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&."%">8έ+B16 /(> "5.(+ί(>.+(DB+ά 5έ1B A'"89ώ9 8"15ώ9 3&' 1>9"+,&1'ώ9, ό.b2 6 G"9'3ή =>5#B9ί&,'& /(>2 7&15(ύ2 3&' /( *5.ό+'( (GATT) ή.'(.+ό1#&/& ( <&,3ό15'(2 F+,&9'15ό2 *5.(+ί(> (<F*). *.ί162 165&9/'3ό +ό%(.&ίk(>9 3&' A'5"+"ί2 A'&3+&/'3έ2 1>5#B9ί"2, ή.(%>5"+"ί2."+'#"+"'&3έ2 1>5#B9ί"2 ό.b2 ('."+'(Dέ2 "%">8έ+(> "5.(+ί(> (EFTA, NAFTA) 3&' (' /"%B9"'&3έ2 "9ώ1"'2 ό.b2 6 **. 11.5.1 D 9$%'ό#+"(. D8%$6"#+ό.!+/(8ί(< (9D!). P"/ά /(9 A"ύ/"+( <&,3ό15'( <ό%"5(, 3&' /69 A>1ά+"1/6 A'"89ή "5."'+ί& /(> 5"1(.(%έ5(>, >.ή+c&9.(%>5"+"ί2 A'&.+&,5&/"ύ1"'2,'& /6 A65'(>+,ί& /+'ώ9 A'"89ώ9 ('3(9(5'3ώ9 (+,&9'15ώ9,'& /( 1>9/(9'15ό /62.(%'/'3ή2 1/& A'"89ή2 9(5'15&/'3ά K6/ή5&/&, /6 A'"89ή &9&1>,3+ό/616 3&' &9ά./>C6 3&' /( A'"89έ2 "5.ό+'(. F' (+,&9'15(ί.(> 1>5#B9ή863" 9& A65'(>+,68(ύ9 ή/&9 /( 7'"89έ2 S(5'15&/'3ό )&5"ί( (7S)), 6 <&,3ό15'& )+ά."k&,'& /69 H9&1>,3+ό/616 3&' /69 H9ά./>C6 (<&,3ό15'& )+ά."k&) 3&' ( 7'"89ή2 F+,&9'15ό2 *5.(+ί(> (7F*). *9ώ (' Aύ(.+ώ/(' (+,&9'15(ί A65'(>+,ή863&9 ά5"1& (8& "C"/ά1(>5" /( +ό%( /(>2 1" ".ό5"9& 3"#ά%&'&), 6 A65'(>+,ί& /(> 7'"89(ύ2 F+,&9'15(ύ *5.(+ί(> 3&8>1/έ+61",'&."+'11ό/"+& &.ό."9ή9/& D+ό9'&, %ό,b.(%'/'3ώ9 &9/'A+ά1"B9, 3>+ίB2 1/'2 N<H. )"%'3ά ( (+,&9'15ό2 &>/ό2 A65'(>+,ή863" /( 1995, 5" /69 ".B9>5ί& -,.)ό0+"*' (;.,%"0+ό' E+:*;ί*6 (<F*),."9ή9/& D+ό9'& 5"/ά /69 &+D'3ή 1>5#B9ί&,'& /6 A65'(>+,ί& /(>. ΉA6 ό5b2 &.ό /( 1947, 5ί& (5άA& 23 DB+ώ9 "ίd&9 C"3'9ή1"' A'&.+&,5&/"ύ1"'2,'& /69 &."%">8έ+B16 /(> A'"89(ύ2 "5.(+ί(> 3&' /6 5"ίB16 /(>.+(1/&/">/'15(ύ 3ά/B &.ό έ9&.+(1b+'9ό 1ύ9(%( 3&9ό9B9,9B1/ό B2 A#%")ή F6+58%ί,.",?*6'!,0+*ύ' ),"?* E+:ό;"* (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ή GATT). *.'1ή5B2 6 GATT ή/&9 5ί& A'"89ή2 1>5#B9ί& 3&' όd' έ9&2 A'"89ή2 (+,&9'15ό2. F' Dώ+"2.(> 5"/"ίD&9 1" &>/ή (9(5άK(9/&9 +έ;4?4' 06+58%ί,' 3&' ό=" +έ34. =/69.+άC6 6 GATT %"'/(>+,(ύ1" B2 A'"89ή2 (+,&9'15ό2 5" 5ί& 5ό9'56,+&55&/"ί& 1/6 G"9"ύ6, 1/69 (.(ί& ό%(' &9&#έ+(9/&9 B2 N GATT. O <&,3ό15'(2 F+,&9'15ό2 *5.(+ί(> (<F*).(> /6 A'&AέD863" έd"' /6 ίa'& %(,'3ή 5" &>/ή9. Yό%(2 /(> "ί9&' 9& B8ή1"' /69.&,3ό15'& ('3(9(5ί&.+(2 /( "%"ύ8"+( "5.ό+'(, 5" Aύ( /+ό.(>2. F.+ώ/(2 "ί9&' 9& B8ή1"'.+(2 1/&A'&3ή 5"ίB16 /B9 5έ/+B9.