Contents of Appendix
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- Άδωνις Δραγούμης
- 6 χρόνια πριν
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1 Contents of Appendix A SI UNITS: SINGLE-STATE PROPERTIES 755 Table A.1 Conversion Factors, 755 Table A.2 Critical Constants, 758 Table A.3 Properties of Selected Solids at 25 C, 759 Table A.4 Properties of Some Liquids at 25 C, 759 Table A.5 Properties of Various Ideal Gases at 25 C, 100 kpa (SI Units), 760 Table A.6 Constant-Pressure Specific Heats of Various Ideal Gases, 761 Table A7.1 Ideal Gas Properties of Air, Standard Entropy at 0.1-MPa (1-Bar) Pressure, 762 Table A7.2 The Isentropic Relative Pressure and Relative Volume Functions, 763 Table A.8 Ideal Gas Properties of Various Substances, Entropies at 0.1-MPa (1-Bar) Pressure, Mass Basis, 764 Table A.9 Ideal Gas Properties of Various Substances (SI Units), Entropies at 0.1-MPa (1-Bar) Pressure, Mole Basis, 766 Table A.10 Enthalpy of Formation and Absolute Entropy of Various Substances at 25 C, 100 kpa Pressure, 772 Table A.11 Logarithms to the Base e of the Equilibrium Constant K, 773 B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES 775 Table B.1 Thermodynamic Properties of Water, 776 Table B.2 Thermodynamic Properties of Ammonia, 794 Table B.3 Thermodynamic Properties of Carbon Dioxide, 800 Table B.4 Thermodynamic Properties of R-410a, 804 Table B.5 Thermodynamic Properties of R-134a, 810 Table B.6 Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrogen, 816 Table B.7 Thermodynamic Properties of Methane, 820 C IDEAL GAS SPECIFIC HEAT 825 D EQUATIONS OF STATE 827 Table D.1 Equations of State, 827 Table D.2 The Lee Kesler Equation of State, 828 Table D.3 Saturated Liquid Vapor Compressibilities, Lee Kesler Simple Fluid, 828 Table D.4 Acentric Factor for Some Substances, 828 Figure D.1 Lee Kesler Simple Fluid Compressibility Factor, 829 Figure D.2 Lee Kesler Simple Fluid Enthalpy Departure, 830 Figure D.3 Lee Kesler Simple Fluid Entropy Departure,
2 CONTENTS OF APPENDIX... E FIGURES 832 Figure E.1 Temperature Entropy Diagram for Water, 833 Figure E.2 Pressure Enthalpy Diagram for Ammonia, 834 Figure E.3 Pressure Enthalpy Diagram for Oxygen, 835 Figure E.4 Psychrometric Chart, 836 F ENGLISH UNIT TABLES 837 Table F.1 Critical Constants (English Units), 838 Table F.2 Properties of Selected Solids at 77 F, 839 Table F.3 Properties of Some Liquids at 77 F, 839 Table F.4 Properties of Various Ideal Gases at 77 F, 1 atm (English Units), 840 Table F.5 Ideal Gas Properties of Air (English Units), Standard Entropy at 1 atm = kpa = lbf/in. 2, 841 Table F.6 Ideal Gas Properties of Various Substances (English Units), Entropies at 1 atm Pressure, 842 Table F.7 Thermodynamic Properties of Water, 848 Table F.8 Thermodynamic Properties of Ammonia, 859 Table F.9 Thermodynamic Properties of R-410a, 865 Table F.10 Thermodynamic Properties of R-134a, 871 Table F.11 Enthalpy of Formation and Absolute Entropy of Various Substances at 77 F, 1 atm Pressure, 877
3 SI Units: Single-State Properties A P P E N D A I X7 TABLE A.1 Conversion Factors Area (A) 1mm 2 = m 2 1ft 2 = 144 in. 2 1cm 2 = m 2 = in. 2 1 in. 2 = cm 2 = m 2 1m 2 = ft 2 1ft 2 = m 2 Conductivity (k) 1 W/m-K = 1 J/s-m-K = Btu/h-ft- R 1 Btu/h-ft-R = W/m-K Density (ρ) 1 kg/m 3 = lbm/ft 3 1 lbm/ft 3 = kg/m 3 1 g/cm 3 = 1000 kg/m 3 1 g/cm 3 = 1 kg/l Energy (E, U) 1J = 1 N-m = 1 kg-m 2 /s 2 1J = lbf-ft l lbf-ft = J 1 cal (Int.) = J = Btu 1 Btu (Int.) = kj 1erg = J = lbf-ft 1eV = J Force (F) 1N = lbf 1kp= N (1 kgf) 1 lbf = N Gravitation g = m/s 2 g = ft/s 2 Heat capacity (C p, C v, C), specific entropy (s) 1 kj/kg-k = Btu/lbm- R 1 Btu/lbm- R = kj/kg-k Heat flux (per unit area) 1 W/m 2 = Btu/h-ft 2 1 Btu/h-ft 2 = W/m 2 755
