Sustainable Aggregates Resource Mαnagement The SARMα Manual How to Achieve Aggregates Resource Efficiency in Local Communities http://www.sarmaproject.eu SEE/A/151/2.4/X Legend: SARMα SEE countries SEE countries in
A Joint Manual For stakeholders' decision making at local level: How to achieve aggregates resource efficiency in local communities Based on: the reports prepared within Work Package 3, Activities 3.1, 3.1 & 3.3 of the SARMα Project Sustainable Aggregates Resource Management (SEE/A/151/2.4/X), website: http://www.sarmaproject.eu Editing Information: Editing: F. Chalkiopoulou (IGME, Gr), K. Hatzilazaridou (IGME, Gr), H. Papantoni (External Associate, Gr) Printing: TUC.. Copyright This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the South East Europe Programme Managing Authority cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
Note of the Lead Partner. The purpose/scope of the manual has to be defined clearly. Stakeholders should be identified. Acknowledgments to EC should be included. 2 P age
CONTENTS Description 1 Introductory Information 1.1 A few words about SARMα 1.2 Who participates in SARMα Page No 2 Do we need aggregates in everyday life? 2.1 Uses of aggregates 2.2 Market demand for aggregates 3 How do we cover our needs in aggregates? 3.1 Extraction of mineral raw materials from quarries and pits 3.2 Processing of mine and quarry by products for aggregates production 3.3 Exploitation of marine deposits 3.4 Production of aggregates from recycling of Construction & Demolition Waste (CDA) and recycling of industrial waste 4 Which are the major concerns of stakeholders involved in aggregates cycle? 4.1 Market (society) 4.2 Aggregates producers 4.3 Local communities 4.4 State(National & Local Authorities) 4.5 NGO s (i.e. Environmentalists) 5 Can we enhance the overall performance of aggregates cycle towards sustainability?? 6 Review of the major issues, messages and recommendations of the manual 7 References 2 P age
3 P age 1. Introductory Information 1.1 A few words about SARMα Aggregates (crushed stone, sand and gravel) are crucial for infrastructure and construction. SEE countries are rich in aggregates, but supply is not coordinated within or across the area. Challenges are illegal and damaging quarries, un reclaimed sites, limited recycling and community opposition. Fulfilling demand requires efficient and sustainable supply chain (planning, extraction, transport, use and recycling), and socio eco friendly quarrying, to preclude opposition to extraction, supply bottlenecks, and restricted growth. The above framework is where the SARMa project fits, placing answers, proposing recommendations and highlighting messages towards sustainability of aggregates within the SEE countries territory. Major objectives of the project are to develop a common approach to sustainable aggregate resource management (SARM) and sustainable supply mix (SSM) planning at local, national and transnational levels, and to ensure efficient and secure supply in the SEE. The specific objectives include capacity building, information infrastructure creation, and planning for a Regional Centre on SARM and SSM. Regarding local scale, site level activities were focused on environmentally friendly extraction through best practices, reducing illegal quarrying, and recycling to reducing use of primary aggregates. Five separate work packages were included for the accomplishment of the project objectives. Amongst them, Work Package 3 (WP3) Extraction and Demolition Site Level is considered the core part of the project and aimed to fulfill project objectives on the local scale through three activities focused on improving resource efficiency: (1) decreasing environmental and social impacts of quarrying and improving reclamation, (2) reducing illegal quarrying, and (3) increasing recycling, which will decrease the use of primary aggregates. Moreover, it included actions such as workshops that enhanced information available at regional and national levels. Activity 3.4 of WP3 was implemented through preparation of the present manual for site level. Editing of the previous was based mainly on the synthesis reports prepared within WP3, as well as Questionnaires filled in within other project activities, synthesizing recommendations from each site level activity and explaining requirements for and actions needed to enhance resource efficiency in quarrying at local level. Furthermore key messages out coming from published European reports were included. Such reports are: Planning Policies and Permitting Procedures to Ensure the Sustainable Supply of Aggregates in Europe, Commissioned by UEPG, prepared by the Department of Mineral Resources and Petroleum Engineering, University of Leoben, Austria, June 4, 2010
Improving Framework Conditions for Extracting Minerals for the EU, Exchanging Best Practice on Land Use Planning, Permitting and Geological Knowledge Sharing, ad hoc Working Group (sub group of the Raw Materials Supply Group, chaired by the European Commission), edition 1.7.2010 1.2 Who participates in SARMα 15 partners in 10 countries of SEE area participate in the SARMα project, including partners from old member states, new member states, and candidate countries as well, assuring thus knowledge transfer and best practices transmission to zones with less experience in SARM and SSM, which will enable better cohesion of SEE countries in aggregates management and supply. Observers representing ministries in charge or mining, regional authorities, chamber of commerce and industry are also present. Geological surveys, institutes and faculties work regularly as experts and policy advisers with government and industry and combine up to date knowledge and expertise in the area of aggregates. All have constant relationship with decision making bodies in their countries and prepare strategic documents for authorities. Also, 8 decision making bodies are included that all have sector extraction areas under their rule and want to participate actively in these challenges. Emphasis will be given to capacity building activities that will be possible by combining the expertise of partners. Foto of partners 4 P age
