β
a)generationandgender Table1 Subjectcharacteristics Male Gender Female Male:Female 43 64 0.67 107 377 650 0.58 1,027 714 917 0.78 1,631 913 1,389 0.66 2,302 2,047 3,020 0.68 5,067 b)generationandyearevaluated 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 17 20 13 10 10 11 6 13 7 107 107 90 83 107 103 109 128 158 142 1,027 180 135 143 187 192 198 191 203 202 1,631 153 175 172 185 249 290 322 371 385 2,302 457 420 411 489 554 608 647 745 736 5,067 c)generationandsmokingstatus Never smoker % Former smoker % Current smoker % 63 69.2 21 23.1 7 7.7 91 615 70.6 127 14.6 129 14.8 871 783 60.1 103 7.9 417 32.0 1,303 1,160 60.3 103 5.4 662 34.4 1,925 2,621 62.6 354 8.4 1,215 29.0 4,190 β
Table2 PercentagesofpatientswithelevatedtotalIgEconcentrations(>_ 300IU/ml),by generation(cochran-armitagetest) G1 G2 G3 G4 IgE 27/105 195/856 367/1,248 689/1,581 1,278/3,790 25.7 22.8 29.4 43.6 33.7 HDM 17/106 183/863 518/1,256 1,094/1,595 1,812/3,820 16.0 21.2 41.2 68.6 47.4 Cedar 8/106 146/770 440/1,149 666/1,467 1,260/3,492 7.5 19.0 38.3 45.4 36.1 Candida 14/106 91/841 107/1,205 184/1,539 396/3,691 13.2 10.8 8.9 12.0 10.7 0.43 TheprevalenceofelevatedtotalIgElevelandspecificIgEantibodiestohousedustmitesandcedar polensignificantlyincreasedwithadvancingage.g:generationgroup;hdm:housedustmites. Table3 PercentagesofpatientswithelevatedlevelsoftotalIgE(>_ 300IU/ml)andspecificIgE antibodies,bygenderandgeneration(chi-squaretest,fisher sexacttest) Gender G1 G2 G3 G4 IgE Male 15/42 114/326 202/556 318/649 649/1,573 35.7 35.0 36.3 49.0 41.3 Female 12/63 81/530 165/692 371/932 629/2,217 19.0 15.3 23.8 39.8 28.4 0.056 HDM Male 6/43 99/327 262/560 504/652 871/1,582 14.0 30.3 46.8 77.3 55.1 Female 11/63 84/536 256/696 590/943 941/2,238 17.5 15.7 36.8 62.6 42.0 0.629 Cedar Male 5/43 71/288 195/510 288/600 559/1,441 11.6 24.7 38.2 48.0 38.8 Female 3/63 75/482 245/639 378/867 701/2,051 4.8 15.6 38.3 43.6 34.2 0.189 0.002 0.971 0.096 0.005 Candida Male 8/43 56/319 72/544 89/628 225/1,534 0.18 18.6 17.6 13.2 14.2 14.7 Female 6/63 35/522 35/661 95/911 171/2,157 0.01 9.5 6.7 5.3 10.4 7.9 0.175 0.026 Comparedwithwomen,menhadsignificantlyhigherprevalencesofelevatedlevelsoftotalIgEandspecific IgEantibodiestohousedustmitesandCandidaingenerationgroups2,3,and4.Theprevalenceofspecific IgEantibodiestocedarpolenwasonlysignificantlyhigherinmenthaninwomeningeneration2.G:generationgroup;HDM:housedustmites.
