ΤΟΥΡΙΣΜΟΣ, ΑΣΤΙΚΟΣ ΣΧΕ ΙΑΣΜΟΣ, Ο ΑΡΧΙΤΕΚΤΟΝΑΣ ΚΑΙ Η ΚΑΤΑΣΤΑΣΗ ΣΤΙΣ ΧΩΡΕΣ ΤΗΣ REGION II ΤΗΣ UIA VLADIMIR KROGIUS Αρχιτέκτων Μηχανικός /ντής Προγράµµατος Εργασίας Περιφέρειας II UIA Αρχιτεκτονική και Τουρισµός Το συνέδριο Πολιτιστικό Περιβάλλον και Τουρισµός: ο ρόλος του Αρχιτέκτονα, οργανωµένο από το ελληνικό τµήµα της UIA στην πόλη της Καβάλας, αποτελεί σηµαντική δραστηριότητα της Περιφέρειας ΙΙ στον τοµέα των διασυνδεόµενων πεδίων της Αρχιτεκτονικής και του Τουρισµού, µεταξύ των δύο συναφών ιεθνών Συνεδρίων πριν και µετά από αυτό (Beijing 1999 και Berlin 2002). Τα θέµατα που έχουν τεθεί από τους οργανωτές, -σηµεία ανταλλαγής ουσιαστικών εµπειριών µεταξύ των αρχιτεκτόνων- αποτελούν, ζητήµατα επείγοντα για τις χώρες της Κεντρικής, Ανατολικής και Νοτιοανατολικής Ευρώπης, της Μέσης Ανατολής και της Κεντρικής Ασίας, καθώς συγκρούονται µε σοβαρά προβλήµατα ανάπτυξης. Ο τουρισµός καλείται να διαδραµατίσει σηµαντικό ρόλο σε αποφάσεις ζητηµάτων υποδοχής πόρων για την άνοδο της οικονοµίας και του βιοτικού επιπέδου του πληθυσµού, διατήρησης του εθνικού αυτοπροσδιορισµού και υψηλού βαθµού συµµετοχής στη ζωή του ανθρώπου. Για την ανάπτυξη του τουρισµού, η έννοια του αρχιτεκτονικού περιβάλλοντος για αντικείµενα τουριστικής υποδοµής και εξωτερικού περιβάλλοντος πόλεων και υπαίθρου είναι ιδιαίτερα σηµαντική. Οι πόλεις και οι τόποι συνιστούν πεδία επαφής του παρελθόντος, του παρόντος και του µέλλοντος. Σηµαντικά διεθνή κείµενα, όπως η Χάρτα της Ουάσιγκτων για την προστασία των ιστορικών τόπων, η Χάρτα των Βρυξελλών για τον πολιτιστικό τουρισµό, η Σύµβαση της Γρανάδας για την προστασία της αρχιτεκτονικής κληρονοµιάς της Ευρώπης, η ιεθνής Τουριστική ιακήρυξη της Οζάκα κ.ά., καθορίζουν την αναγκαιότητα της οργανικής σύνδεσης τουριστικής αρχιτεκτονικής και περιβάλλοντος, την υποστήριξη της υφιστάµενης εικόνας της πόλης, την αποκατάσταση και την προαγωγή των ζωτικών λειτουργιών αυτής. Τίθεται, επίσης, ηθικό ζήτηµα στην αρχιτεκτονική δραστηριότητα καθώς η µεταβολή του κοινωνικού προσανατολισµού και οι οικονοµικές δυσκολίες συχνά οδηγούν τους αρχιτέκτονες στην περίπλοκη κατάσταση της ανισορροπίας µεταξύ των απαιτήσεων του πελάτη και των συµφερόντων του κοινού. Η Γραµµατεία του Προγράµµατος Εργασίας της Περιφέρειας ΙΙ της UIA προσέφερε προς συζήτηση και αποδοχή το κείµενο της Έκκλησης της Καβάλας, προς τήρηση από τους ασχολούµενους µε τον τουριστικό τοµέα αρχιτέκτονες, απαίτησης επαγγελµατικής ηθικής επαρκούς σε συνθήκες αειφορικής ανάπτυξης στον 21 Ο αιώνα. Βασικά σηµεία της είναι τα ακόλουθα: α) αναγνώριση της ενίσχυσης της αειφορικής ανάπτυξης ως κύριας απαίτησης του 21 ου αιώνα, β) επισήµανση του δυνητικού σηµαίνοντος ρόλου των αρχιτεκτόνων σ αυτό, γ) λήψη υπόψη της εξειδίκευσης επίλυσης προβληµάτων, γ) έµφαση σε λύσεις που προσεγγίζουν την ισόρροπη ανάπτυξη του αρχιτεκτονικού περιβάλλοντος του τουρισµού, δ) κατανόηση του διπλού ρόλου του αρχιτέκτονα ως εκτελεστή ιδιωτικής εντολής και εκπροσώπου επαγγέλµατος µε αντικείµενο τη χωρική ανάπτυξη, ε) πρόσκληση στους αρχιτέκτονες ν ακολουθήσουν αντίστοιχες ηθικές αρχές: σεβασµό στα δηµιουργήµατα των επωνύµων και ανωνύµων προκατόχων τους, επιδίωξη ισορροπίας µεταξύ του τουριστικού κλάδου της οικονοµίας και των συµφερόντων των τοπικών κοινωνιών και αντικειµένων επίσκεψης, διασφάλιση ισορροπίας µεταξύ ιδιωτικού και δηµόσιου συµφέροντος αναφορικά µε το αρχιτεκτονικό περιβάλλον στον τουρισµό, συνειδητοποίηση των αρµοδιοτήτων τους ως προς το συντονισµό της χωρικής οργάνωσης του δοµηµένου περιβάλλοντος, συµπεριλαµβανοµένου και του τουριστικού.
Η ΕΚΚΛΗΣΗ ΤΗΣ ΚΑΒΑΛΑΣ του Προγράµµατος Εργασίας της UIA για την Περιφέρεια II Αρχιτεκτονική και Τουρισµός για την επαγγελµατική ηθική στη διαδικασία της θεσµοθέτησης του αρχιτεκτονικού περιβάλλοντος του τουρισµού του 21 ου αιώνα Οι αρχιτέκτονες που απασχολούνται στην κατεύθυνση του τουρισµού και έχοντας ενταχθεί στη διεθνή συνεργασία σ αυτό το πεδίο υπό την αιγίδα της UIA: αναγνωρίζοντας, ότι η υποστήριξη της αειφορικής ανάπτυξης θα καταστεί η σπουδαιότερη απαίτηση του τρέχοντος 21 ου αιώνα, επισηµαίνοντας τον σηµαντικό ρόλο, που οι αρχιτέκτονες µπορούν να διαδραµατίσουν προσεγγίζοντας αυτό το στόχο, λαµβάνοντας υπόψη τη σηµαντική εξειδίκευση στη λύση του δεδοµένου