+(1/&/">/'15(ύ.&,3(15ίB2 (5έ1B /62 A'&A'3&1ί&2 /B9 %",ό5"9b9 #+:*;")ώ%.ύ;8%), 3&' ( A"ύ/"+(2 9& "5.(Aί1"' /69 ".&9&#(+ά 5έ/+B9.+(1/&/">/'15(ύ /& (.(ί& έd(>9 ",3&/&%"'#8"ί (5έ1B /62 A'&A'3&1ί&2 /B9 %",ό5"9b9 2#0+#ύ0#8%). N A'&A'3&1ί& /B9 2#0+#ύ0#8% 1/69 (>1ί& "5.(AίK"' /69 ".&9&#(+ά 5έ/+B9.+(1/&/">/'15(ύ,'& /& (.(ί& έd"' ήa6 1>5#B968"ί 6 5"ίB1ή /(>2. G'&.&+άA"',5&, ό/&9 έ9&2 1>9/"%"1/ή2,'& /(>2 A&15(ύ2 5'&2 Dώ+&2 "ί9&' A"15">5έ9(2, 6 Dώ+& 1/69 (>1ί& έd"' A"15">/"ί 9& 569 /(9 &>Cή1"' 1/( 5έ%%(9. )( 1ύ9(%( 1D"Aό9 /B9 A&15ώ9 1/(9 &9&./>,5έ9( 3ό15( "ί9&' A"15">5έ9(, "9ώ /( ίa'( 1>5@&ί9"','&."+ί.(> /& /+ί& /έ/&+/& /B9 A&15ώ9 1/(9 &9&./>11ό5"9( 3ό15(. 11

*.'.%έ(9 /B9 A"15"ύ1"B9,'& /(>2 A&15(ύ2 /( 1ύ1/65& GATT-<F*,"9'3ά.+(1.&8"ί 9& "5.(AίK"' 3&' /& 56 A&15(%(,'3ά "5.όA'& 1/( "%"ύ8"+( "5.ό+'(. *C&,B,'3έ2 ".'A(/ή1"'2 A"9 ".'/+έ.(9/&', 5" 5ί& 5",ά%6 "C&ί+"16. )'2 "C&,B,έ2 &,+(/'3ώ9.+(Lό9/B9,,'& /'2 (.(ί"2 ".έ5"9&9 9& "C&'+"8(ύ9 (' N<H, 1/'2 &+D'3έ2 A'&.+&,5&/"ύ1"'2 /62 GATT, 3&' /'2 (.(ί"2 "35"/&%%"ύ863" >."+@(%'3ά 6 *>+B.&L3ή Έ9B16. *.'.%έ(9, /( 1ύ1/65& GATT-<F* &.&,(+"ύ"',"9'3ά /69 "'1&,B,ή 9έB9.(1(1/ώ1"B9 1/'2 "'1&,B,έ2, έ9& 5έ/+(.(> '1/(+'3ά D+61'5(.('(ύ9.(%ύ (' N<H. Sέ"2.(1(1/ώ1"'2 1/'2 "'1&,B,έ2,"9'3ά &.&,(+"ύ9/&', "3/ό2 &9.+ό3"'/&','&.+(1B+'9ά 5έ/+&.+(3"'5έ9(> 9& &9/'5"/B.'1/(ύ9 (' %",ό5"9"2 2",?,;,=έ'?4',.*;ά', 3ά/'.(> (>1'&1/'3ά 165&ί9"' &.ό/(56 &ύc616 /B9 "'1&,B,ώ9 1" έ9& 3%άA( 6 (.(ί& &."'%"ί /69 ύ.&+c6 /(> 3%άA(> 1" 5ί& Dώ+&. F' #+:*;")*ί.ύ;*" "ί9&' A'&A'3&1ί"2 1ύ5#B9& 5" /'2 (.(ί"2 5ί& 5",ά%6 (5άA& DB+ώ9 1>5#B9(ύ9 9& C"3'9ή1(>9 (+,&9B5έ9"2 A'&.+&,5&/"ύ1"'2,'& 5"'ώ1"'2 A&15ώ9 3&' ά%%b9 5έ/+B9 &."%">8έ+B162 /(> "5.(+ί(>. F3/ώ /έ/('(',ύ+(' έd(>9 (%(3%6+B8"ί &.ό /( 1947. F'.+ώ/('.έ9/",ύ+(' /62 GATT "ίd&9 /6 5(+#ή.&+ά%%6%B9 A'5"+ώ9 A'&.+&,5&/"ύ1"B9,'& /6 5"ίB16 /B9 A&15ώ9. F έ3/(2,ύ+(2,,9b1/ό2 B2.ύ;*' Kennedy, (%(3%6+ώ863" /( 1967 3&' 3&/έ%6C" 1/6 5"ίB16 /B9 A&15ώ9 3&/ά 50% 1" ό%"2 /'2 @'(56D&9'3έ2 Dώ+"2, 5" /69 "C&ί+"16 1>,3"3+'5έ9B9 3%άAB9. N 5έ16 5"ίB16 /B9 A&15ώ9, %ό,b /B9 "C&'+έ1"B9, ή/&9 35%. F έ@a(5(2,ύ+(2, (.ύ;*'?*6 Gό)6*, (%(3%6+ώ863" /( 1979 3&' (Aή,61" 1"."+&'/έ+B 5"ίB16 /B9 A&15ώ9, &%%ά 3&' 1/69 3&8'έ+B16 3BAί3B9 1>5."