Felix H. Cortez, PhD! Session 1! Why is the verb important?! Tense and the Greek verb! Session 2! Mood, voice, person, and number of the Greek Verb! Session 3! The present and the imperfect Greek Verb! Session 4! The Second Aorist & the InfiniPve! What You Need to Learn! Session 5! Exercises 1
Lesson 5 Felix H. Cortez, PhD! A text without verbs is like a world without LIFE! Nouns and nominals refer to THINGS.! Verbs and verbals refer to ACTIONS. 2
! Verbs tell us about:! The reality or probability of a discourse (as portrayed by the speaker)! How an acpon happened! When it happened! Who are involved! Who benefits or suffers loss Nouns Pronouns AdjecPves ArPcle Case: FuncPon (nom/gen/dat/acc) Gender: (masc/fem/neut) Number: (sing/pl) Verbs (InfiniPves) (ParPciples) (PreposiPons) (Adverbs) Tense Mood Voice Person Number 3
TENSE: a. Kind of AcPon - Progressive (internal) - Point in Pme (Summary, external) - PerfecPve- StaPve (point in Pme whose consequences reach the present) b. Time (only in the indicapve) - Present, future, perfect, imperfect, aorist, pluperfect. MOOD: Certainty of acpon - IndicaPve (factual/certain/asserted) - SubjuncPve (probable/desirable) - OptaPve (possible) - ImperaPve (intended/ordered) VOICE: How the subject relates to the acpon - AcPve (Subject performs, produces or experiences the acpon) - Middle (Subject acts in relapon to himself somehow) - Passive (Subject receives the acpon) PERSON: Person of the subject - First (I/we) - Second (you [sing.]/you [pl.]) - Third (he/they) NUMBER: Number of the subject - Singular (I/you/he/she/it) - Plural (we/you/they) TENSE: a. Kind of AcPon - Progressive (internal) - Point in Pme (Summary, external) - PerfecPve- StaPve (point in Pme whose consequences reach the present) b. Time (only in the indicapve) MOOD: - Present, future, perfect, imperfect, aorist, pluperfect. Certainty of acpon - IndicaPve (factual/certain/asserted) - SubjuncPve (probable/desirable) - OptaPve (possible) - ImperaPve (intended/ordered) VOICE: How the subject relates to the acpon - AcPve (Subject performs, produces or experiences the acpon) - Middle (Subject acts in relapon to himself somehow) - Passive (Subject receives the acpon expressed by the verb) PERSON: Person of the subject - First (I/we) - second (you [sing.]/you [pl.]) - Third (he/they) NUMBER: Number of the subject - Singular (I/you/he/she/it) - Plural (we/you/they) 4
The verb indicates kind of action Αἰτεῖτε καὶ δοθήσεται ὑμῖν Ask, and it will be given to you (Max 7:7) Idea: Ask repeatedly, over and over again οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν ἐν τῷ ὄρει τούτῳ προσεκύνησαν Our fathers worshiped in this mountain (John 4:20) Idea: The acpon as a whole from outside. It does not say how much Pme, etc. The verb indicates kind of action 5
The verb indicates kind of action γέγραπται οὐκ ἐπʼ ἄρτῳ μόνῳ ζήσεται ὁ ἄνθρωπος It is wrixen, Man shall not live on bread alone (Max 4:4) Idea: The acpon was performed and finished in the past but the consequences reach the present. Imperfect Present Aorist Future Perfect Pluperfect 6