4 APPENDIX A SI UNITS: SINGLE-STATE PROPERTIES... TABLE A.1 (continued ) Conversion Factors Heat-transfer coefficient (h) 1 W/m 2 -K = Btu/h-ft 2 - R 1 Btu/h-ft 2 - R = W/m 2 -K Length (L) 1mm= m = 0.1 cm 1 ft = 12 in. 1cm = 0.01 m = 10 mm = in. 1 in. = 2.54 cm = m 1m = ft = in. 1 ft = m 1km = mi 1 mi = km 1mi = m (US statute) 1 yd = m Mass (m) 1kg = lbm 1 lbm = kg 1 tonne = 1000 kg 1 slug = kg 1 grain = kg 1 ton = 2000 lbm Moment (torque, T) 1 N-m = lbf-ft 1 lbf-ft = N-m Momentum (mv) 1 kg-m/s = lbm-ft/s 1 lbm-ft/s = kg-m/s = lbf-s Power ( Q, Ẇ) 1W = 1 J/s = 1 N-m/s 1 lbf-ft/s = W = lbf-ft/s = Btu/h 1kW = Btu/h 1 Btu/s = kw 1 hp (metric) = kw 1 hp (UK) = kw = 550 lbf-ft/s = Btu/h 1 ton of 1 ton of refrigeration = kw refrigeration = Btu/h Pressure (P) 1Pa = 1 N/m 2 = 1 kg/m-s 2 1 lbf/in. 2 = kpa 1 bar = Pa = 100 kpa 1arm = kpa 1 atm = lbf/in. 2 = bar = in. Hg [32 F] = 760 mm Hg [0 C] = ft H 2 O[4 C] = m H 2 O[4 C] 1 torr = 1mmHg[0 C] 1mmHg[0 C] = kpa 1 in. Hg [0 C] = lbf/in. 2 1mH 2 O[4 C] = kpa 1 in. H 2 O[4 C] = lbf/in. 2 Specific energy (e, u) 1 kj/kg = Btu/lbm 1 Btu/lbm = kj/kg = lbf-ft/lbm 1 lbf-ft/lbm = kj/kg = Btu/lbm
5 ... APPENDIX A SI UNITS: SINGLE-STATE PROPERTIES TABLE A.1 (continued ) Conversion Factors Specific kinetic energy ( 1 2 V2 ) 1m 2 /s 2 = kj/kg 1 ft 2 /s 2 = Btu/lbm 1 kj/kg = 1000 m 2 /s 2 1 Btu/lbm = ft 2 /s 2 Specific potential energy (Zg) 1m-g std = kj/kg l ft-g std = 1.0 lbf-ft/lbm = Btu/lbm = Btu/lbm = kj/kg Specific volume (v) 1cm 3 /g = m 3 /kg 1cm 3 /g = 1 L/kg 1m 3 /kg = ft 3 /lbm 1 ft 3 /lbm = m 3 /kg Temperature (T) 1K= 1 C = 1.8 R = 1.8 F 1 R = (5/9) K TC = TK TF = TR = (TF 32)/1.8 = 1.8 TC + 32 TK = TR/1.8 TR = 1.8 TK Universal Gas Constant R = N 0 k = kj/kmol-k R = Btu/lbmol-R = kcal/kmol-k = lbf-ft/lbmol-r = atm-l/kmol-k = atm-ft 3 /lbmol-r = (lbf/in. 2 )-ft 3 /lbmol-r Velcoity (V) 1 m/s = 3.6 km/h 1 ft/s = mi/h = ft/s = m/s = mi/h = km/h 1 km/h = m/s 1 mi/h = ft/s = ft/s = m/s = mi/h = km/h Volume (V) 1m 3 = ft 3 1ft 3 = m 3 1L = 1dm 3 = m 3 1 in. 3 = m 3 1 Gal (US) = L 1 Gal (UK) = L = m 3 1 Gal (US) = in. 3
6 APPENDIX A SI UNITS: SINGLE-STATE PROPERTIES... TABLE A.2 Critical Constants Molec. Temp. Press. Vol. Substance Formula Mass (K) (MPa) (m 3 /kg) Ammonia NH Argon Ar Bromine Br Carbon dioxide CO Carbon monoxide CO Chlorine C Fluorine F Helium He Hydrogen (normal) H Krypton Kr Neon Ne Nitric oxide NO Nitrogen N Nitrogen dioxide NO Nitrous oxide N 2 O Oxygen O Sulfur dioxide SO Water H 2 O Xenon Xe Acetylene C 2 H Benzene C 6 H n-butane C 4 H Chlorodifluoroethane (142b) CH 3 CClF Chlorodifluoromethane (22) CHClF Dichlorofluoroethane (141) CH 3 CCl 2 F Dichlorotrifluoroethane (123) CHCl 2 CF Difluoroethane (152a) CHF 2 CH Difluoromethane (32) CF 2 H Ethane C 2 H Ethyl alcohol C 2 H 5 OH Ethylene C 2 H n-heptane C 7 H n-hexane C 6 H Methane CH Methyl alcohol CH 3 OH n-octane C 8 H Pentafluoroethane (125) CHF 2 CF n-pentane C 5 H Propane C 3 H Propene C 3 H Refrigerant mixture R-410a Tetrafluoroethane (134a) CF 3 CH 2 F
7 ... APPENDIX A SI UNITS: SINGLE-STATE PROPERTIES TABLE A.3 Properties of Selected Solids at 25 C ρ C p Substance (kg/m 3 ) (kj/kg-k) Asphalt Brick, common Carbon, diamond Carbon, graphite Coal Concrete Glass, plate Glass, wool Granite Ice (0 C) Paper Plexiglass Polystyrene Polyvinyl chloride Rubber, soft Sand, dry Salt, rock Silicon Snow, firm Wood, hard (oak) Wood, soft (pine) Wool Metals Aluminum Brass, Copper, commercial Gold Iron, cast Iron, 304 St Steel Lead Magnesium, 2% Mn Nickel, 10% Cr Silver, 99.9% Ag Sodium Tin Tungsten Zinc TABLE A.4 Properties of Some Liquids at 25 C ρ C p Substance (kg/m 3 ) (kj/kg-k) Ammonia Benzene Butane CCl CO Ethanol Gasoline Glycerine Kerosene Methanol n-octane Oil engine Oil light Propane R R R R R-134a R-410a Water Liquid metals Bismuth, Bi Lead, Pb Mercury, Hg NaK (56/44) Potassium, K Sodium, Na Tin, Sn Zinc, Zn Or T melt if higher.