+'#(+ά2 1D"/'3ά 5" /& 56 A&15(%(,'3ά "5.όA'&, ό.b2 (' "8"%(ύ1'('."+'(+'15(ί 1/'2 "'1&,B,έ2. F ό,a((2,ύ+(2 (%(3%6+ώ863" /( 1994 (.ύ;*'?4' (6;*6.ά4') 3&' 3&/έ%6C" &9ά5"1& 1/& ά%%& 1/69."+&'/έ+B 5"ίB16 /B9 A&15ώ9, 1/69 5"ίB16 /62.+(1/&1ί&2 1/& &,+(/'3ά.+(Lό9/&, /( +(>D'15ό 3&' /'2 A65ό1'"2.+(5ή8"'"2, 3&8ώ2 3&' 1/6 A65'(>+,ί& /(> <&,3ό15'(> F+,&9'15(ύ *5.(+ί(>. F /"%">/&ί(2 (έ9&/(2),ύ+(2, ( (.(ί(2 1/69 (>1ί& έd"' 5ά%%(9 3&/&++"ύ1"' DB+ί2 1>5#B9ί& "ί9&' ( %",ό5"9(2.ύ;*'?4' H?ό=,,.(> C"3ί961" /( 2001 3&' έb2 1ή5"+& A"9 έd"' (%(3%6+B8"ί. F' 1>5#B9ί"2 /62 GATT 3&' /(> <&,3ό15'(> F+,&9'15(ύ *5.(+ί(> (<F*) "ί9&' "3/"/&5έ9& 3&'.(%ύ.%(3& 3"ί5"9&, "."'Aή "ί9&' 9(5'3ά 3"ί5"9&.(> 3&%ύ./(>9 έ9& ">+ύ #ά15& A+&1/6+'(/ή/B9. H1D(%(ύ9/&' 5" /6,"B+,ί&, /69 3%B1/(V#&9/(>+,ί& 3&' /& "ίa6 έ9a>162, /'2 /+ά."k"2, /'2 /6%".'3('9B9ί"2, /'2 3>@"+96/'3έ2.+(5ή8"'"2, /& @'(56D&9'3ά.+ό/>.& 3&' /69 &1#ά%"'& /B9.+(Lό9/B9, 3&9(9'15(ύ2 >,'"'9ή2 /+(#ί5b9, /69.9">5&/'3ή 'A'(3/61ί&, 3&'.(%%ά ά%%&. H%%ά 5'& 1"'+ά &.ό &.%έ2, @&1'3έ2 &+Dέ2 A'&/+έD(>9 ό%( /( 1ύ9(%( /B9 ",,+ά#b9 &>/ώ9. H>/έ2 (' &+Dέ2 &.(/"%(ύ9 /( 8"5έ%'( /(>.(%>5"+(ύ2 "5.(+'3(ύ 1>1/ή5&/(2. =ύ5#b9& 5" /'2 &+Dέ2 &>/έ2, /( A'"89έ2 1ύ1/65& 1>9&%%&,ώ9 8&.+έ."' 9& D&+&3/6+ίK"/&' &.ό, I:*60ί,!",);ί0#8% -!ά8" Dώ+& 8&.+έ."' 9& &.(#"ύ,"' /'2 A'&3+ί1"'2 5"/&Cύ /B9 "5.(+'3ώ9 "/&ί+b9 /62 (Aί9(9/ά2 /(>2 "Cί1(> 3&8"1/ώ2 «.%έ(9 ">9((ύ5"9(> 12

3+ά/(>2" ή 3&8"1/ώ2 <*!) 3&' A"9.+έ."' 9& 3ά9"' A'&3+ί1"'2 5"/&Cύ /B9 A'3ώ9 /62 3&' /B9 Cέ9B9.+(Lό9/B9, >.6+"1'ώ9 ή >.63όB9 (.&+έd(9/ά2 /(>2 ""89'3ή 5"/&D"ί+'16" ) J#.,3ύ?#;4 E3#6$#;ί, - )& "5.όA'& 1/'2 1>9&%%&,έ2.+έ."' 9& 5"'ώ9(9/&' 5έ1B A'&.+&,5&/"ύ1"B9 -;*@3#K"+ό?4?, - F' &%%(A&.έ2 "/&'+"ί"2, (' "."9A>/έ2 3&' (' 3>@"+9ή1"'2 8&.+έ."' 9& "ί9&' @έ@&'(' ό/' (' "5.(+'3(ί #+&,5(ί (1>5."+'%&5@&9(5έ9B9 /B9 A&15ώ9 3&' /B9 56 A&15(%(,'3ώ9 #+&,5ώ9) A"9 8& &>Cά9(9/&' &>8&ί+"/&. F' A&15(%(,'3(ί 1>9/"%"1/έ2 3&' (' A"15"ύ1"'2,'& /( ά9(',5& /62 "1B/"+'3ή2 &,(+ά2 8& @+ί13(9/&' 1/&.%&ί1'& /(> <F*. I%?,.8%"0?")ό?4?, - 4& &.(8&++ύ9"' /'2 «άa'3"2».+&3/'3έ2, ό.b2 (' "C&,B,'3έ2 ".'A(/ή1"'2 3&' 9/ά5.'9,3.+(Lό9/B9 1" /'5έ2 3ά/B /(> 3ό1/(>2,'& &ύc616 /(> 5"+'Aί(> /62 &,(+ά2. -#;"00ό?#;, *5έ34.",?"' 3".ό?#;*,%#:?6.+έ%#' =ώ;#' - Aί9(9/ά2 /(>2."