5 P age 2. Do we need aggregates?
The EU average use of Aggregates in 2008 was 6.2 tones per capita. Up to?? kgs per square meter of a building are aggregates. They enter the building either indirectly in the form of cement, or directly as is, in concrete and mortars and lime (calcined forms of limestone). Up to?? kgs per square meter of a road are aggregates. They are present in the road base or in bituminous concrete mixes of road surfaces. Specific qualities of crushed calcitic rock aggregates are used in granulated or powdered form in various applications: animal feed, sugar industry, glass industry, chemical industry (paints, plastics) e.t.c. 6 P age
2.1 Uses of aggregates Aggregates are raw materials either natural or manufactured, with or without prior treatment used by mankind for building and construction purposes extensively, being thus essential and valuable resources for the economic and social development of the society. They are bulky and cheap thus leading to the need for immediate proximity between production sites and consuming centers, with rural areas being the major ones. Main areas of uses are: Infrastructure works.. Road construction Building Additives to many different products...... 2.2 Market demand for aggregates Europe currently needs some 3 billion tonnes of aggregates a year, equivalent to over 6 tonnes per capita. The demand for aggregates continues to grow with economic development at national and European levels. Empirical evidence shows that advanced economies can demand up to12 tonnes/capita, though this growth may suffer shorter term positive or negative influences from economic boom or recession respectively. The demand for Aggregates in Europe in 2008 was 3.5 billion tonnes per year, produced mainly by SMEs (Small and Medium sized Enterprises) on 22,000 sites across Europe. The EU average use of Aggregates in 2008 was 6.2 tonnes per capita. The Aggregates Industry is by far the largest in the minerals sector by tonnages produced and accounts for the largest numbers of production sites and numbers of people employed. Taking an EU average price of 7 8/tonne, the aggregates sector represent a turnover of around 20 25 billion, though it has suffered heavily under the current economic crisis, reporting an average decline of about 20% in 2009 compared to 2008. In several countries, there are further volume declines being reported in 2010, indicating the true depth of the current recession, possibly also exacerbated by the severe winter. 7 P age
Therefore it is reasonable to anticipate that European demand for aggregates will soon recover to its 2008 level of 3.5 billion tonnes, and will reach 4 billion tonnes in the medium term, driven mainly by economic growth in Central and South Eastern Europe. Therefore this growing demand for aggregates needs to be addressed by national Minerals Policies and Planning Systems. 8 P age
3. How do we cover our needs in aggregates? Presently, some 90% of overall aggregates come from naturally occurring deposits (quarries and pits), the remaining 10% coming from recycled materials, marine and manufactured aggregates. Naturally occurring aggregates can only be sourced from quarries and pits where suitable deposits geologically occur. Other sources of aggregates are appropriate industrial and other waste and marine deposits. The production of recycled and marine aggregates will continue to grow, however longer term some 85% of demand will still need to come from natural aggregates. 9 P age
3.1 Extraction of mineral raw materials from quarries and pits 3.1.1 Production of crushed rock aggregates...................................................... 10 P age
... 3.1.2 Sand and gravel extraction........................... 11 P age
3.2 Processing of mine and quarry by products for aggregates production.................................... 3.3 Exploitation of marine deposits... 12 P age