8 APPENDIX A SI UNITS: SINGLE-STATE PROPERTIES... TABLE A.5 Properties of Various Ideal Gases at 25 C, 100 kpa (SI Units) Gas Chemical Molecular R ρ C p0 C v0 Formula Mass (kg/kmol) (kj/kg-k) (kg/m 3 ) (kj/kg-k) (kj/kg-k) k = C p C v Steam H 2 O Acetylene C 2 H Air Ammonia NH Argon Ar Butane C 4 H Carbon dioxide CO Carbon monoxide CO Ethane C 2 H Ethanol C 2 H 5 OH Ethylene C 2 H Helium He Hydrogen H Methane CH Methanol CH 3 OH Neon Ne Nitric oxide NO Nitrogen N Nitrous oxide N 2 O n-octane C 8 H Oxygen O Propane C 3 H R-12 CCl 2 F R-22 CHClF R-32 CF 2 H R-125 CHF 2 CF R-134a CF 3 CH 2 F R-410a Sulfur dioxide SO Sulfur trioxide SO Or saturation pressure if it is less than 100 kpa.
9 ... APPENDIX A SI UNITS: SINGLE-STATE PROPERTIES TABLE A.6 Constant-Pressure Specific Heats of Various Ideal Gases C ρ0 = C 0 + C 1 θ + C 2 θ 2 + C 3 θ 3 (kj/kg K) θ = T(Kelvin)/1000 Gas Formula C 0 C 1 C 2 C 3 Steam H 2 O Acetylene C 2 H Air Ammonia NH Argon Ar Butane C 4 H Carbon dioxide CO Carbon monoxide CO Ethane C 2 H Ethanol C 2 H 5 OH Ethylene C 2 H Helium He Hydrogen H Methane CH Methanol CH 3 OH Neon Ne Nitric oxide NO Nitrogen N Nitrous oxide N 2 O n-octane C 8 H Oxygen O Propane C 3 H R-12 CCl 2 F R-22 CHClF R-32 CF 2 H R-125 CHF 2 CF R-134a CF 3 CH 2 F Sulfur dioxide SO Sulfur trioxide SO Approximate forms valid from 250 K to 1200 K. Formula limited to maximum 500 K.
10 APPENDIX A SI UNITS: SINGLE-STATE PROPERTIES... TABLE A7.1 Ideal Gas Properties of Air, Standard Entropy at 0.1-MPa (1-Bar) Pressure T u h s 0 T T u h s 0 T (K) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) (K) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k)
11 ... APPENDIX A SI UNITS: SINGLE-STATE PROPERTIES TABLE A7.2 The Isentropic Relative Pressure and Relative Volume Functions T[K] P r v r T[K] P r v r T[K] P r v r The relative pressure and relative volume are temperature functions calculated with two scaling constants A 1,A 2. P r = exp[s 0 T /R A 1]; v r = A 2 T/P r such that for an isentropic process (s 1 = s 2 ) P 2 = P r2 = es0 T /R 2 P 1 P r1 e S0 T /R 1 ( ) C p /R T2 T 1 and v 2 v 1 = v r2 v r1 ( ) Cv /R T1 T 2 where the near equalities are for the constant heat capacity approximation.