PRESENT IMPERFECT FUTURE AORIST PERFECT AcPve Middle Passive AcPve Middle Passive AcPve Middle Passive AcPve Middle Passive AcPve Middle Passive λύω λύομαι λύομαι ἒλυον ἐλύομεν ἐλύομεν λύσω λύσομαι λυθήσομαι ἒλυσα ἐλυσαμεν ἐλυθεν λέλυκα λέλυμαι λέλυμαι I loose / I am loosing I loose (for) myself I am being loosed I was loosing I was loosing (for) myself I was being loosed I will loose I will loose (for) myself I shall be loosed I loosed I loosed (for) myself I was loosed I have loosed I have loosed (for) myself I have been loosed See you next Pme in Session 2 We are going to study Mood, voice, person, and number 7
Lesson 5 Felix H. Cortez, PhD TENSE: a. Kind of AcPon - Progressive (internal) - Point in Pme (Summary, external) - PerfecPve- StaPve (point in Pme whose consequences reach the present) b. Time (only in the indicapve) - Present, future, perfect, imperfect, aorist, pluperfect. MOOD: Certainty of acpon - IndicaPve (factual/certain/asserted) - SubjuncPve (probable/desirable) - OptaPve (possible) - ImperaPve (intended/ordered) VOICE: How the subject relates to the acpon - AcPve (Subject performs, produces or experiences the acpon) - Middle (Subject acts in relapon to himself somehow) - Passive (Subject receives the acpon expressed by the verb) PERSON: Person of the subject - First (i/we) - second (you [sing.]/you [pl.]) - Third (he/they) NUMBER: Number of the subject - Singular (i/you/he/she/it) - Plural (we/you/they) 8
I greeted Mike today Fact/reality: IndicaPve. I may greet Mike today Probability: SubjuncPve. I may greet Mike today (but is unlikely) Possibility: OptaPve. Greet Mike today for me, please! Order/request: ImperaPve TENSE: a. Kind of AcPon - Progressive (internal) - Point in Pme (Summary, external) - PerfecPve- StaPve (point in Pme whose consequences reach the present) b. Time (only in the indicapve) - Present, future, perfect, imperfect, aorist, pluperfect. MOOD: Certainty of acpon - IndicaPve (factual/certain/asserted) - SubjuncPve (probable/desirable) - OptaPve (possible) - ImperaPve (intended/ordered) VOICE: How the subject relates to the acpon - AcPve (Subject performs, produces or experiences the acpon) - Middle (Subject acts in relapon to himself somehow) - Passive (Subject receives the acpon) PERSON: Person of the subject - First (i/we) - second (you [sing.]/you [pl.]) - Third (he/they) NUMBER: Number of the subject - Singular (i/you/he/she/it) - Plural (we/you/they) 9
John is greepng Mike Subject acts: AcPve. John is greepng Mike (probably to his own advantage) Subject acts in relapon to himself somehow: Middle. John is greeted by Mike Subject is acted upon: Passive TENSE: a. Kind of AcPon - Progressive (internal) - Point in Pme (Summary, external) - PerfecPve- StaPve (point in Pme whose consequences reach the present) b. Time (only in the indicapve) - Present, future, perfect, imperfect, aorist, pluperfect. MOOD: Certainty of acpon - IndicaPve (factual/certain/asserted) - SubjuncPve (probable/desirable) - OptaPve (possible) - ImperaPve (intended/ordered) VOICE: How the subject relates to the acpon - AcPve (Subject performs, produces or experiences the acpon) - Middle (Subject acts in relapon to himself somehow) - Passive (Subject receives the acpon) PERSON: Person of the subject - First (I/we) - Second (you [sing.]/you [pl.]) - Third (he/they) NUMBER: Number of the subject - Singular (I/you/he/she/it) - Plural (we/you/they) 10