3.4 Production of aggregates from recycling of Construction & Demolition Waste (CDA) and recycling from industrial waste 13 P age
Απόβλητα θεωρούνται και υλικά που προέρχονται από κατασκευές, κατεδαφίσεις, αλλά και εκσκαφές. Τα εν λόγω απόβλητα αποτελούν μεγάλο μέρος του συνόλου των στερεών αποβλήτων. Ήδη, η Ευρωπαϊκή Επιτροπή και το Ευρωκοινοβούλιο ενδιαφέρονται για τον τρόπο διαχείρισής τους. Ο τρόπος με τον οποίο γίνεται προς το παρόν η διαχείρισή τους δε συμβάλλει στην εξοικονόμηση πρώτων υλών και επιβαρύνει και το περιβάλλον, καθώς περιέχουν μικρές ποσότητες επικίνδυνων ή τοξικών υλικών. Οι συνηθισμένες πηγές παραγωγής αυτού του τύπου αποβλήτων είναι: α) οικοδομικές εργασίες κάθε είδους, όπως ανεγέρσεις, κατεδαφίσεις, ανακαινίσεις, επισκευές, περιφράξεις κατοικιών, επαγγελματικών χώρων και γενικότερα κτιριακών συγκροτημάτων. β) έργα τεχνικών υποδομών, όπως κατεδαφίσεις, κατασκευές ή και επιδιορθώσεις δρόμων, γεφυρών, σηράγγων, αποχετευτικών δικτύων, πεζοδρομίων, καθώς και αναπλάσεις χώρων, εκχερσώσεις εκτάσεων, ισοπεδώσεις, θεμελιώσεις, κ.α. γ) φυσικές ή τεχνολογικές καταστροφές, όπως σεισμοί, πλημμύρες, κατολισθήσεις, και γενικότερα δυσμενείς κλιματολογικές συνθήκες. Τα απόβλητα που παράγονται από τις εργασίες κατασκευής, κατεδάφισης και εκσκαφών κατατάσσονται στις εξής κατηγορίες: α) αδρανή απόβλητα, δηλαδή απόβλητα που δε υφίστανται καμία σημαντική φυσική, χημική ή βιολογική μετατροπή, δεν διαλύονται, δεν καίγονται ούτε συμμετέχουν σε άλλες φυσικές ή χημικές αντιδράσεις, δεν διασπώνται βιολογικά ούτε επιδρούν δυσμενώς σε άλλα υλικά με τα οποία έρχονται σε επαφή κατά τρόπο ικανό να προκαλέσει ρύπανση του περιβάλλοντος ή να βλάψει την υγεία του ανθρώπου. Αν τα απόβλητα αυτά αποπλυθούν δίνουν αμελητέα περιεκτικότητα σε ρύπους και τοξικά υλικά, ενώ δεν πρέπει να τίθεται σε κίνδυνο η ποιότητα των επιφανειακών ή και υπογείων υδάτων. β) επικίνδυνα απόβλητα, δηλαδή απόβλητα που περιέχονται σε σχετικές αποφάσεις και νομοθετικές ρυθμίσεις. Στις περιπτώσεις που αδρανή υλικά αναμιγνύονται με επικίνδυνα απόβλητα, το σύνολο των αποβλήτων αυτών αντιμετωπίζονται ως επικίνδυνα. Τα υλικά που συνήθως περιέχονται στα απόβλητα έργων κατασκευής και κατεδάφισης είναι συνήθως: 14 P age
Ξύλο Μέταλλα (προϊόντα αλουμινίου, σιδήρου, χαλκού, χάλυβα, κ.α.) Χρώματα βαφής, βερνίκια Αμίαντος και αμιαντοτσιμέντο Γύψος και γυψοσανίδες Αδρανή υλικά (τσιμέντα, σοβάδες, άμμο, πέτρες, χαλίκια, τούβλα, κ.α.) Μπετόν Γυαλί, τζάμια Άσφαλτος Πήλινα τούβλα και πλακάκια Πλαστικά Συνθετικά μονωτικά υλικά (πολυουρεθάνη, φελιζόλ, αφρολέξ, υαλοβάμβακας) Άλλα μονωτικά υλικά Ανάλογα με τις ιδιομορφίες και τις υποδομές που υπάρχουν σε κάθε χώρα Υπάρχουν πολλές πιθανές τεχνικές λύσεις, οι οποίες μπορούν να εφαρμοσθούν για την αξιοποίηση και ανακύκλωση των αποβλήτων αυτών. Αυτές ποικίλλουν από απλούς σπαστήρες μέχρι ολοκληρωμένες εγκαταστάσεις ανακύκλωσης, οι οποίες διαχειρίζονται ένα πολύ μεγάλο κομμάτι των συγκεκριμένων αποβλήτων. Η οργάνωση με διαφορετικό τρόπο των εργασιών που σχετίζονται με τις οικοδομές, τα δημόσια έργα, τις εκσκαφές, καθώς και η συνεργασία όλων των εμπλεκόμενων φορέων (χρηματοδότες, ιδιοκτήτες, μελετητές, μηχανικοί, εργολάβοι και εργαζόμενοι), είναι απαραίτητα στοιχεία για την επιτυχία οποιουδήποτε προγράμματος αξιοποίησης και ανακύκλωσης των αποβλήτων αυτών. Η ανακύκλωσή τους: Επιτρέπει την ορθολογική χρήση μεγάλων ποσοτήτων φυσικών πόρων, που διαφορετικά θα εξορύσσονταν. Η ανακύκλωση των ορυκτών αποβλήτων μειώνει τις αρνητικές επιπτώσεις στο περιβάλλων από την εξόρυξη. Συμβάλλει στη μείωση της ποσότητας αποβλήτων που καταλήγουν στους ΧΥΤΑ και παρατείνει το χρόνο ζωής τους. Μειώνει τις επιπτώσεις στο περιβάλλον από την ταφή τους, όπως τα στραγγίσματα από την αποσύνθεση των μη αδρανών υλικών (γύψο, πλαστικό, ξύλο, κ.α.), η μεταφορά σε μεγάλες αποστάσεις. 15 P age