12 APPENDIX A SI UNITS: SINGLE-STATE PROPERTIES... TABLE A.8 Ideal Gas Properties of Various Substances, Entropies at 0.1-MPa (1-Bar) Pressure, Mass Basis Nitrogen, Diatomic (N 2 ) Oxygen, Diatomic (O 2 ) R = kj/kg-k R = kj/kg-k M = kg/kmol M = kg/kmol T u h s 0 T u h s 0 T (K) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k)
13 ... APPENDIX A SI UNITS: SINGLE-STATE PROPERTIES TABLE A.8 (continued ) Ideal Gas Properties of Various Substances, Entropies at 0.1-MPa (1-Bar) Pressure, Mass Basis Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Water (H 2 O) R = kj/kg-k R = kj/kg-k M = kg/kmol M = kg/kmol T u h s 0 T u h s 0 T (K) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k)
14 APPENDIX A SI UNITS: SINGLE-STATE PROPERTIES... TABLE A.9 Ideal Gas Properties of Various Substances (SI Units), Entropies at 0.1-MPa (1-Bar) Pressure, Mole Basis Nitrogen, Diatomic (N 2 ) h 0 f,298 = 0kJ/kmol M = kg/kmol Nitrogen, Monatomic (N) h 0 f,298 = kj/kmol M = kg/kmol T ( h h ) s0 T ( h h ) s0 T K kj/kmol kj/kmol K kj/kmol kj/kmol
15 ... APPENDIX A SI UNITS: SINGLE-STATE PROPERTIES TABLE A.9 (continued ) Ideal Gas Properties of Various Substances (SI Units), Entropies at 0.1-MPa (1-Bar) Pressure, Mole Basis Oxygen, Diatomic (O 2 ) h 0 f,298 = 0kJ/kmol M = kg/kmol Oxygen, Monatomic (O) h 0 f,298 = kj/kmol M = kg/kmol T ( h h ) s0 T ( h h ) s0 T K kj/kmol kj/kmol K kj/kmol kj/kmol K
16 APPENDIX A SI UNITS: SINGLE-STATE PROPERTIES... TABLE A.9 (continued ) Ideal Gas Properties of Various Substances (SI Units), Entropies at 0.1-MPa (1-Bar) Pressure, Mole Basis Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) = kj/kmol h M = kg/kmol h 0 f,298 Carbon Monoxide (CO) = kj/kmol M = kg/kmol 0 f,298 T ( h h ) s0 T ( h h ) s0 T K kj/kmol kj/kmol K kj/kmol kj/kmol K
17 ... APPENDIX A SI UNITS: SINGLE-STATE PROPERTIES TABLE A.9 (continued ) Ideal Gas Properties of Various Substances (SI Units), Entropies at 0.1-MPa (1-Bar) Pressure, Mole Basis Water (H 2 O) = kj/kmol h M = kg/kmol h 0 f,298 Hydroxyl (OH) = kj/kmol M = kg/kmol 0 f,298 T ( h h ) s0 T ( h h ) s0 T K kj/kmol kj/kmol K kj/kmol kj/kmol K
18 APPENDIX A SI UNITS: SINGLE-STATE PROPERTIES... TABLE A.9 (continued ) Ideal Gas Properties of Various Substances (SI Units), Entropies at 0.1-MPa (1-Bar) Pressure, Mole Basis Hydrogen (H 2 ) h 0 f,298 = 0kJ/kmol M = kg/kmol Hydrogen, Monatomic (H) h 0 f,298 = kj/kmol M = kg/kmol T ( h h ) s0 T ( h h ) s0 T K kj/kmol kj/kmol K kj/kmol kj/kmol K
19 ... APPENDIX A SI UNITS: SINGLE-STATE PROPERTIES TABLE A.9 (continued ) Ideal Gas Properties of Various Substances (SI Units), Entropies at 0.1-MPa (1-Bar) Pressure, Mole Basis Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) = kj/kmol h 0 f,298 = kj/kmol M = kg/kmol M = kg/kmol h 0 f,298 T ( h h ) s0 T ( h h ) s0 T K kj/kmol kj/kmol K kj/kmol kj/kmol K
20 APPENDIX A SI UNITS: SINGLE-STATE PROPERTIES... TABLE A.10 Enthalpy of Formation and Absolute Entropy of Various Substances at 25 C, 100 kpa Pressure M h 0 f s 0 f Substance Formula kg/kmol State kj/kmol kj/kmol K Acetylene C 2 H gas Ammonia NH gas Benzene C 6 H gas Carbon dioxide CO gas Carbon (graphite) C solid Carbon monoxide CO gas Ethane C 2 H gas Ethene C 2 H gas Ethanol C 2 H 5 OH gas Ethanol C 2 H 5 OH liq Heptane C 7 H gas Hexane C 6 H gas Hydrogen peroxide H 2 O gas Methane CH gas Methanol CH 3 OH gas Methanol CH 3 OH liq n-butane C 4 H gas Nitrogen oxide N 2 O gas Nitromethane CH 3 NO liq n-octane C 8 H gas n-octane C 8 H liq Ozone O gas Pentane C 5 H gas Propane C 3 H gas Propene C 3 H gas Sulfur S solid Sulfur dioxide SO gas Sulfur trioxide SO gas T-T-Diesel C 14.4 H liq Water H 2 O gas Water H 2 O liq
21 TABLE A.11 Logarithms to the Base e of the Equilibrium Constant K For the reaction v A A + v B B v C C + v D D, the equilibrium constant K is defined as K = yv C C yv D D y v A A yv B B ( ) P vc +v D v A v B, P 0 = 0.1MPa P Temp K H 2 2H O 2 2O N 2 2N 2H 2 O 2H 2 + O 2 2H 2 O H 2 + 2OH 2CO 2 2CO + O 2 N 2 + O 2 2NO N 2 + 2O 2 2NO Source: Consistent with thermodynamic data in JANAF Thermochemical Tables, third edition, Thermal Group, Dow Chemical U.S.A., Midland, MI, 1985.