TENSE: a. Kind of AcPon - Progressive (internal) - Point in Pme (Summary, external) - PerfecPve- StaPve (point in Pme whose consequences reach the present) b. Time (only in the indicapve) - Present, future, perfect, imperfect, aorist, pluperfect. MOOD: Certainty of acpon - IndicaPve (factual/certain/asserted) - SubjuncPve (probable/desirable) - OptaPve (possible) - ImperaPve (intended/ordered) VOICE: How the subject relates to the acpon - AcPve (Subject performs, produces or experiences the acpon) - Middle (Subject acts in relapon to himself somehow) - Passive (Subject receives the acpon) PERSON: Person of the subject - First (I/we) - second (you [sing.]/you [pl.]) - Third (he/they) NUMBER: Number of the subject - Singular (I/you/he/she/it) - Plural (we/you/they) Charly was seen outside the school a er class The boys may win the game today Wash yourselves a er the game, please! Past (aorist), indicapve, passive, 3 rd person, singular. Present, subjuncpve, acpve, 3 rd person, plural. Aorist, imperapve, middle, 2 nd person, plural I may come today (It is unlikely, though) Present, optapve, acpve, 1 st person, plural. 11
See you next Pme in Session 3 We are going to study The present and imperfect Greek Verb Lesson 5 Felix H. Cortez, PhD 12
Num- ber Singular Plural Person INDICATIVE Imperfect Secondary endings Present Primary endings AcPve Mid/Pass AcPve Mid/Pass 1 ε ον ε ομην ω ομαι 2 ε ες ε ου εις ῃ (σαι) 3 ε ε(ν) ε ετο ει εται 1 ε ομεν ε ομεθα ομεν ομεθα 2 ε ετε ε εσθε ετε εσθε 3 ε ον ε οντο ουσι(ν) ονται AcPve INDICATIVE PRESENT Mid/Pass λυω I am loosing/loose λυομαι Midd: I am loosing (for) myself Pass: I am being loosed λυεις You are loosing/loose λυῃ (σαι) λυει He/she/it is loosing/ looses λυεται λυομεν We are loosing/loose λυομεθ α Midd: You are loosing (for) yourself Pass: You are being loosed Midd: He is loosing (for) himself Pass: He is being loosed Midd: We are loosing (for) ourselves Pass: We are being loosed λυετε You are loosing/loose λυεσθε Midd: You are loosing (for) yourselves Pass: You are being loosed λυουσι(ν) They are loosing/ loose λυονται Midd: They are loosing (for) themselves Pass: They are being loosed 13
AcPve INDICATIVE IMPERFECT Mid/Pass ελυον I was loosing ελυομην Midd: I was loosing (for) myself Pass: I was being loosed ελυες You were loosing ελυου Midd: You were loosing (for) yourself Pass: You were being loosed ελυε(ν) He was loosing ελυετο Midd: He was loosing (for) himself Pass: He was being loosed ελυομεν We were loosing ελυομεθα Midd: We were loosing (for) ourselves Pass: We were being loosed ελυετε You were loosing ελυεσθε Midd: You were loosing (for) yourselves Pass: You were being loosed ελυον They were loosing ελυοντο Midd: They were loosing (for) themselves Pass: They were being loosed INDICATIVE Imperfect Present AcPve Mid/Pass AcPve Mid/Pass ε ον ε ομην ω ομαι ε ες ε ου εις ῃ (σαι) ε ε(ν) ε ετο ει εται ε ομεν ε ομεθα ομεν ομεθα ε ετε ε εσθε ετε εσθε ε ον ε οντο ουσι(ν) ονται Stem Ending λύω Present, indicapve, acpve, 1 st, singular I loose/i am loosing This is the form that will appear in any Greek- English Lexicon 14