προβλήµατος στην κατεύθυνση του τουρισµού µε τις θετικές δυνατότητες και τους σοβαρούς κινδύνους, εκτιµώντας ιδιαίτερα τα αποτελέσµατα που επιτεύχθηκαν σε αριθµό λύσεων, όπου οι αρχιτέκτονες έχουν αποδείξει τη δυνατότητα προσέγγισης ισόρροπης ανάπτυξης του αρχιτεκτονικού περιβάλλοντος του τουρισµού, κατανοώντας, ταυτόχρονα, τη διττή θέση του αρχιτέκτονα, ως εκτελεστή της ιδιωτικής τάξης, και ως εκπροσώπου επαγγέλµατος µε αντικείµενο την άρτια χωρική ανάπτυξη πόλεων και περιοχών, καλεί τους αρχιτέκτονες ν ακολουθήσουν στα έργα τους στην κατεύθυνση του τουρισµού τις ακόλουθες ηθικές αρχές: 1) Εργαζόµενοι στη δηµιουργία του αντικειµένου του τουρισµού που χωροθετείται στο δοµηµένο ιστορικό περιβάλλον, είναι απαραίτητο να εκτιµήσουν τα προϊόντα των προσπαθειών των διάσηµων ή ανώνυµων προκατόχων τους ώστε να είναι έτοιµα να δεχθούν να µεταφέρουν το µήνυµα µερικών γενεών δηµιουργών και η µεταφορά του στο µελλοντικό κόσµο να εµπλουτιστεί µε τη συνεισφορά τους. 2) Είναι απαραίτητο να φιλοδοξούν την εξεύρεση και αντανάκλαση στο πρόγραµµα της ισορροπίας των συµφερόντων τόσο του τουριστικού κλάδου της οικονοµίας όσο και των τοπικών κοινωνιών των πόλεων και περιοχών - αντικείµενα επίσκεψης, που συνδυάζουν τα ενδιαφέροντα της πλειονότητας, χωρίς ν αγνοούν, επίσης, τις µειονότητες. 3)Το πρόγραµµα του αρχιτεκτονικού περιβάλλοντος της τουριστικής οργάνωσης πρέπει να διασφαλίζει την ισορροπία µεταξύ ιδιωτικών και δηµόσιων συµφερόντων, ακόµη κι αν ο πελάτης είναι η µία, µόνο, από τις πλευρές, το πρόγραµµα του µεµονωµένου αντικειµένου πρέπει αρµονικά να εισαχθεί στη σχεδιαστική και χωρική διάρθρωση της συνολικής πόλης ή περιοχής, αλλά επίσης τα γενικά σχέδια δεν πρέπει ν αδιαφορούν απέναντι σε ιδιωτικά συµφέροντα αντικειµένων πολεοδοµικής δραστηριότητας. 4) Ο αρχιτέκτονας δεν πρέπει να ξεχνά την ευθύνη του προς το επάγγελµά του και τη λειτουργική δέσµευσή του να είναι ο συντονιστής της χωρικής οργάνωσης του δοµηµένου περιβάλλοντος, συµπεριλαµβανοµένου, βεβαίως, του περιβάλλοντος του τουρισµού. TOURISM, URBAN PLANNING, THE ARCHITECT AND THE SITUATION IN THE COUNTRIES OF UIA REGION II VLADIMIR KROGIUS Architect, the Director of the Work Programme of Region II UIA Architecture and Tourism The Congress Cultural Environment and Tourism: the role of the Architect, kindly organized by the Greek section of the UIA in the hospitable City of Kavala, becomes a major measure in the UIA s Region II activity in the field of interrelated interests of architecture and tourism in the time between the UIA World Congresses in Beijing 1999 and Berlin 2002. The themes, which are put by the organizers for consideration by the Congress participants, are rather urgent for the countries of Central, East and Southeast Europe, Middle East and Central Asia which are a part of the UIA Region II. Τourism has a very important role in handling urban development problems. That development should be sustainable in accordance to the contemporary outlook. However it is
necessary to take into consideration the duplicity of tourism's influence upon the environment and the living conditions in cities and towns, the synergy of its positive and negative effects. For development of tourism the meaning of architectural environment for objects of a tourism infrastructure, and external environment of cities and countryside is extremely important. Numerous research studies conducted up to this date and the basic international documents, such as the Washington Charter on protection of historic towns, the Brussels Charter on cultural tourism, the Granada Convention on protection of architectural heritage of Europe, the Osaka World Tourism Declaration, the Lanzarote Charter of Sustainable Tourism, etc. all define the necessity for organic conjunction of tourism architecture with the environment, supporting the existing city image, the restoration and enhancement of this cities' vital functions. They ought to be conjoined both at the planning and implementation phases of these plans. The Secretariat of the Work Programme of the UIA Region II Architecture and Tourism offers to the participants of the Congress the opportunity to discuss and accept this or mutually enhanced text as the KAVALA