Felix H. Cortez, PhD

Felix H. Cortez, PhD

! Session 1! Why is the verb important?! Tense and the Greek verb! Session 2! Mood, voice, person, and number of the Greek Verb! Session 3! The present and the imperfect Greek Verb! Session 4! The Second Aorist & the InfiniNve! What You Need to Learn! Session 5! Exercises

Lesson 5 Felix H. Cortez, PhD

! A text without verbs is like a world without LIFE! Nouns and nominals refer to THINGS.! Verbs and verbals refer to ACTIONS.

! Verbs tell us about:! The reality or probability of a discourse (as portrayed by the speaker)! How an acnon happened! When it happened! Who are involved! Who benefits or suffers loss

Nouns Pronouns AdjecNves ArNcle Case: FuncNon (nom/gen/dat/acc) Gender: (masc/fem/neut) Number: (sing/pl) Verbs (InfiniNves) (ParNciples) (PreposiNons) (Adverbs) Tense Mood Voice Person Number

TENSE: a. Kind of AcNon - Progressive (internal) - Point in Nme (Summary, external) - PerfecNve- StaNve (point in Nme whose consequences reach the present) b. Time (only in the indicanve) - Present, future, perfect, imperfect, aorist, pluperfect. MOOD: Certainty of acnon - IndicaNve (factual/certain/asserted) - SubjuncNve (probable/desirable) - OptaNve (possible) - ImperaNve (intended/ordered) VOICE: How the subject relates to the acnon - AcNve (Subject performs, produces or experiences the acnon) - Middle (Subject acts in relanon to himself somehow) - Passive (Subject receives the acnon) PERSON: Person of the subject - First (I/we) - Second (you [sing.]/you [pl.]) - Third (he/they) NUMBER: Number of the subject - Singular (I/you/he/she/it) - Plural (we/you/they)

TENSE: a. Kind of AcNon - Progressive (internal) - Point in Nme (Summary, external) - PerfecNve- StaNve (point in Nme whose consequences reach the present) b. Time (only in the indicanve) MOOD: VOICE: - Present, future, perfect, imperfect, aorist, pluperfect. Certainty of acnon - IndicaNve (factual/certain/asserted) - SubjuncNve (probable/desirable) - OptaNve (possible) - ImperaNve (intended/ordered) How the subject relates to the acnon - AcNve (Subject performs, produces or experiences the acnon) - Middle (Subject acts in relanon to himself somehow) - Passive (Subject receives the acnon expressed by the verb) PERSON: Person of the subject - First (I/we) - second (you [sing.]/you [pl.]) - Third (he/they) NUMBER: Number of the subject - Singular (I/you/he/she/it) - Plural (we/you/they)

The verb indicates kind of action Αἰτεῖτε καὶ δοθήσεται ὑμῖν Ask, and it will be given to you (Maw 7:7) Idea: Ask repeatedly, over and over again

The verb indicates kind of action οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν ἐν τῷ ὄρει τούτῳ προσεκύνησαν Our fathers worshiped in this mountain (John 4:20) Idea: The acnon as a whole from outside. It does not say how much Nme, etc.

The verb indicates kind of action γέγραπται οὐκ ἐπʼ ἄρτῳ μόνῳ ζήσεται ὁ ἄνθρωπος It is wriwen, Man shall not live on bread alone (Maw 4:4) Idea: The acnon was performed and finished in the past but the consequences reach the present.

Imperfect Present Aorist Future Perfect Pluperfect

PRESENT AcNve Middle Passive λύω λύομαι λύομαι I loose / I am loosing I loose (for) myself I am being loosed IMPERFECT AcNve Middle Passive ἒλυον ἐλύομεν ἐλύομεν I was loosing I was loosing (for) myself I was being loosed FUTURE AcNve Middle Passive λύσω λύσομαι λυθήσομαι I will loose I will loose (for) myself I shall be loosed AORIST AcNve Middle Passive ἒλυσα ἐλυσαμεν ἐλυθεν I loosed I loosed (for) myself I was loosed PERFECT AcNve Middle Passive λέλυκα λέλυμαι λέλυμαι I have loosed I have loosed (for) myself I have been loosed

