelength Waves Generation of Mid-Infrared Waves Generation of Terahertz Waves References Optical Parametric Amplifiers and Oscillators Design and Theoretical Performance Configurations of Waveguide QPM-OPA/OPO Devices QPM Conditions Gain and Bandwidth of OPA Devices Threshold and Tuning Behavior of OPO Devices...276

5 Contents XIII 10.2 Experimental Results APE LiNbO 3 Waveguide OPO/OPA Devices Ti-Indiffused LiNbO 3 Waveguide OPA/OPO Devices References Ultrafast Signal Processing Devices Signal Processing Using Third-Order Nonlinearity Basic All-Optical Switching Devices Fiber Waveguide Devices Semiconductor Waveguide Devices Self Phase Modulation and Pulse Compression Optical Sampling Devices Device Description and Design Considerations Fabrication and Experimental Results Optical Gate Switches Switching Using Cascaded χ (2) Phase Shift Cascaded SFG-DFG Switches Cascaded SHG-DFG Switches Integrated SFG Interferometer Switch References Appendix Crystals for Waveguide Nonlinear Optic Devices Sellmeier Expressions of Refractive Indexes Refractive Indexes of LiNbO 3 and LiTaO References Index...315

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