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23 SI Units: Thermodynamic Tables 7B A P P E N D I X 775
24 APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES... TABLE B.1 Thermodynamic Properties of Water TABLE B.1.1 Saturated Water Specific Volume, m 3 /kg Internal Energy, kj/kg Temp. Press. Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor ( C) (kpa) v f v fg v g u f u fg u g
25 ... APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES TABLE B.1.1 (continued ) Saturated Water Enthalpy, kj/kg Entropy, kj/kg-k Temp. Press. Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor ( C) (kpa) h f h fg h g s f s fg s g
26 APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES... TABLE B.1.1 (continued ) Saturated Water Specific Volume, m 3 /kg Internal Energy, kj/kg Temp. Press. Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor ( C) (kpa) v f v fg v g u f u fg u g
27 ... APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES TABLE B.1.1 (continued ) Saturated Water Enthalpy, kj/kg Entropy, kj/kg-k Temp. Press. Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor ( C) (kpa) h f h fg h g s f s fg s g
28 APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES... TABLE B.1.2 Saturated Water Pressure Entry Specific Volume, m 3 /kg Internal Energy, kj/kg Press. Temp. Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor (kpa) ( C) v f v fg v g u f u fg u g
29 ... APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES TABLE B.1.2 (continued ) Saturated Water Pressure Entry Enthalpy, kj/kg Entropy, kj/kg-k Press. Temp. Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor (kpa) ( C) h f h fg h g s f s fg s g
30 APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES... TABLE B.1.2 (continued ) Saturated Water Pressure Entry Specific Volume, m 3 /kg Internal Energy, kj/kg Press. Temp. Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor (kpa) ( C) v f v fg v g u f u fg u g
31 ... APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES TABLE B.1.2 (continued ) Saturated Water Pressure Entry Enthalpy, kj/kg Entropy, kj/kg-k Press. Temp. Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor (kpa) ( C) h f h fg h g s f s fg s g
32 APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES... TABLE B.1.3 Superheated Vapor Water Temp. v u h s v u h s ( C) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) P = 10 kpa (45.81 C) P = 50 kpa (81.33 C) Sat kpa (99.62 C) 200 kpa ( C) Sat kpa ( C) 400 kpa ( C) Sat
33 ... APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES TABLE B.1.3 (continued ) Superheated Vapor Water Temp. v u h s v u h s ( C) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) 300 kpa ( C) 400 kpa ( C) kpa ( C) 600 kpa ( C) Sat kpa ( C) 1000 kpa ( C) Sat
34 APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES... TABLE B.1.3 (continued ) Superheated Vapor Water Temp. v u h s v u h s ( C) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) 800 kpa ( C) 1000 kpa ( C) kpa ( C) 1400 kpa ( C) Sat kpa (201.40) C) 1800 kpa ( C) Sat
35 ... APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES TABLE B.1.3 (continued ) Superheated Vapor Water Temp. v u h s v u h s ( C) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) 2000 kpa ( C) 2500 kpa ( C) Sat kpa ( C) 4000 kpa ( C) Sat
36 APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES... TABLE B.1.3 (continued ) Superheated Vapor Water Temp. v u h s v u h s ( C) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) 5000 kpa ( C) 6000 kpa ( C) Sat kpa ( C) kpa ( C) Sat
37 ... APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES TABLE B.1.3 (continued ) Superheated Vapor Water Temp. v u h s v u h s ( C) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) kpa ( C) kpa ( C) Sat kpa kpa
38 APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES... TABLE B.1.4 Compressed Liquid Water Temp. v u h s v u h s ( C) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) 500 kpa ( C) 2000 kpa ( C) Sat kpa ( C) kpa ( C) Sat
39 ... APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES TABLE B.1.4 (continued ) Compressed Liquid Water Temp. v u h s v u h s ( C) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) kpa ( C) kpa ( C) Sat kpa kpa
40 APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES... TABLE B.1.5 Saturated Solid-Saturated Vapor, Water Specific Volume, m 3 /kg Internal Energy, kj/kg Temp. Press. Sat. Solid Evap. Sat. Vapor Sat. Solid Evap. Sat. Vapor ( C) (kpa) v i v ig v g u i u ig u g
41 ... APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES TABLE B.1.5 (continued ) Saturated Solid-Saturated Vapor, Water Enthalpy, kj/kg Entropy, kj/kg-k Temp. Press. Sat. Solid Evap. Sat. Vapor Sat. Solid Evap. Sat. Vapor ( C) (kpa) h i h ig h g s i s ig s g
42 APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES... TABLE B.2 Thermodynamic Properties of Ammonia TABLE B.2.1 Saturated Ammonia Specific Volume, m 3 /kg Internal Energy, kj/kg Temp. Press. Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor ( C) (kpa) v f v fg v g u f u fg u g
43 ... APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES TABLE B.2.1 (continued ) Saturated Ammonia Enthalpy, kj/kg Entropy, kj/kg-k Temp. Press. Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor ( C) (kpa) h f h fg h g s f s fg s g
