System Principal Parts Tenses and Voices



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P R I N C I P A L P A R T S O F F R E Q U E N T L Y U S E D I R R E G U L A R G R E E K V E R B S TheverbtensesinGreekaredividedintosixbasic systems calledprincipalparts.each system has a distinct verb stem, from which all the various tenses and their respective voices arebuilt.thesixsystemsandtheirrespectivetensesandvoicesareasfollows: System PrincipalParts TensesandVoices 1.PRESENTACTIVE (λύω) Present&Imperfect(allvoices) 2.FUTUREACTIVE (λύσω) FutureActive&Middle 3.AORISTACTIVE (ἔλυσα) AoristActive&Middle 4.PERFECTACTIVE (λέλυκα) Perfect&PluperfectActive 5.PERFECTMIDDLE&PASSIVE (λέλυμαι) Perfect&PluperfectMiddle&Passive 6.AORISTPASSIVE (ἐλύθην) Aorist&FuturePassive InordertorecognizeaGreekverb,itisnecessarytobefamiliarwithitsprincipalparts.The regular principal parts system is represented by λύω (above). The Principal Parts chart that follows charts the principal parts of many frequently encountered irregular verbs occurringinthegreeknewtestament,showninalphabeticalorder.allformslisted(where they actually occur in the New Testament) are in the Indicative Mode, 1 st Person, Singular. Verbsineachprincipalpartarebrokendownintoaugment,stem+tensesuffix,andending, respectively,astheyoccurwithinagivenprincipalpart. Particularly represented among the irregular verbs are: Contract verbs (stems ending in α, ε, or ο ), Deponent verbs (verbs with middle/ passive endings that are translated actively ), Defective verbs (Aorist verb forms with middle/passive endings that are translated actively ), Liquid verbs (stems ending in λ, ν, or ρ ), μι Verbs (present principalpartendingin μι),and MuteStem verbs( labial stems,endingwithβ,π,orφ; palatal [gutteral]stems,endingwithγ,κ,orχ;and, dental [lingual]stems,endingwith δ,τ,orθ).rememberalso,thattheverb sactualstemisnotalwaysthesameasits present stem(e.g.,σώζω,presentstem:σωζ,actualverbstem:σωδ ). 47 Wermuth sgreekbookforthebeginningnewtestamentgreekstudent

P R I N C I P A L P A R T S O F F R E Q U E N T L Y U S E D I R R E G U L A R G R E E K V E R B S PresentActive FutureActive AoristActive PerfectActive PerfectMiddle/Passive AoristPassive λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἔλύθην Α ἀγγέλλω ἀγγελῶ ἤγγειλα ἤγγελμαι ἠγγέλν ἄγω ἄξω ἤγαγον ἤγμαι ἤχθην αἰρέω αἰρήσομαι* εἶλον ᾔρηκα ᾔρημαι ᾐρέθην αἴρω ἀρῶ ἦρα ἦρκα ἦρμαι ἦρθην ἀκούω ἀκούσω ἤκουσα ἀκήκοα** ἠκούσθην ἁμαρτάνω ἁμαρτήσω ἡμαρτον ἡμάρτηκα ἠμάρτησα ἀνοίγω ἀνοίξω ἤνοιξα ἀνέῳγα ἠνέῳγμαι ἠνέῳχθην (ἠνέῳξα) ἀποκτείνω ἀποκτενῶ ἀπέκτεινα ἀπεκτάνθην ἀπόλλυμι ἀπολέσω ἀπώλεσα ἀπώλωλα ἀρέσκω ἀρέσω ἤρεσα ἠρέσθην ἀρνέομαι* ἀρνέσομαι* ἠρνησάμην* ἤρνημαι ἠρνήθην ἄρχω ἄρξομαι* ἠρξάμην* ἀφίημι ἀφήσω ἀφῆκα*** ἀφεῖκα ἀφεῖμαι ἀφέθην Β βαίνω 2 βήσομαι ἔβην βέβηκα βάλλω βαλῶ ἔβαλον βέβλήκα βεβλῆμαι ἐβλήθην Γ γαμέω γαμήσω ἔγημα γεγάμηκα ἐγαμήθην γίνομαι* γενήσομαι* ἐγενόμην* γέγονα γεγένημαι ἐγενήθην γινώσκω γνώσομαι* ἔγνων ἔγνωκα ἔγνωσμαι ἐγνώσθην γράφω γράψω ἔγραψα γέγραφα 1 γέγραμμαι ἐγράφην * Deponent(orDefective)inthispart ** Doublereduplicaton ***κ Aorist 1SecondPerfect 2Thisverbalwaysoccursincompoundwithaprepositionalprefix(e.g.,ἀναβαίνω) 48 Wermuth sgreekbookforthebeginningnewtestamentgreekstudent