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4. Which are the major concerns of stakeholders involved in aggregates cycle? 17 P age
4.1 Market (society) As discussed previously, market (society) needs aggregates for infrastructure development and building purposes as well. From this point of view, major concern of society is to ensure supply of the adequate quantities of aggregates in acceptable qualities and last but not least with affordable cost. These needs vary within SEE countries and depend on: The rate of infrastructure development, namely roads, bridges e.t.c. envisaged for construction. Thus, increased demand is foreseen for countries like Albania,.., for the next years. The techniques applied for building construction, currently. For example, in Greece that is an earthquake sensitive area, the concrete quantity used per square meter of building surface is still high. ISSUES: Are market needs defined at state level? Are these needs considered during state planning (i.e. land use) Is quality of aggregates controlled? What standards are applied?? Is society educated and informed on impacts of aggregates producing activities?.. 18 P age
4.2 Aggregates producers 4.2.1 Quarry operators While there is general availability of indigenous aggregates at European and national levels, economically viable regional and local supply of aggregates is often constrained by difficulties in achieving access to aggregate deposits and by the exceptionally long duration of permitting processes. Therefore, unless there is the acceptance Europe wide of a focused strategy to provide viable local provision, the necessary future supply of aggregates will become even more critical, resulting in increased aggregate transport with the associated energy costs and CO2 emissions. The emphasis on local supply stems from the nature of aggregates consumption, which unlike other minerals, is not concentrated in single localities, but is distributed over wide areas. Hence transport of aggregates from the producer to the user is a key issue because of their bulk, weight and low unit costs, and accounts for the bulk of CO2 emissions from the aggregates sector. ISSUES: How easy is it to get access to natural resources? The permitting procedure is too slow an complicated Too many laws for exploitation There are often conflict land area interests How local communities will cooperate? Only very few countries have a wellstructured approach to address the future sustainable supply of aggregates. This may reflect a lack of understanding of the vital role of aggregates in fulfilling society s physical needs. Therefore in the absence of such policies, aggregate supplies may become critical in several regions, leading to local 19 P age
supply deficiencies, with costly consequential inefficiencies in transport, energy usage and CO2 emissions. In most cases, the associated Permitting Systems concerning quarrying or recycling aggregates are unduly complex and slow, unnecessarily constraining access to resources, and that many permissions eventually granted are too short to justify adequate investments. In some Member States, planning systems are so inconsistent or defective as to foster unpermitted operators, often bringing the industry into disrepute. The responsible aggregates industry has much improved its environmental performance in recent years, and there is increasing focus in achieving biodiversity excellence in Natura 2000 areas. Hence each Member State needs to develop a simplified, more rapid, permitting system, ideally as a one stop shop, or the equivalent thereof, by rationalising links and procedures between national, regional and local agencies involved, while insisting on continued industry excellence in environmental and social performance. Therefore access to local aggregate resources is a key, fundamental and critical issue both for the aggregates industry and for European society. As aggregates are heavy and bulky, it is imperative for economic and environmental reasons that these are sourced local to the main markets, particularly where transport by rail or ship is not possible, as is usually the case. Legislation: Land use planning, safe operation, recycling, etc Gaining access to these increasingly critical deposits is becoming ever more difficult because of competing land uses across Europe, particularly in more developed, densely populated regions. 4.2.2 Recyclers 20 P age