Table4 PercentagesofpatientswithelevatedlevelsoftotalIgE(>_ 300IU/ml)andspecificIgEantibodies, bysmokingstatusandgeneration(chi-squaretest,fisher sexacttest) Smokingstatus G1 G2 G3 G4 IgE Neversmoker 16/61 77/496 138/602 315/764 546/1,923 26.2 15.5 22.9 41.2 28.4 CurrentSmoker 1/7 44/114 115/311 232/474 392/906 14.3 38.6 37.0 48.9 43.3 0.818 0.009 HDM Neversmoker 14/62 89/500 217/607 519/777 839/1,946 22.6 17.8 35.7 66.8 43.1 CurrentSmoker 0/7 30/115 127/310 335/472 492/904 0.0 26.1 41.0 71.0 54.4 0.362 0.0578 0.141 0.14 Cedar Neversmoker 5/62 82/472 230/576 326/730 643/1,840 8.1 17.4 39.9 44.7 34.9 CurrentSmoker 0/7 18/101 105/283 210/444 333/835 0.0 17.8 37.1 47.3 39.9 0.991 1.000 0.469 0.412 0.016 Candida Neversmoker 10/62 38/492 29/581 77/747 154/1,882 0.43 16.1 7.7 5.0 10.3 8.2 CurrentSmoker 1/7 19/112 39/301 61/461 120/881 0.45 14.3 17.0 13.0 13.2 13.6 1.000 0.005 0.145 Comparedwithneversmokers,currentsmokershadsignificantlyhigherprevalencesofelevatedtotalIgEingenerationgroups2,3,and4.TheprevalenceofspecificIgEantibodiestohousedustmitesandcedarpolendidnotsignificantlydiferbetweencurrentandneversmokersinanygeneration.G:generationgroup;HDM:housedustmite. χ
Fig.1 Percentagesofpatientsingenerationgroups1and2withelevatedlevelsoftotalIgE (>_ 300 IU/ml)andspecificIgEantibodies,accordingtoyear.TheprevalenceofelevatedlevelsoftotalIgEand specificigeantibodiestohousedustmitesandcandidasignificantlydecreasedingenerationgroup2. HDM:housedustmite.
Fig.2 Percentagesofpatientsingenerationgroups3and4withelevatedlevelsoftotalIgE (>_ 300 IU/ml)andspecificIgEantibodies,byyear.TheprevalenceofelevatedlevelsoftotalIgEandspecificIgE antibodiessignificantlydecreasedingenerationgroup3,exceptforthecedar-specificigeantibody,and ingeneration4,exceptforthecedar-specificigeantibody.hdm:housedustmites.
Table5 FactorsassociatedwithelevatedlevelsofIgE A β S.E. Exp(β) 95% C.I.ofExp(β) lower Upper Malegender Age 30y.o. 31 40y.o. 41 60y.o. Smoking Non-smoker Ex-smoker Constant 0.462 1.136 0.493 0.118-0.414-0.217-1.121 0.085 0.121 0.127 0.123 0.091 0.144 0.131 0.34 0.13 1.588 3.113 1.637 1.125 0.661 0.805 0.326 1.345 2.455 1.276 0.884 0.553 0.607 1.875 3.948 2.100 1.432 0.790 1.067 B β S.E. Exp(β) 95% C.I.ofExp(β) Lower Upper Age 30y.o. 31 40y.o. 41 60y.o. Malegender Constant 2.503 1.756 0.648 0.601-1.722 0.129 0.127 0.124 0.081 0.108 12.217 5.792 1.912 1.824 0.179 9.496 4.513 1.499 1.555 15.717 7.434 2.439 2.139 C β S.E. Exp(β) 95% C.I.ofExp(β) Lower Upper Age 30y.o. 31 40y.o. 41 60y.o. Malegender Smoking Non-smoker Ex-smoker Constant 0.160-0.267-0.332 0.588-0.371-0.303-2.133 0.174 0.192 0.181 0.131 0.139 0.215 0.190 0.36 0.16 0.07 0.03 0.16 1.174 0.765 0.718 1.801 0.690 0.739 0.118 0.834 0.525 0.503 1.392 0.525 0.485 1.651 1.116 1.023 2.329 0.906 1.126 D Malegender Age 30y.o. 31 40y.o. 41 60y.o. Generation Constant β 0.204 1.148 1.065 0.607-1.281-0.332 0.082-1.749 S.E. 0.081 0.296 0.271 0.221 0.512 0.262 0.165 0.306 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.21 0.62 Exp(β) 1.226 3.153 2.902 1.834 0.278 0.717 1.086 0.174 95% C.I.ofExp(β) lower upper 1.047 1.765 1.706 1.190 0.102 0.429 0.785 1.436 5.633 4.935 2.828 0.758 1.199 1.502 FactorsassociatedwithelevatedlevelsoftotalIgE(A),andspecificIgEantibodiestohousedust mites(b),candida(c)andcedarpolen(d)wereanalyzedusingmultiplelogisticregression analysis.independentfactorsweregender,age,smokingstatusandthegenerationgroupofeach patient,andamountofpolendispersalintheyearwhenthemeasurementwasperformed.factorsthatweresignificantlyassociatedwithelevatedlevelsofigewereselectedusingthestepwisemethod.elevatedlevelsoftotaligeandspecificigeantibodiestohousedustmitesandcandidawereremarkablyassociatedwithage.ontheotherhand,theprevalenceofspecificigeantibodiestocedarwasassociatedwithageandthegenerationgroupofeachpatient.
Candida albicans