Lesson 5 Felix H. Cortez, PhD

TENSE: a. Kind of AcNon - Progressive (internal) - Point in Nme (Summary, external) - PerfecNve- StaNve (point in Nme whose consequences reach the present) b. Time (only in the indicanve) - Present, future, perfect, imperfect, aorist, pluperfect. MOOD: Certainty of acnon - IndicaNve (factual/certain/asserted) - SubjuncNve (probable/desirable) - OptaNve (possible) - ImperaNve (intended/ordered) VOICE: How the subject relates to the acnon - AcNve (Subject performs, produces or experiences the acnon) - Middle (Subject acts in relanon to himself somehow) - Passive (Subject receives the acnon expressed by the verb) PERSON: Person of the subject - First (i/we) - second (you [sing.]/you [pl.]) - Third (he/they) NUMBER: Number of the subject - Singular (i/you/he/she/it) - Plural (we/you/they)

I greeted Mike today Fact/reality: IndicaNve. I may greet Mike today Probability: SubjuncNve. I may greet Mike today (but is unlikely) Possibility: OptaNve. Greet Mike today for me, please! Order/request: ImperaNve

TENSE: a. Kind of AcNon - Progressive (internal) - Point in Nme (Summary, external) - PerfecNve- StaNve (point in Nme whose consequences reach the present) b. Time (only in the indicanve) - Present, future, perfect, imperfect, aorist, pluperfect. MOOD: Certainty of acnon - IndicaNve (factual/certain/asserted) - SubjuncNve (probable/desirable) - OptaNve (possible) - ImperaNve (intended/ordered) VOICE: How the subject relates to the acnon - AcNve (Subject performs, produces or experiences the acnon) - Middle (Subject acts in relanon to himself somehow) - Passive (Subject receives the acnon) PERSON: Person of the subject - First (i/we) - second (you [sing.]/you [pl.]) - Third (he/they) NUMBER: Number of the subject - Singular (i/you/he/she/it) - Plural (we/you/they)

John is greenng Mike Subject acts: AcNve. John is greenng Mike (probably to his own advantage) Subject acts in relanon to himself somehow: Middle. John is greeted by Mike Subject is acted upon: Passive

TENSE: a. Kind of AcNon - Progressive (internal) - Point in Nme (Summary, external) - PerfecNve- StaNve (point in Nme whose consequences reach the present) b. Time (only in the indicanve) - Present, future, perfect, imperfect, aorist, pluperfect. MOOD: Certainty of acnon - IndicaNve (factual/certain/asserted) - SubjuncNve (probable/desirable) - OptaNve (possible) - ImperaNve (intended/ordered) VOICE: How the subject relates to the acnon - AcNve (Subject performs, produces or experiences the acnon) - Middle (Subject acts in relanon to himself somehow) - Passive (Subject receives the acnon) PERSON: Person of the subject - First (I/we) - Second (you [sing.]/you [pl.]) - Third (he/they) NUMBER: Number of the subject - Singular (I/you/he/she/it) - Plural (we/you/they)

TENSE: a. Kind of AcNon - Progressive (internal) - Point in Nme (Summary, external) - PerfecNve- StaNve (point in Nme whose consequences reach the present) b. Time (only in the indicanve) - Present, future, perfect, imperfect, aorist, pluperfect. MOOD: Certainty of acnon - IndicaNve (factual/certain/asserted) - SubjuncNve (probable/desirable) - OptaNve (possible) - ImperaNve (intended/ordered) VOICE: How the subject relates to the acnon - AcNve (Subject performs, produces or experiences the acnon) - Middle (Subject acts in relanon to himself somehow) - Passive (Subject receives the acnon) PERSON: Person of the subject - First (I/we) - second (you [sing.]/you [pl.]) - Third (he/they) NUMBER: Number of the subject - Singular (I/you/he/she/it) - Plural (we/you/they)

Charly was seen outside the school a er class The boys may win the game today Wash yourselves a er the game, please! Past (aorist), indicanve, passive, 3 rd person, singular. Present, subjuncnve, acnve, 3 rd person, plural. Aorist, imperanve, middle, 2 nd person, plural I may come today (It is unlikely, though) Present, optanve, acnve, 1 st person, singular.