APPEAL for observance by the architects working in the sphere of tourism, requirements of a professional code of ethics which are adequate to the conditions of sustainable development in the 21st century. And maybe this is the proper time and place to remember and revive here the recommendation of the UIA Region II Work Programme's Seminar in Sinaia, Romania from 1997, which proposed the means to the comprehensive solution to architecture and tourism sustainable development tasks in the Central and Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia. These tasks are as follow: 1. Giving architects' proposal to the local and central authorities and promoting them. 2. Making common international projects like - hotel and inn structures, wooden construction, etc. 3. Organizing competitions concerning cultural sites of tourism in small towns and rural settlements. 4. Organizing a lobby to stop the aggression of bad taste in the design. 5.Promoting the most successful creations of architects, with new technology and without destructions. 6. Offering exchanges of ideas and collaboration with the same Work Programme from other UIA Regions. TOPIC The Congress Cultural Environment and Tourism: the role of the Architect, kindly organized by the Greek section of the UIA in the hospitable City of Kavala, becomes a major measure in the UIA s Region II activity in the field of interrelated interests of architecture and tourism in the time between the UIA World Congresses in Beijing 1999 and Berlin 2002. During the whole time of its history the International Union of Architects paid a special attention to the problem of architectural creativity as the important part of the human settlements organic development and comprehensive rehabilitation. In the last years the questions of conjunction of architecture with the tourism infrastructure and the spatial organisation of tourism environment in cities, towns and resort areas have obtained greater importance and have reached a big meaning. It expressed in particular in establishing Work Programmes Architecture and Tourism, in several of the UIA Regions, in carrying out the UIA International Conferences on these problems in Cairo, Nicosia, etc. The cities and towns are the places where contacts between past, present and future are most evidently intensive. It is extremely important for creating each generation's consideration of its place in the development of the civilisation. In many aspects it is realised in tourism as the activity for which cities and towns are the main spatial resource.
In its turn tourism has a very important role in handling urban development problems. That development should be sustainable in accordance to the contemporary outlook. However it is necessary to take into consideration the duplicity of tourism's influence upon the environment and the living conditions in cities and towns, the synergy of its positive and negative effects. Tourism makes the access to landmarks easier for wider circle of people, stimulates the attention of society and of the authorities towards the preservation of the environment, renders active the local economy, traditional trades and handicrafts, increases the level of municipal budgets' income, and raises public service's quality and the local population's professional preparation. At the same time tourism can bring depression and damage as a result of the superfluous tourism load, the break of traditional style in local life, the spreading of negative social behaviour, the exhaustion of local resources, the leakage of profits. Numerous research studies conducted up to this date and the basic international documents, such as the Washington Charter on protection of historic towns, the Brussels Charter on cultural tourism, the Granada Convention on protection of architectural heritage of Europe, the Osaka World Tourism Declaration, the Lanzarote Charter of Sustainable Tourism, etc. all define the necessity for organic conjunction of tourism architecture with the environment, supporting the existing city image, the restoration and enhancement of this cities' vital functions. They ought to be conjoined both at the planning and implementation