+'11ό/"+( D+ό9( 9&.+(1&+5(1/(ύ9, 5",&%ύ/"+6 ">"%'Cί&, 3&' "'A'3ά.+(9ό5'&. F <F* B2 5"/"Cέ%'C6 /62 GATT έd"'.(%%ά 3('9ά 165"ί& 5" &>/ή9. O1/ό1(, έd"' &+5(A'ό/6/"2 3&' 1/(9 /(5έ& /B9 >.6+"1'ώ9, 3ά/'.(> A"9 "ίd" 6 GATT. G'&.&+άA"',5& ( <F* "ί9&' >."ύ8>9(2,'& /&.9">5&/'3ά A'3&'ώ5&/&, "9ώ "ί9&' &+5όA'(2 3&','& /6 2"#6$έ?404 2"#%έC#8%.(> &9&3ύ./(>9 1/( A'"89έ2 "5.ό+'(, DB+ί2 ό5b2 9& 5.(+"ί ( ίa'(2 9& ".'@ά%%"' 3>+ώ1"'2. 11.5.2 98(1"+;#"$'έ.!+/(8"'έ. E<+F&6ί3. *3/ό2 &.ό /'2 A'"89"ί2 1>5#B9ί"2 1/&.%&ί1'& /62 GATT 3&' /(> <F*, 1/'2 (.(ί"2 A"9 ".'/+έ.(9/&' A'&3+ί1"'2 5"/&Cύ DB+ώ9 1/69 ά+16 /B9 "5.(AίB9 1/( A'"89έ2 "5.ό+'(, >.ά+d(>9 3&' (' %",ό5"9"2 :;*?"+40",)έ' #+:*;")έ' 06+58%ί#' (Preferential Trading Agreements PTA) 5"/&Cύ (5άAB9 DB+ώ9. G"9'3ά (' 3&9ό9"2 /62 GATT 3&' /(> <F* @&1ίK(9/&' 1/69 &+Dή /62 &.(>1ί&2 A'&3+ί1"B9, A6%&Aή 3ά8" Dώ+&.+έ."' 9& &.(#"ύ,"' A'&3+ί1"'2 5"/&Cύ /B9 "5.(+'3ώ9 /62 "/&ί+b9. O1/ό1(, A'&3+ί1"'2 ".'/+έ.(9/&' 5" @ά16.+(/'561'&3έ2 "5.(+'3έ2 1>5#B9ί"2, ό/&9 &>/έ2 1>9".ά,(9/&'.%ή+6 ά+16 /B9 A&15ώ9 3&' /B9 ά%%b9 "5.(+'3ώ9."+'(+'15ώ9 5"/&Cύ /B9 DB+ώ9.(> 5"/έD(>9 1/6 1>5#B9ί&. F'.+(/'561'&3έ2 "5.(+'3έ2 1>5#B9ί"2 1>9ή8B2 %&5@ά9(>9 5ί& &.ό Aύ( 5(+#έ2. -#;"*=έ' #3#6$έ;*6 #+:*;ί*6 (Free Trade Areas), 3&'?#38%#",)έ' #%ώ0#"' (Customs Unions). F'."+'(Dέ2 "%">8έ+(> "5.(+ί(> "ί9&' (5άA"2 DB+έ2.(> έd(>9 3&/&+,ή1"' /(>2 5"/&Cύ /(>2 A&15(ύ2, &%%ά 1/'2 (.(ί"2 6 3ά8" Dώ+& (+ίk"' /(>2 A'3(ύ2 /62 A&15(ύ2 1" 1Dέ16 5" /'2 >.ό%('."2 Dώ+"2, "9ώ (' /"%B9"'&3έ2 "9ώ1"'2 "ί9&' (5άA"2 DB+ώ9.(> έd(>9 ".'.%έ(9 3('9(ύ2 A&15(ύ2 &.έ9&9/' 1/(9 >.ό%('.( 3ό15(. 13

N *>+B.&L3ή Έ9B16 "ί9&' /( &+Dέ/>.(.&+άA"',5& /"%B9"'&3ή2 έ9b162. ΈD"' όd' 5ό9( 3&/&+,ή1"' /(> A&15(ύ2 3&' /& ά%%& "5.όA'& 1/( "5.ό+'( 5"/&Cύ /B9 5"%ώ9 /62, &%%ά έd"' 1>5#B9ή1"' 3&' 1" 3('9(ύ2 A&15(ύ2 &.έ9&9/' 1/(9 >.ό%('.( 3ό15(. H.ό /69 ά%%6, 6 NAFTA, 6."+'(Dή "%">8έ+(> "5.(+ί(> /62 Z(+"ί(> H5"+'3ή2, 6 (.(ί&."+'%&5@ά9"' /'2 N<H, /(9!&9&Aά 3&' /( P"C'3ό, 1>9".ά,"/&' 3&/ά+,616 /B9 A&15ώ9 5"/&Cύ /B9 /+'ώ9 &>/ώ9 DB+ώ9, &%%ά 3ά8" 5ί& &.ό &>/έ2 A'&/6+"ί /( A'3&ίB5& 9& ".'%έ,"' 5ό96 /62 /(>2 A&15(ύ2.(> ".'@ά%%"' 1".+(Lό9/& &.ό /(9 >.ό%('.( 3ό15(. N ".'%(,ή &>/ή @έ@&'& "ί9&' 1/&.%&ί1'& /B9 3&9ό9B9 /(> <F*. *9ώ 6,"9'3">5έ96 &."