44 APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES... TABLE B.2.2 Superheated Ammonia Temp. v u h s v u h s ( C) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) 50 kpa ( C) 100 kpa ( C) Sat kpa ( C) 200 kpa ( C) Sat
45 ... APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES TABLE B.2.2 (continued ) Superheated Ammonia Temp. v u h s v u h s ( C) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) 300 kpa ( 9.24 C) 400 kpa ( 1.89 C) Sat kpa (4.13 C) 600 kpa (9.28 C) Sat
46 APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES... TABLE B.2.2 (continued ) Superheated Ammonia Temp. v u h s v u h s ( C) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) 800 kpa (17.85 C) 1000 kpa (24.90 C) Sat kpa (30.94 C) 1400 kpa (36.26 C) Sat
47 ... APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES TABLE B.2.2 (continued ) Superheated Ammonia Temp. v u h s v u h s ( C) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) 1600 kpa (41.03 C) 2000 kpa (49.37 C) Sat kpa (88.90 C) kpa ( C) Sat
48 APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES... TABLE B.3 Thermodynamic Properties of Carbon Dioxide TABLE B.3.1 Saturated Carbon Dioxide Specific Volume, m 3 /kg Internal Energy, kj/kg Temp. Press. Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor ( C) (kpa) v f v fg v g u f u fg u g
49 ... APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES TABLE B.3.1 (continued ) Saturated Carbon Dioxide Enthalpy, kj/kg Entropy, kj/kg-k Temp. Press. Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor ( C) (kpa) h f h fg h g s f s fg s g
50 APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES... TABLE B.3.2 Superheated Carbon Dioxide Temp. v u h s v u h s ( C) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) 400 kpa (NA) 800 kpa ( C) Sat kpa ( C) 1400 kpa ( C) Sat
51 ... APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES TABLE B.3.2 (continued ) Superheated Carbon Dioxide Temp. v u h s v u h s ( C) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) 2000 kpa ( C) 3000 kpa ( 5.55 C) Sat kpa (21.98 C) kpa Sat
52 APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES... TABLE B.4 Thermodynamic Properties of R-410a TABLE B.4.1 Saturated R-410a Specific Volume, m 3 /kg Internal Energy, kj/kg Temp. Press. Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor ( C) (kpa) v f v fg v g u f u fg u g
53 ... APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES TABLE B.4.1 (continued ) Saturated R-410a Enthalpy, kj/kg Entropy, kj/kg-k Temp. Press. Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor ( C) (kpa) h f h fg h g s f s fg s g
54 APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES... TABLE B.4.2 Superheated R-410a Temp. v u h s v u h s ( C) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) 50 kpa ( C) 100 kpa ( C) Sat kpa ( C) 200 kpa ( C) Sat
55 ... APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES TABLE B.4.2 (continued ) Superheated R-410a Temp. v u h s v u h s ( C) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) 300 kpa ( C) 400 kpa ( C) Sat kpa ( C) 600 kpa ( 8.67 C) Sat
56 APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES... TABLE B.4.2 (continued ) Superheated R-410a Temp. v u h s v u h s ( C) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) 800 kpa (0.05 C) 1000 kpa (7.25 C) Sat kpa (13.43 C) 1400 kpa (18.88 C) Sat
57 ... APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES TABLE B.4.2 (continued ) Superheated R-410a Temp. v u h s v u h s ( C) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) 1800 kpa (28.22 C) 2000 kpa (32.31 C) Sat kpa (49.07 C) 4000 kpa (61.90 C) Sat
58 APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES... TABLE B.5 Thermodynamic Properties of R-134a TABLE B.5.1 Saturated R-134a Specific Volume, m 3 /kg Internal Energy, kj/kg Temp. Press. Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor ( C) (kpa) v f v fg v g u f u fg u g
59 ... APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES TABLE B.5.1 (continued ) Saturated R-134a Enthalpy, kj/kg Entropy, kj/k-k Temp. Press. Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor ( C) (kpa) h f h fg h g s f s fg s g
60 APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES... TABLE B.5.2 Superheated R-134a Temp. v u h s v u h s ( C) (m 3 /k g ) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) 50 kpa ( C) 100 kpa ( C) Sat kpa ( C) 200 kpa ( C) Sat
61 ... APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES TABLE B.5.2 (continued ) Superheated R-134a Temp. v u h s v u h s ( C) (m 3 /k g ) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) 300 kpa (0.56 C) 400 kpa (8.84 C) Sat kpa (15.66 C) 600 kpa (21.52 C) Sat
62 APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES... TABLE B.5.2 (continued ) Superheated R-134a Temp. v u h s v u h s ( C) (m 3 /k g ) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) 800 kpa (31.30 C) 1000 kpa (39.37 C) Sat kpa (46.31 C) 1400 kpa (52.42 C) Sat
63 ... APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES TABLE B.5.2 (continued ) Superheated R-134a Temp. v u h s v u h s ( C) (m 3 /k g ) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) 1600 kpa (57.90 C) 2000 kpa (67.48 C) Sat kpa (86.20 C) 4000 kpa ( C) Sat kpa l0000 kpa