phases of these plans. There is specific complication in the urban development of cities and tourism in the developing countries and countries undergoing political and economic transition. They are in need of financial resources, of properly educated specialists, of proper legislation, of stability in management systems, of public awareness in problems of the urban environment. The development of tourism in the cities of these countries is of big importance for new working places' establishment, which many of them had lost as a result of structural reforms and of economic crisis. It is necessarily to use to the maximum the contributory factors of local self-government and free market development, not relaxing the control of state and society on the urban development. There is also a problem of ethics in architectural activity in these conditions as the change of social orientation and economic difficulties are often putting architects in a complicated situation of an imbalance between their clients demands and the common interest of the public. So the needs of experience exchange became the scope of activity for UIA Work Programme Architecture and Tourism for Region II. At this Congress in Kavala it is necessary to summarize the activity of the appropriate UIA Work Programme (till 1996 - Working Group), which had been begun in 1994 with the international conference in the City of Nicosia on Cyprus and continued with seminars in Russia and Romania. In 1996 the Suzdal Declaration on the architectural environment of tourism in historic cities and towns, and then the recommendations for sustainable development of architecture in tourism were accepted. The themes, which are put by the organizers for consideration by the Congress participants, are rather urgent for the countries of Central, East and Southeast Europe, Middle East and Central Asia which are a part of the UIA Region II. For development of tourism the meaning of architectural environment for objects of a tourism infrastructure, and external environment of cities and countryside is extremely important. It is up to date for various forms of tourism from cultural to ecological to sports to hydrotherapy and finally to seaside, bathing tourism. Solving a complexity of tasks relating to the creation and development of architectural environment of tourism, the architect collides with a number of complicated problems leaving out of limits the traditional technology of architectural creativity. Several of these constitute a concern to the architect: the contradiction between traditional and renewal components of the tourism environment, the observance of balance between the interests of tourism and places of its reception, the resolution of conflicts between private and public interests, the
responsibility of the architect who is carrying out the order of the private client before the trade and society. It is necessary in order to assist in reaching the correct decision to these problems to continue the discussion and to exchange results of experience for the architects of the different countries; this was one of the purposes and achievement of the Congress in Kavala. Probably, it will also be necessary to discuss an opportunity of acceptance of some recommendations on ethics of activity of the architect in the sphere of tourism, which would connect in themselves to the requirements of the general code of ethics of the architects and implementation accepted in 1999 by the World Tourism Organization of the Global Ethical Code of Tourism. We can see, on the one hand - huge possibilities granted in development of tourism for an architectural profession, and on the other hand - significant dangers trapping the architect that operate in the given sphere. We reached the conclusion, that, alongside with purely professional, artistic aspects of architectural creativity, the increasing value acquires its ethical aspect. Therefore the Secretariat of the UIA Region II Architecture and Tourism appears with the initiative of acceptance of set forth below APPEAL to the architects for observance by them of the professional ethics requirements as they participate in the architectural