Lesson 5 Felix H. Cortez, PhD

Num- ber Singular Plural Person INDICATIVE Imperfect Secondary endings Present Primary endings AcNve Mid/Pass AcNve Mid/Pass 1 ε ον ε ομην ω ομαι 2 ε ες ε ου εις ῃ (σαι) 3 ε ε(ν) ε ετο ει εται 1 ε ομεν ε ομεθα ομεν ομεθα 2 ε ετε ε εσθε ετε εσθε 3 ε ον ε οντο ουσι(ν) ονται

AcNve INDICATIVE PRESENT Mid/Pass λυω I am loosing/loose λυομαι Midd: I am loosing (for) myself Pass: I am being loosed λυεις You are loosing/loose λυῃ (σαι) λυει He/she/it is loosing/ looses λυεται λυομεν We are loosing/loose λυομεθ α Midd: You are loosing (for) yourself Pass: You are being loosed Midd: He is loosing (for) himself Pass: He is being loosed Midd: We are loosing (for) ourselves Pass: We are being loosed λυετε You are loosing/loose λυεσθε Midd: You are loosing (for) yourselves Pass: You are being loosed λυουσι(ν) They are loosing/ loose λυονται Midd: They are loosing (for) themselves Pass: They are being loosed

AcNve INDICATIVE IMPERFECT Mid/Pass ελυον I was loosing ελυομην Midd: I was loosing (for) myself Pass: I was being loosed ελυες You were loosing ελυου Midd: You were loosing (for) yourself Pass: You were being loosed ελυε(ν) He was loosing ελυετο Midd: He was loosing (for) himself Pass: He was being loosed ελυομεν We were loosing ελυομεθα Midd: We were loosing (for) ourselves Pass: We were being loosed ελυετε You were loosing ελυεσθε Midd: You were loosing (for) yourselves Pass: You were being loosed ελυον They were loosing ελυοντο Midd: They were loosing (for) themselves Pass: They were being loosed

INDICATIVE Imperfect Present AcNve Mid/Pass AcNve Mid/Pass ε ον ε ομην ω ομαι ε ες ε ου εις ῃ (σαι) ε ε(ν) ε ετο ει εται ε ομεν ε ομεθα ομεν ομεθα ε ετε ε εσθε ετε εσθε ε ον ε οντο ουσι(ν) ονται Stem Ending λύω Present, indicanve, acnve, 1 st, singular I loose/i am loosing This is the form that will appear in any Greek- English Lexicon

INDICATIVE Imperfect Present AcNve Mid/Pass AcNve Mid/Pass ε ον ε ομην ω ομαι ε ες ε ου εις ῃ (σαι) ε ε(ν) ε ετο ει εται ε ομεν ε ομεθα ομεν ομεθα ε ετε ε εσθε ετε εσθε ε ον ε οντο ουσι(ν) ονται Stem ἐλύετε Ending & augment Imperfect, indicanve, acnve, 2 nd, plural You were loosing

INDICATIVE Imperfect Present AcNve Mid/Pass AcNve Mid/Pass ε ον ε ομην ω ομαι ε ες ε ου εις ῃ (σαι) ε ε(ν) ε ετο ει εται ε ομεν ε ομεθα ομεν ομεθα ε ετε ε εσθε ετε εσθε ε ον ε οντο ουσι(ν) ονται Stem Βλεπῃ Ending Present, indicanve, mid/pass, 2 nd, sing. You see (for) yourself You are being seen

INDICATIVE Imperfect Present AcNve Mid/Pass AcNve Mid/Pass ε ον ε ομην ω ομαι ε ες ε ου εις ῃ (σαι) ε ε(ν) ε ετο ει εται ε ομεν ε ομεθα ομεν ομεθα ε ετε ε εσθε ετε εσθε ε ον ε οντο ουσι(ν) ονται Stem Ending & augment ἐβλεποντο Imperfect, indicanve, midd/pass, 3 rd, pl. They were seeing (for) themselves They were being seen

Lesson 5 Felix H. Cortez, PhD

! The Aorist is normally translated as the simple past in the indicanve:! It is an undefined acnon in the past! It has a summary funcnon! It has an external perspecnve AORIST AcNve Middle Passive I loosed I loosed (for) myself I was loosed