4.3 Local communities Local communities adjacent to quarries are perhaps the interested part with most complex and conflicting interests: It is good to have a viable activity close to you. Employment perspectives are an important issue, currently. What a noise!!! Too many tracks!!!!! What a dust!!!! My windows glasses were damaged with yesterday s explosion!!!! I can t hunt any more. Rabbits vanished!!!!! We want compensation 21 P age
4.4 State (National & Local Authorities) 4.5 NGO s (i.e. Environmentalists) 22 P age
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SUSTAINABILITY Aggregates are essential and valuable resources for the economic and social development of mankind, but they must be produced and used according to Sustainable Development principles. 24 P age
5. Can we enhance the overall performance of aggregates cycle towards sustainability??? i.e. How can we enhance the overall performance of aggregates extraction industry? How can we manage depletion of natural agrregates resources? 25 P age
Minerals policy Land use planning o Environmental constraints (e.g. Natura 2000) o Social acceptance o Legislation framework for natural resources exploitation o o Messages and recommendations related to extraction best practices o o o o Elimination of Noise Elimination of dust emission Minimization of vibration side effects Preservation of landscape aesthetics Recommendations on monitoring for prevention of illegal quarrying CE marking of products [This is place to draw Conclusions and Recommendations to encourage best practice] Do s Don ts 26 P age
References [Case studies (3.1 3.2 3.3) Synthesis reports (3.1 3.2 3.3) Reports including sources of further reading, perhaps best separated into another list Public literature Websites] 1. UEPG European Aggregates Association http://www.uepg.eu/ 2. Annex [Case studies/good practice examples extracted from case studies. The annex is proposed to contain only the case studies of WP3 and not the synthesis reports of the WP3, as the conclusions/recommendations and/or common/different practices amongst the case studies of the synthesis reports will be part of the main text of the manual (Chapter 4)] 27 P age
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GeoZS Geological Survey of Slovenia Contact Person: Slavko V. Solar, PhD, Mineral Resource Geologist Geological Survey of Slovenia, Dimiceva ulica 14 1000 Ljubljana, SLOVENIA Tel: +386 1 2809 760, fax: +386 1 2809 753 e mail: slavko.solar@geo zs.si o Geological Survey of Slovenia, SI o University of Leoben, AT o Prefectural Authority of Pella, GR o Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, GR o Technical University of Crete, GR o Hungarian Office for Mining and Geology, HU o Emilia Romagna Region Environment, Soil and Coast Defence Department, IT o Parma Province, IT o National Institut for Research Development In Domain of Geology, Geophysics, Geochemistry and Remote Sensing, RO o University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, RO o Ministry of Economy Herzegbosnian Canton, BH o University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mining and Geology, SR o Ministry of Economy, Labour and Entrepreneurship Energy and Mining Directorate, HR o Ministry of Economy, Trade and Energy, AL 29 P age
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