environment of the creation of tourism in the 21st century (table follows). The Secretariat of the Work Programme of the UIA Region II Architecture and Tourism offers to the participants of the Congress the opportunity to discuss and accept this or mutually enhanced text as the KAVALA APPEAL for observance by the architects working in the sphere of tourism, requirements of a professional code of ethics which are adequate to the conditions of sustainable development in the 21st century. And maybe this is the proper time and place to remember and revive here the recommendation of the UIA Region II Work Programme's Seminar in Sinaia, Romania from 1997, which proposed the means to the comprehensive solution to architecture and tourism sustainable development tasks in the Central and Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia. These tasks are as follow: 1. Giving architects' proposal to the local and central authorities and promoting them. 2. Making common international projects like - hotel and inn structures, wooden construction, etc. 3. Organizing competitions concerning cultural sites of tourism in small towns and rural settlements. 4. Organizing a lobby to stop the aggression of bad taste in the design. 5.Promoting the most successful creations of architects, with new technology and without destructions. 6. Offering exchanges of ideas and collaboration with the same Work Programme from other UIA Regions. I m sure the fruitful discussion in Kavala will permit us to examine these and other ideas and to push forward a proposal, which could bring about a more balanced relationship between architectural creativity and tourism development. THE KAVALA APPEAL of the UIA Work Programme for the Region II on Architecture and Tourism on the professional ethics in the process of establishing the 21 st century s architectural environment of tourism The architects working in the orb of tourism and have been joined in the international cooperation in this area under aegis of UIA: recognizing, that the support of sustainable development will become the major requirement of the occurring 21 st century; marking a significant role, which architects can play in reaching this objective; taking into account a significant specification in the solution of the given problem in the orb of tourism with its positive possibilities and serious dangers;
highly evaluating outcomes reached in a number of solutions, where the architects have proved The possibility of reaching a balanced development of the architectural environment of tourism; understanding, at the same time, a dual position of the architect, as a performer of the private order, and as representative of a profession having as its subject a comprehensive spatial development of towns and areas; call the architects to follow in the operations in the orb of tourism the following four ethical principles: 1) Working on the creation of the object of tourism placed in the built historical environment, it is necessary to estimate the outcomes of famous or anonymous predecessors operations to be ready to accept to relay a message of several generations of the creators and its transmission to the future world to be enriched with the own contribution. 2) It is necessary to aspire of finding and reflection in the project of interests balancing both the tourism branch of the economy and of the local communities of towns and areas - objects of visits, combining the following interests of the majority, but not ignoring also minorities. 3) The project of the architectural environment of tourism organization should ensure a balance between private and public interests, even if the customer is only one of the sides; the project of the separate object should be harmonically entered into the planning and spatial structure of the whole town or area, but also the general schemes shouldn t be impassive to private interests of the town-planning activity subjects. 4) The architect should not forget his (or her) responsibility before the profession and his (or her) functional reservation be the coordinator of spatial organization of the built environment, including, certainly, the environment of tourism.