%">8έ+B16 /(> "5.(+ί(> 8"B+"ί/&' ό/' @"%/'ώ9"' /69 ">65"+ί& ό%b9 /B9 DB+ώ9, ('.+(/'561'&3έ2 "5.(+'3έ2 1>5#B9ί"2 A"9 "ί9&' @έ@&'( ό/' (A6,(ύ9 1" &>/ό /( &.(/έ%"15&. H>/ό 1>5@&ί9"' A'ό/' έd(>9 Aύ( "'Aώ9 ".'./ώ1"'2. H.ό /6 5ί&, &>Cά9(>9 /(9 ό,3( /(> "5.(+ί(> 5"/&Cύ /B9 DB+ώ9.(> 3&/&+,(ύ9 /(>2 5"/&Cύ /(>2 A&15(ύ2. N ".ί./b16 &>/ή 3&%"ί/&' 24+"*6;.ί, #+:*;ί*6 (trade creation), 3&' ό.b2 έd(>5" A"' ".&9"'%%65έ9& 8"B+"ί/&',"9'3ό/"+& ".B#"%ή2. H.ό /69 ά%%6, 5ί&.+(/'561'&3ή "5.(+'3ή 1>5#B9ί& >.(3&8'1/ά /( "5.ό+'( /62 3ά8" Dώ+&2 5" /+ί/"2 Dώ+"2.+(2 ό#"%(2 /(> "5.(+ί(> 5" /'2 Dώ+"2.(> 5"/έD(>9 1/69.+(/'561'&3ή "5.(+'3ή 1>5#B9ί&. N ".ί./b16 &>/ή 3&%"ί/&' #)?;*:ή #+:*;ί*6 (trade diversion), 3&8ώ2 5έ+(2 /(> &5('@&ί& ".B#"%(ύ2 "5.(+ί(> /62 3ά8" Dώ+&2 5" /+ί/"2 Dώ+"2 "3/+έ."/&' 1" "5.ό+'( 5"/&Cύ /B9 DB+ώ9.(> 5"/έD(>9 1/69.+(/'561'&3ή "5.(+'3ή 1>5#B9ί&. N "3/+(.ή /(> "5.(+ί(> A"9 "ί9&' ".B#"%ή2, 3&8ώ2 (#"ί%"/&' 1/'2 1/+"@%ώ1"'2.(>.+(3&%"ί 6.+(/'561'&3ή 1>5#B9ί&.!&/ά 1>9έ."'&, "9ώ "ί9&' C"3ά8&+( ό/' 5ί&,"9'3">5έ96 5"ίB16 ή 3&/ά+,616 /B9 A&15ώ9 "ί9&' ".B#"%ή2,'& ό%(>2, 5ί& 5"ίB16 ή 3&/ά+,616 1/&.%&ί1'& 5'&2.+(/'561'&3ή2 "5.(+'3ή2 1>5#B9ί&2 5.(+"ί 9& (A6,ή1"' 1" 3ό1/(2 &.ό /69 "3/+(.ή /(> "5.(+ί(>.(> 9& >."+@&ί9"' /& (#έ%6 &.ό /6 A65'(>+,ί& "5.(+ί(>. Έ9& /έ/('(.&+άa"',5& #&ί9"/&' ό/' "ί9&' 6 Mercosur, 5ί&."+'(Dή "%">8έ+(> "5.(+ί(> 5"/&Cύ /"11ά+B9 DB+ώ9 /62 S(/ί(> H5"+'3ή2, /62 H+,"9/'9ή2, /62 Z+&K'%ί&2, /62 F>+(>,(>ά62 3&' /62 <&+&,(>ά62. N Mercosur A65'(>+,ή863" /( 1991 3&' (Aή,61" 1" 165&9/'3ή ".έ3/&16 /(> "5.(+ί(> 5"/&Cύ /B9 /"11ά+B9 &>/ώ9 DB+ώ9. O1/ό1(, /( 5",&%ύ/"+( 5έ+(2 &>/ή2 /62 ".έ3/&162 #&ί9"/&' ό/' έ,'9" "'2 @ά+(2 /(> "5.(+ί(> /(>2 5" /+ί/"2 Dώ+"2, 5" &.(/έ%"15& /& 1>9(%'3ά &.(/"%έ15&/& 9& "ί9&' 5ά%%(9 &+96/'3ά. =" &>/ό /( 1>5.έ+&15& 3&/έ%6C" /(>%άd'1/(9 5ί& 5"%έ/6 /62 <&,3ό15'&2 )+ά."k&2 /( 1996, 6 (.(ί& ό5b2 ό/&9 A65(1'"ύ863" "ίd" %(,(3+'8"ί, %ό,b /B9 A'&5&+/>+'ώ9 /B9 DB+ώ9 /62 Mercosur, 3&' 'A'&ί/"+& /62 Z+&K'%ί&2.(> #&ί9"/&' ό/' ή/&9 6 Dώ+&.(> 3>+ίB2 B#"%ή863" &.ό /6 A65'(>+,ί& &>/ή2 /62 Kώ962 "%">8έ+(> "5.(+ί(>. G'&.&+άA"',5&, 6 &>/(3'96/(@'(56D&9ί& /62 Z+&K'%ί&2, 6 (.(ί& A'"89ώ2 A"9 ή/&9 'A'&ί/"+& &9/&,B9'1/'3ή, %ό,b /62.+(/'561'&3ή2 &>/ή2 "5.(+'3ή2 1>5#B9ί&2, &.έ3/61" 5ί& 5",ά%6 ".'.%έ(9 &,(+ά 1/69 H+,"9/'9ή, >.(3&8'1/ώ9/&2 /'2 "'1&,B,έ2 #869ό/"+B9 3&' 3&%ύ/"+B9 &>/(3'9ή/B9 &.ό ά%%"2 Dώ+"2 ό.b2 6 [&.B9ί&, 6 *>+ώ.6 3&' (' N<H. H>/ό "ί9&' έ9& &./ό.&+άa"',5& "3/+(.ή2 /(> "5.(+ί(>.(> 5.(+"ί 9& A65'(>+,ή1"' 5ί&.+(/'561'&3ή "5.(+'3ή 1>5#B9ί&. 14