64 APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES... TABLE B.6 Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrogen TABLE B.6.1 Saturated Nitrogen Specific Volume, m 3 /kg Internal Energy, kj/kg Temp. Press. Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor (K) (kpa) v f v fg v g u f u fg u g Enthalpy, kj/kg Entropy, kj/kg-k Temp. Press. Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor (K) (kpa) h f h fg h g s f s fg s g
65 ... APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES TABLE B.6.2 Superheated Nitrogen Temp. v u h s v u h s (K) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) 100 kpa (77.24 K) 200 kpa (83.62 K) Sat
66 APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES... TABLE B.6.2 (continued ) Superheated Nitrogen Temp. v u h s v u h s (K) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) 400 kpa (91.22 K) 600 kpa (96.37 K) Sat kpa ( K) 1000 kpa ( K) Sat
67 ... APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES TABLE B.6.2 (continued ) Superheated Nitrogen Temp. v u h s v u h s (K) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) 1500 kpa ( K) 2000 kpa ( K) Sat kpa ( K) kpa Sat
68 APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES... TABLE B.7 Thermodynamic Properties of Methane TABLE B.7.1 Saturated Methane Specific Volume, m 3 /kg Internal Energy, kj/kg Temp. (K) P (kpa) v f v fg v g u f u fg u g
69 ... APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES TABLE B.7.1 (continued ) Saturated Methane Enthalpy, kj/kg Entropy, kj/kg-k Temp. (K) P (kpa) h f h fg h g s f s fg s g
70 APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES... TABLE B.7.2 Superheated Methane Temp. v u h s v u h s (K) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) 100 kpa (111.50K) 200 kpa ( K) Sat
71 ... APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES TABLE B.7.2 (continued ) Superheated Methane Temp. v u h s v u h s (K) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) 400 kpa ( K) 600 kpa ( K) Sat kpa ( K) 1000 kpa ( K) Sat
72 APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES... TABLE B.7.2 (continued ) Superheated Methane Temp. v u h s v u h s (K) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) (m 3 /kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kg-k) 1500 kpa ( K) 2000 kpa ( K) Sat kpa ( K) 8000 kpa Sat
73 Ideal Gas Specific Heat A P P E N D C I X7 Three types of energy storage or possession were identified in Section 1.8, of which two, translation and intramolecular energy, are associated with the individual molecules. These comprise the ideal gas model, with the third type, the system intermolecular potential energy, then accounting for the behavior of real (nonideal gas) substances. This appendix deals with the ideal gas contributions. Since these contribute to the energy, and therefore also the enthalpy, they also contribute to the specific heat of each gas. The different possibilities can be grouped according to the intramolecular energy contributions as follows: C.1 MONATOMIC GASES (INERT GASES AR, HE, NE, XE, KR; ALSO N, O, H, CL, F,... ) h = h translation + h electronic = h t + h e dh dt = dh t dt + dh e dt, C P0 = C P0t + C P0e = 5 2 R + f e(t ) where the electronic contribution, f e (T ), is usually small, except at very high T (common exceptions are O, Cl, F). C.2 DIATOMIC AND LINEAR POLYATOMIC GASES (N 2,O 2, CO, OH,..., CO 2,N 2 O,...) In addition to translational and electronic contributions to specific heat, these also have molecular rotation (about the center of mass of the molecule) and also (3a 5) independent modes of molecular vibration of the a atoms in the molecule relative to one another, such that C P0 = C P0t + C P0r + C P0v + C P0e = 5 2 R + R + f v(t ) + f e (T ) where the vibrational contribution is 3a 5 f v (T ) = R [xi 2 ex i /(e x i 1) 2 ], x i = θ i T i=1 and the electronic contribution, f e (T ), is usually small, except at very high T (common exceptions are O 2, NO, OH). 825
74 APPENDIX C IDEAL GAS SPECIFIC HEAT... Example C.1 N 2,3a 5 = 1 vibrational mode, with θ i = 3392 K. At T = 300 K, C P0 = = kj/kg K. At T = 1000 K, C P0 = = kj/kg K. (an increase of 11.8% from 300 K). Example C.2 CO 2,3a 5 = 4 vibrational modes, with θ i = 960 K, 960 K, 1993 K, 3380 K At T = 300 K, C P0 = = kj/kg K. At T = 1000 K, C P0 = = kj/kg K. (an increase of 45.4% from 300 K). C.3 NONLINEAR POLYATOMIC MOLECULES (H 2 O, NH 3,CH 4,C 2 H 6,...) Contributions to specific heat are similar to those for linear molecules, except that the rotational contribution is larger and there are (3a 6) independent vibrational modes, such that C P0 = C P0t + C p0r + C P0v + C P0e = 5 2 R R + f v(t ) + f e (T ) where the vibrational contribution is f v (T ) = R 3a 6 i=1 [x 2 i ex i /(e x i 1) 2 ], x i = θ i T and f e (T ) is usually small, except at very high temperatures. Example C.3 CH 4,3a 6 = 9 vibrational modes, with θ i = 4196 K, 2207 K (two modes), 1879 K (three), 4343 K (three) At T = 300 K, C P0 = = kj/kg K. At T = 1000 K, C P0 = = kj/kg K. (an increase of 101.1% from 300 K).