P R I N C I P A L P A R T S O F F R E Q U E N T L Y U S E D I R R E G U L A R G R E E K V E R B S PresentActive FutureActive AoristActive PerfectActive PerfectMid./Pass. AoristPassive λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἔλύθην Δ δείκνυμι δείξω ἔδειξα δέδειγμαι ἐδείχθην δέχομαι* δέξομαι* ἐδεξάμην* δέδειγμαι ἐδέχθην διδάσκω διδάξω ἐδίδαξα ἐδιδάχθην δίδωμι δώσω ἔδωκα*** δέδωκα δέδομαι ἐδόθην διώκω διώξω ἐδίωξα δεδίωγμαι ἐδιώχθην δύναμαι* 3 δυνήσομαι ἠδυνήθην (ἠδυνάσθην) E ἐγγίζω ἐγγίσω ἤγγισα ἤγγικα εἰμί ἔσομαι* ἤμην(imperfect) ἐλπίζω ἐλπιῶ ἤλπισα ἤλπικα ἐργάζομαι* ἠργασάμην* εἰργάσθην ἔρχομαι* ἐλεύσομαι* ἤλθον 4 ἐλήλυθα 5 ἐσθίω φάγομαι* ἔφαγον εὐαγγελίζω εὐαγγελίσω εὑηγγέλισα εὐηγγελίσμαι εὐηγγελίσθην ( άμην*) εὑρίσκω εὑρήσω εὗρον εὗρηκα εὑρέθην εὖχομαι* εὖξομαι* εὐξαμην* ἔχω ἔξω ἔσχον ἔσχηκα Θ Θέλω θελήσω ἠθέλησα θνήσκω 2 θανοῦμαι* 2 εθάνον 2 τεθνήκα *Deponent(orDefective)inthispart 2Thisverbalwaysoccursincompoundwithaprepositionalprefix(e.g.,ἀποθνήσκω) 3ThisdeponentGreekverbutilizesathematic α vowelinformingitspresentendings. 4Stemforthis2 nd Aoristverbis ἐλθ 5Doublereduplication,SecondPerfect 49 Wermuth sgreekbookforthebeginningnewtestamentgreekstudent

P R I N C I P A L P A R T S O F F R E Q U E N T L Y U S E D I R R E G U L A R G R E E K V E R B S PresentActive FutureActive AoristActive PerfectActive PerfectMid./Pass. AoristPassive λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἔλύθην I ἵστημι στήσω ἔστησα ἕστηκα 6 ἐστάθην Κ καίω καύσω ἔκαυσα κέκαυμαι ἐκαύθην καλέω καλέσω 7 ἐκάλεσα 7 κέκληκα κέκλημαι ἐκλήθην κλίνω κλινῶ ἔκλινα κέκλικα ἐκλίθην κρίνω κρινῶ ἔκρινα κέκρικα κέκριμαι ἐκρίθην Λ λαμβάνω λήμψομαι ἔλαβον εἴληφα 5 εἴλημμαι ἐλήφθην (λήψομαι) λείπω λείψω ἔλιπον λέλοιπα 1 λέλειμμαι ἐλείφην Μ μανθάνω ἔμαθον μεμάθηκα μέλλω μελλήσω ἤμελλον 8 (ἔμελλον) μένω μενῶ ἔμεινα μεμνήκα μιμήσκω μνήσω ἔμνησα μέμνημαι ἐμνήσθην Ο ὁράω ὄψομαι* 9 εἶδον ἑώρακα 5 P πάσχω ἔπαθον πέπονθα πείθω πείσω ἔπείσα πέποίθα πέπιεσμαι ἐπείσθην πίνω πίομαι* ἔπιον πέπωκα ἐπόθην πίπτω πεσοῦμαι* ἔπεσον πέπτωκα *Deponent(orDefective)inthispart 1SecondPerfect 5Doublereduplication;notechangebackto roughbreathing asinpresentpart. 6Note roughbreathing overthereduplication(liketheaugment): ἕ 7Doesnotlengthenfinalstemvowelbefore σ 8Eventhoughthepresentparthasnoinitialvowel,thisverbnormallyformsitsaugmentwithalongvowel( η ). 9Notethechangefrom roughbreathing inthepresentpartto smoothbreathing inthefuturepart. 50 Wermuth sgreekbookforthebeginningnewtestamentgreekstudent

P R I N C I P A L P A R T S O F F R E Q U E N T L Y U S E D I R R E G U L A R G R E E K V E R B S PresentActive FutureActive AoristActive PerfectActive PerfectMid./Pass. AoristPassive λύω λύσω ἔλυσα λέλυκα λέλυμαι ἔλύθην Σ στέλλω στελῶ ἐστεῖλα ἔσταλκα ἔσταλμαι ἐστάλην στρέφω στρέψω ἔστρεψα ἔστραμμαι ἐστράφην σώζω σώσω ἔσωσα σέσωκα σέσωμαι ἐσώθην Τ τελέω τελέσω 7 ἐτέλεσα τετέλεκα τετέλεσμαι ἐτελέσθην τίθημι θήσω ἔθηκα τέθεικα τέθειμαι ἐτέθην τρέχω ἔδραμον Φ φαίνω φανοῦμαι* ἔφανα ἐφάνην φέρω οἴσω ἤνεγκα** ἐνήνοχα 1,5 ἠνέχθην φεύγω φεύξομαι* ἔφυγον πέφευγα 1 φθείρω φθερῶ ἔφθειρα ἔφθαρμαι ἐφθάρην * Deponent(orDefective)inthispart ***κ Aorist 1SecondPerfect 5Doublereduplication;notechangebackto roughbreathing asinpresentpart. 7Doesnotlengthenfinalstemvowelbefore σ 51 Wermuth sgreekbookforthebeginningnewtestamentgreekstudent