11.6 E<+/38ά#+$1$ H.ό /69 &9ά%>16 /(> 3"#&%&ί(> &>/(ύ 3&/&%ήC&5" 1/& &3ό%(>8& 1>5."+ά15&/& 1D"/'3ά 5" /( +ό%( /B9 "+,&%"ίb9 3&' /B9 8"15ώ9 /62 A'"89(ύ2 "5.(+'3ή2.(%'/'3ή2, 3&8ώ2 3&','& /6 165&1ί& /(> "%"ύ8"+(> "5.(+ί(>,'& /69.&,3ό15'& ('3(9(5ί&. G'& 5ί& 5'3+ή ('3(9(5ί&, 6 (.(ί& A"9 5.(+"ί 9& ".6+"ά1"' /(>2 ό+(>2 "5.(+ί(> /62, /( 1>9ό%'3( 3('9B9'3ό &.(/έ%"15& &.ό /69 ".'@(%ή A&15ώ9 "ί9&' &+96/'3ό, 3&8ώ2 (' A&15(ί.+(3&%(ύ9 ",Dώ+'"2 1/+"@%ώ1"'2 1/69.&+&,B,ή 3&' /69 3&/&9ά%B16, (' (.(ί"2 5"'ώ9(>9 /69 3('9B9'3ή ">65"+ί&. )& (#έ%6 /B9 ",Dώ+'B9.&+&,B,ώ9 "'1&,(5έ9B9.+(Lό9/B9 3&8ώ2 3&' /& ".'.%έ(9 A65ό1'& έ1(a& A"9 ".&+3(ύ9,'& 9& 3&%ύM(>9 /'2 &.ώ%"'"2 /B9 3&/&9&%B/ώ9. N ".'@(%ή "9ό2 "'1&,B,'3(ύ A&15(ύ &.ό 5ί& 5",ά%6 ('3(9(5ί& (A6,"ί 1" @"%/ίb16 /B9 ό+b9 "5.(+ί(> /62 3&' έ/1' 5"'ώ9"' /6 A'"89ή /'5ή /B9 "'1&,(5έ9B9 /62. G'& /6 Dώ+&.(> ".'@ά%%"' /( A&15ό, /( ό#"%(2 &.ό /6 @"%/ίb16 /B9 ό+b9 "5.(+ί(> 5"/+'άK"' /( 3ό1/(2 /B9 ",Dώ+'B9 1/+"@%ώ1"B9.(> A65'(>+,(ύ9/&', 3&' "9A"D(5έ9B2 ( "'1&,B,'3ό2 A&15ό2 9& "ί9&' 1>9(%'3ά ".B#"%ή2,'& /6 5",ά%6 ('3(9(5ί&.(> /(9 ".'@ά%%"'. O1/ό1(, 6 ".'@(%ή "9ό2 "'1&,B,'3(ύ A&15(ύ 8ί,"' /(9 >.ό%('.( 3ό15(, 3&8ώ2 (A6,"ί 1" D"'+(/έ+">16 /B9 ό+b9 "5.(+ί(> /(> >.(%(ί.(> 3ό15(>, 3&' 5.(+"ί 9& (A6,ή1"' 1" &9/'1/&85'1/'3ή &ύc616 /B9 "'1&,B,'3ώ9 A&15ώ9 3&' 1/(9 >.ό%('.( 3ό15(. H9/ί1/('D"2 1/+"@%ώ1"'2, 3&' 5ά%'1/& 5",&%ύ/"+"2.+(3&%(ύ9 3&' (' "C&,B,'3έ2 ".'A(/ή1"'2, (' (.(ί"2 A"9 έd(>9 3&9 /(.%"(9έ3/65& /62.+(1.ό+'162 A65(1ίB9 "1όAB9, ή /(.%"(9έ3/65& /62 @"%/ίb162 /B9 ό+b9 "5.(+ί(>,'& 5ί& 5",ά%6 ('3(9(5ί&. F' "C&,B,'3έ2 ".'A(/ή1"'2.+(3&%(ύ9 ".'.%έ(9 A65ό1'"2 A&.ά9"2 3&',,'& /69."+ί./B16 5'&2 5",ά%62 ('3(9(5ί&2, (A6,(ύ9 3&' 1" ".'A"ί9B16 /B9 ό+b9 "5.(+ί(>. H+96/'3έ2 ".'./ώ1"'2 3&' 1/+"@%ώ1"'2 A65'(>+,(ύ9 3&' ('.(1(1/ώ1"'2 /B9 "'1&,B,ώ9, (' "8"%(ύ1'('."+'(+'15(ί /B9 "C&,B,ώ9 3&' ά%%& "+,&%"ί& /62 "5.(+'3ή2.(%'/'3ή2. <&+ά /& 1>5."