75 Equations of State 7D A P P E N D I X Some of the most used pressure-explicit equations of state can be shown in a form with two parameters. This form is known as a cubic equation of state and contains as a special case the ideal-gas law: P = RT v b a v 2 + cbv + db 2 where (a, b) are parameters and (c, d ) define the model as shown in the following table with the acentric factor (ω) and b = b 0 RT c /P c and a = a 0 R 2 T 2 c /P c The acentric factor is defined by the saturation pressure at a reduced temperature T r = 0.7 ln Psat r at T r = 0.7 ω = 1 ln 10 TABLE D.1 Equations of State Model c d b 0 a 0 Ideal gas van der Waals 0 0 1/8 27/64 Redlich Kwong T 1/2 r Soave [1 + f (1 Tr 1/2 )] 2 Peng Robinson [1 + f (1 Tr 1/2 )] 2 f = ω 0.176ω 2 f = ω ω 2 for Soave for Peng Robinson 827
76 APPENDIX D EQUATIONS OF STATE... TABLE D.2 The Lee Kesler Equation of State The Lee Kesler generalized equation of state is in which Z = P rv r T r = 1 + B v r B = b 1 b 2 T r b 3 T 2 r C = c 1 c 2 T r + c 3 T 3 r D = d 1 + d 2 T r + C + D + c 4 v 2 r v 5 r T 3 b 4 T 3 r The set of constants is as follows: r v 2 r ( β + γ ) ( exp v 2 r T r = T T c, P r = P P c, v r = v RT c /P c γ v 2 r Constant Simple Fluids Constant Simple Fluids b c b c b d b d c β c γ ) TABLE D.3 Saturated Liquid Vapor Compressibilities, Lee Kesler Simple Fluid T r P r sat 2.7E-4 4.6E Z f 6.5E-5 9.5E Z g TABLE D.4 Acentric Factor for Some Substances Substance ω Substance ω Ammonia NH Water H 2 O Argon Ar n-butane C 4 H Bromine Br Ethane C 2 H Helium He Methane CH Neon Ne R-32 CF 2 H Nitrogen N R-125 CHF 2 CF
77 ... APPENDIX D EQUATIONS OF STATE FIGURE D.1 Lee Kesler simple fluid compressibility factor.
78 APPENDIX D EQUATIONS OF STATE... FIGURE D.2 Lee Kesler simple fluid enthalpy departure.
79 ... APPENDIX D EQUATIONS OF STATE FIGURE D.3 Lee Kesler simple fluid entropy departure.
80 A P P E N D I X E7 Figures 832
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ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ ΣΤΗ ΧΗΜΙΚΗ ΜΗΧΑΝΙΚΗ
. ΕΘΝΙΚΟ ΜΕΤΣΟΒΙΟ ΠΟΛΥΤΕΧΝΕΙΟ ΣΧΟΛΗ ΧΗΜΙΚΩΝ ΜΗΧΑΝΙΚΩΝ ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ ΣΤΗ ΧΗΜΙΚΗ ΜΗΧΑΝΙΚΗ ΣΩΤΗΡΗΣ ΤΣΙΒΙΛΗΣ, Καθ. ΕΜΠ Παραδόσεις μαθήματος, Ακ. Έτος 2019-20 1 ΒΑΣΙΚΕΣ ΔΙΑΣΤΑΣΕΙΣ - ΜΟΝΑΔΕΣ ΜΕΤΡΗΣΗΣ Διάσταση Μήκος
Chapter 22 - Heat Engines, Entropy, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
apter - Heat Engines, Entropy, and te Seond Law o ermodynamis.1 (a).0 J e 0.069 4 or 6.94% 60 J (b) 60 J.0 J J. e eat to melt 1.0 g o Hg is 4 ml 1 10 kg 1.18 10 J kg 177 J e energy absorbed to reeze 1.00
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Technical Report. General Design Data of a Three Phase Induction Machine 90kW Squirrel Cage Rotor
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FDL - FXDL FBDL SERIES
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Write a balanced equation for the thermal decomposition of calcium nitrate.
1. (a) When solid calcium nitrate is heated, brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide, NO 2, are seen and the solid remaining after decomposition is calcium oxide. (i) Write a balanced equation for the thermal