Stem λύω ἐλύσα I loosed First Aorist Stem λαμβάνω ἔλαβον I took Second Aorist

Stem I look I looked Regular Stem I go I went Irregular

! It copies the endings of the present! In the non- IndicaNve forms! (ParNciples, infininves, subjuncnve, and imperanve)! It copies the endings of the imperfect! In the IndicaNve

Num- ber Singular Plural Per- son INDICATIVE Imperfect Secondary endings 2 nd Aorist (Modified stem) AcNve Mid/Pass AcNve Mid/Pass 1 ε ον ε ομην ε- m/s- ον ε- m/s- ομην 2 ε ες ε ου ε- m/s- ες ε- m/s- ου 3 ε ε(ν) ε ετο ε- m/s- ε(ν) ε- m/s- ετο 1 ε ομεν ε ομεθα ε- m/s- ομεν ε- m/s- ομεθα 2 ε ετε ε εσθε ε- m/s- ετε ε- m/s- εσθε 3 ε ον ε οντο ε- m/s- ον ε- m/s- οντο

Stem λαμβάνω ἐλαμβάνον Stem Imperfect I was taking λαμβάνω ἔλαβον Second Aorist I took

Stem εὑρίσκω ηὕρισκον Stem Imperfect I was finding εὑρίσκω εὗρον Second Aorist I found

2 nd aorist (εὑρίσκω) ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν, παρ οὐδενὶ τοσαύτην πίστιν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ εὗρον. Truly I say to you, I did not find such great faith with anyone in Israel (Mat 8:10). Idea: SummaNve acnon.

καὶ οὐχ εὕρισκον τὸ τί ποιήσωσιν, ὁ λαὸς γὰρ ἅπας ἐξεκρέματο αὐτοῦ ἀκούων. and they could not find anything that they might do, for all the people were hanging upon His words (Luk 19:48 NAS) Idea: Progressive acnon in the past. Imperfect (εὑρίσκω)

! The InfiniNve is a verbal noun:! It can not be conjugated or declined.! It translated normally with to.! Like a verb it has has tense and voice.! It may funcnon as a noun (subject, object, apposinon).! Adverbial uses:! Indicate purpose, result, cause, or complement.! SubstanNval uses:! Subject, indirect discourse, apposinon. Present Infini?ve AcNve Middle Passive λυέιν λυεσθαι λυεσθαι To loose To loose (for) oneself To be loosed

ὁ πέμψας με βαπτίζειν ἐν ὕδατι (Joh 1:33 BGT) Infinitive: (βαπτίζω) He who sent me to bapnze in water (Joh 1:33 NAS) Idea: Purpose.

Infinitive: καὶ ἦλθον καὶ ἔπλησαν ἀμφότερα τὰ πλοῖα ὥστε βυθίζεσθαι αὐτά (Luk 5:7 BGT) And they came, and filled both of the boats, so that they began to sink (Luk 5:7 NAS) Idea: Result.

καὶ διὰ τὸ μὴ ἔχειν ῥίζαν ἐξηράνθη (Mar 4:6 BGT) Infinitive: and because it had no root, it withered away. (Mar 4:6 NAS) Idea: Cause.

Infinitive: Οὐδεὶς δύναται δυσὶ κυρίοις δουλεύειν (Mat 6:24 BGT) No one can serve two masters (Mat 6:24 NAS) Idea: Complementary. Complements the idea of helper verbs (e.g., can, wish,...)

τὰ αὐτὰ γράφειν ὑμῖν ἐμοὶ μὲν οὐκ ὀκνηρόν (Phi 3:1 BGT) Infinitive: To write the same things is no trouble to me (Phi 3:1 NAS) Idea: Subject. To write is the subject of the verb is.

Infinitive: οὕτως καὶ τῷ υἱῷ ἔδωκεν ζωὴν ἔχειν ἐν ἑαυτῳ (Joh 5:26 BGT) so He gave to the Son also to have life in Himself (Joh 5:26 NAS) Idea: Object. To have is the Direct Object of the verb gave.

! You need to memorize the following:! Vocabulary.! The endings of the Present and and the Imperfect both the acnve and the middle and passive forms! The translanon of the present and the imperfect both in the acnve and in the middle and passive voices.! The characterisncs of the 2 nd aorist.! How the 2 nd aorist is translated! The endings of the infininve both the acnve and the middle and passive forms