+ά15&/& &>/ά, %ί,"2 "ί9&' (' Dώ+"2.(> A"9 D+61'5(.('(ύ9."+'(+'15(ύ2 1/( A'"89έ2 "5.ό+'(. =" /"%'3ή &9ά%>16, 6 "5.(+'3ή.(%'/'3ή 1/'2 A'ά#(+"2 Dώ+"2 3&8(+ίK"/&' &.ό.&+ά,(9/"2.(> 1D"/ίK(9/&' 5" /6 A'&9(5ή /(> "'1(Aή5&/(2. <(%%έ2 #(+έ2,.&+ά /6 5"ίB16 /62 1>9(%'3ή2 ">65"+ί&2.(>.+(3&%(ύ9, >'(8"/(ύ9/&'.(%'/'3έ2 5" 1/όD( /6 1/ή+'C6 1>,3"3+'5έ9B9 3('9B9'3ώ9 (5άAB9, &3ό56 3&' &9 &>/έ2 ('.(%'/'3έ2 %"'/(>+,(ύ9 "'2 @ά+(2 /62 1>9(%'3ή2 "89'3ή2 ">65"+ί&2. Έ9& /έ/('(.&+άa"',5& "ί9&' 6!('9ή H,+(/'3ή <(%'/'3ή /62 *>+B.&L3ή2 Έ9B162, &%%ά 3&'.(%%έ2 ά%%"2.(%'/'3έ2.+(1/&/">/'15(ύ.&,3(15ίb2. 15

F' ('3(9(5(%ό,(' "C&3(%(>8(ύ9 9& >.(1/6+ίK(>9 ό/' /( "%"ύ8"+( "5.ό+'( "ί9&',"9'3ά B#έ%'5(,'& /69.&,3ό15'& ('3(9(5ί&. )( @&1'3ό /(>2 ".'D"ί+65& "ί9&' ό/' /( A'"89έ2 "5.ό+'(.+(B8"ί /69 ('3(9(5'3ή &.(/"%"15&/'3ό/6/&.+(2 ό#"%(2 ό%b9 /B9 DB+ώ9.(> 5"/έD(>9 1" &>/ό, "9ώ /& "5.όA'& 1/( "5.ό+'( ό.b2 (' A&15(ί 3&' /& >.ό%('.& "+,&%"ί& /62 "5.(+'3ή2.(%'/'3ή2 A65'(>+,(ύ9 1/+"@%ώ1"'2.(> 5"'ώ9(>9 /6 1>9(%'3ή ">65"+ί&. N &9ά%>16 5&2 >.(A"'39ύ"' ό/' /& "+,&%"ί& /62 "5.(+'3ή2.(%'/'3ή2.+έ."' 9& D+61'5(.('(ύ9/&' 5" 5",ά%6 #"'Aώ, %ό,b /B9 1/+"@%ώ1"B9.(>.+(3&%(ύ9. G'&.&+άA"',5&, 5ί& 5",ά%6 ('3(9(5ί& 5.(+"ί 9& B#"%68"ί &.ό A&15(ύ2 3&' "C&,B,'3(ύ2 #ό+(>2, %ό,b /B9 ">5"9ώ9 ".'./ώ1"b9 /(>2 1/(>2 ό+(>2 "5.(+ί(>. O1/ό1(, 3'9A>9"ύ"' &.ό &9/'1/&85'1/'3ά 5έ/+& &.ό /(>2 &9/&,B9'1/έ2 /(>2, 5" &.(/έ%"15& &ύc616 /(>.&,3ό15'(>.+(1/&/">/'15(ύ 3&' 5"ίB16 /62 ">65"+ί&2,'& ό%(>2 (2ί34++, 563,)"0+έ%8%). \ό,b /B9 "CB/"+'3ώ9 ".'./ώ1"b9 /62 A'"89(ύ2 "5.(+'3ή2.(%'/'3ή2, 5"/ά /69 3&/&1/+(#'3ή "5."'+ί& /(> 5"1(.(%έ5(>, 6 &."%">8έ+B16 /(> "5.(+ί(>.+(Dώ+61" &.ό /( 1945 3&' 5"/ά 5έ1B A'"89ώ9 8"15ώ9 3&' 1>9"+,&1'ώ9 (GATT 3&' <F*). F' A'"89"ί2 1>9"+,&1ί"2 &9/'5"/B.ίK(>9 /&.+(@%ή5&/& 1>9/(9'15(ύ.(> &9&3ύ./(>9 1" έ9& Kή/65& ό.(> ('.+B/(@(>%ί"2 5'&2 Dώ+&2 ".6+"άK(>9 /69 ">65"+ί& /B9 ά%%b9. *.ί162 165&9/'3ό +ό%(.&ίk(>9 ('.+(/'561'&3έ2 "5.(+'3έ2 1>5#B9ί"2, ό.b2 ('."+'(Dέ2 "%">8έ+(> "5.(+ί(> 3&' (' /"%B9"'&3έ2 "9ώ1"'2. *9ώ 6,"9'3">5έ96 &."%">8έ+B16 /(> "5.(+ί(> 8"B+"ί/&' ό/' @"%/'ώ9"' /69 ">65"+ί& ό%b9 /B9 DB+ώ9, ('.+(/'561'&3έ2 "5.(+'3έ2 1>5#B9ί"2 A"9 "ί9&' @έ@&'( ό/' (A6,(ύ9 1" &>/ό /( &.(/έ%"15&. H>/ό 1>5@&ί9"' A'ό/' έd(>9 Aύ( "'Aώ9 ".'./ώ1"'2. H.ό /6 5ί&, &>Cά9(>9 /(9 ό,3( /(> "5.(+ί(> 5"/&Cύ /B9 DB+ώ9.(> 3&/&+,(ύ9 /(>2 5"/&Cύ /(>2 A&15(ύ2. N ".ί./b16 &>/ή 3&%"ί/&' 24+"*6;.ί, #+:*;ί*6 (trade creation), 3&' ό.b2 έd(>5" A"' ".&9"'%%65έ9& 8"B+"ί/&',"9'3ό/"+& ".B#"%ή2. H.ό /69 ά%%6, 5ί&.+(/'561'&3ή "5.(+'3ή 1>5#B9ί& >.(3&8'1/ά /( "5.ό+'( /62 3ά8" Dώ+&2 5" /+ί/"2 Dώ+"2.+(2 ό#"%(2 /(> "5.(+ί(> 5" /'2 Dώ+"2.(> 5"/έD(>9 1/69.+(/'561'&3ή "5.(+'3ή 1>5#B9ί&. N ".ί./b16 &>/ή 3&%"ί/&' #)?;*:ή #+:*;ί*6 (trade diversion), 3&8ώ2 5έ+(2 /(> &5('@&ί& ".B#"%(ύ2 "5.(+ί(> /62 3ά8" Dώ+&2 5" /+ί/"2 Dώ+"2 "3/+έ."/&' 1" "5.ό+'( 5"/&Cύ /B9 DB+ώ9.(> 5"/έD(>9 1/69.+(/'561'&3ή "5.(+'3ή 1>5#B9ί&. N "3/+(.ή /(> "5.(+ί(> A"9 "ί9&' ".B#"%ή2, 3&8ώ2 (#"ί%"/&' 1/'2 1/+"@%ώ1"'2.(>.+(3&%"ί 6.+(/'561'&3ή 1>5#B9ί&.!&/ά 1>9έ."'&, "9ώ "ί9&' C"3ά8&+( ό/' 5ί&,"9'3">5έ96 5"ίB16 ή 3&/ά+,616 /B9 A&15ώ9 "ί9&' ".B#"%ή2,'& ό%(>2, 5ί& 5"ίB16 ή 3&/ά+,616 1/&.%&ί1'& 5'&2.+(/'561'&3ή2 "5.(+'3ή2 1>5#B9ί&2 5.(+"ί 9& (A6,ή1"' 1" 3ό1/(2 &.ό /69 "3/+(.ή /(> "5.(+ί(>.(> 9& >."+@&ί9"' /& (#έ%6 &.ό /6 A65'(>+,ί& "5.(+ί(>. 16

7'ά,+&55& 11.1 *.'./ώ1"'2 *9ό2 *'1&,B,'3(ύ 7&15(ύ 1" 5'& P'3+ή F'3(9(5ί& Τιμή P Κέρδος Παραγωγών =a Απώλεια Καταναλωτών = a+b+c+d Έσοδα από Δασμό = c Κοινωνικό Αποτέλεσμα=-(b+d) Προσφορά S P T a b c d P W Ζήτηση D Q W S Q T S Q T D Q W D Ποσότητα Q 17

7'ά,+&55& 11.2 *.'./ώ1"'2 *9ό2 *'1&,B,'3(ύ 7&15(ύ 1" 5'& P",ά%6 F'3(9(5ί& Τιμή P Κέρδος Παραγωγών =a Απώλεια Καταναλωτών = a+b+c+d Έσοδα από Δασμό = c Όφελος από Βελτίωση Όρων Εμπορίου = e Κοινωνικό Αποτέλεσμα= e-(b+d) Προσφορά S P T a b c d P W P W' e Ζήτηση D Q W S Q T S Q T D Q W D Ποσότητα Q 18

7'ά,+&55& 11.3 *.'./ώ1"'2 P'&2 *C&,B,'3ή2 *.'Aό/6162 1" 5'& P'3+ή F'3(9(5ί& Τιμή P Κέρδος Παραγωγών =a+b+c Απώλεια Καταναλωτών = a+b Δαπάνη Επιδότησης = b+c+d Κοινωνικό Αποτέλεσμα=-(b+d) Προσφορά S P X a b c d P W Ζήτηση D Q X D Q W D Q W S Q X S Ποσότητα Q 19

7'ά,+&55& 11.4 *.'./ώ1"'2 P'&2 *C&,B,'3ή2 *.'Aό/6162 1" 5'& P",ά%6 F'3(9(5ί& Τιμή P Κέρδος Παραγωγών =a+b+c Απώλεια Καταναλωτών = a+b Δαπάνη Επιδότησης = b+c+d Κόστος από Επιδείνωση Όρων Εμπορίου = e Κοινωνικό Αποτέλεσμα=-(b+d+e) Προσφορά S P X a b c d P W P W' e Ζήτηση D Q X D Q W D Q W S Q X S Ποσότητα Q 20