INDICATIVE Imperfect Present AcPve Mid/Pass AcPve Mid/Pass ε ον ε ομην ω ομαι ε ες ε ου εις ῃ (σαι) ε ε(ν) ε ετο ει εται ε ομεν ε ομεθα ομεν ομεθα ε ετε ε εσθε ετε εσθε ε ον ε οντο ουσι(ν) ονται Stem ἐλύετε Ending & augment Imperfect, indicapve, acpve, 2 nd, plural You were loosing INDICATIVE Imperfect Present AcPve Mid/Pass AcPve Mid/Pass ε ον ε ομην ω ομαι ε ες ε ου εις ῃ (σαι) ε ε(ν) ε ετο ει εται ε ομεν ε ομεθα ομεν ομεθα ε ετε ε εσθε ετε εσθε ε ον ε οντο ουσι(ν) ονται Stem Βλεπῃ Ending Present, indicapve, mid/pass, 2 nd, sing. You see (for) yourself You are being seen 15
INDICATIVE Imperfect Present AcPve Mid/Pass AcPve Mid/Pass ε ον ε ομην ω ομαι ε ες ε ου εις ῃ (σαι) ε ε(ν) ε ετο ει εται ε ομεν ε ομεθα ομεν ομεθα ε ετε ε εσθε ετε εσθε ε ον ε οντο ουσι(ν) ονται Stem Ending & augment ἐβλεποντο Imperfect, indicapve, midd/pass, 3 rd, pl. They were seeing (for) themselves They were being seen See you next Pme in Session 4 We are going to study The 2 nd Aorist and the InfiniPve 16
Lesson 5 Felix H. Cortez, PhD! The Aorist is normally translated as the simple past in the indicapve:! It is an undefined acpon in the past! It has a summary funcpon! It has an external perspecpve AORIST AcPve Middle Passive I loosed I loosed (for) myself I was loosed 17
Stem λύω ἐλύσα I loosed First Aorist Stem λαμβάνω ἔλαβον I took Second Aorist Stem I look I go I looked I went Stem Regular Irregular 18
! It copies the endings of the present! In the non- IndicaPve forms! (ParPciples, infinipves, subjuncpve, and imperapve)! It copies the endings of the imperfect! In the IndicaPve Num- ber Singular Plural Per- son INDICATIVE Imperfect Secondary endings 2 nd Aorist (Modified stem) AcPve Mid/Pass AcPve Mid/Pass 1 ε ον ε ομην ε- m/s- ον ε- m/s- ομην 2 ε ες ε ου ε- m/s- ες ε- m/s- ου 3 ε ε(ν) ε ετο ε- m/s- ε(ν) ε- m/s- ετο 1 ε ομεν ε ομεθα ε- m/s- ομεν ε- m/s- ομεθα 2 ε ετε ε εσθε ε- m/s- ετε ε- m/s- εσθε 3 ε ον ε οντο ε- m/s- ον ε- m/s- οντο 19
Stem λαμβάνω ἐλαμβάνον Stem Imperfect I was taking λαμβάνω ἔλαβον Second Aorist I took Stem εὑρίσκω ηὕρισκον Stem Imperfect I was finding εὑρίσκω εὗρον Second Aorist I found 20
2 nd aorist (εὑρίσκω) ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν, παρ οὐδενὶ τοσαύτην πίστιν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ εὗρον. Truly I say to you, I did not find such great faith with anyone in Israel (Mat 8:10). Idea: SummaPve acpon. καὶ οὐχ εὕρισκον τὸ τί ποιήσωσιν, ὁ λαὸς γὰρ ἅπας ἐξεκρέματο αὐτοῦ ἀκούων. and they could not find anything that they might do, for all the people were hanging upon His words (Luk 19:48 NAS) Idea: Progressive acpon in the past. Imperfect (εὑρίσκω) 21
! The InfiniPve is a verbal noun:! It can not be conjugated or declined.! It translated normally with to.! Like a verb it has has tense and voice.! It may funcpon as a noun (subject, object, apposipon).! Adverbial uses:! Indicate purpose, result, cause, or complement.! SubstanPval uses:! Subject, indirect discourse, apposipon. Present Infini?ve AcPve Middle Passive λυέιν λυεσθαι λυεσθαι To loose To loose (for) myself To be loosed Infinitive: (βαπτίζω) ὁ πέμψας με βαπτίζειν ἐν ὕδατι (Joh 1:33 BGT) He who sent me to bappze in water (Joh 1:33 NAS) Idea: Purpose. 22
Infinitive: καὶ ἦλθον καὶ ἔπλησαν ἀμφότερα τὰ πλοῖα ὥστε βυθίζεσθαι αὐτά (Luk 5:7 BGT) And they came, and filled both of the boats, so that they began to sink (Luk 5:7 NAS) Idea: Result. καὶ διὰ τὸ μὴ ἔχειν ῥίζαν ἐξηράνθη (Mar 4:6 BGT) Infinitive: and because it had no root, it withered away. (Mar 4:6 NAS) Idea: Cause. 23
Infinitive: Οὐδεὶς δύναται δυσὶ κυρίοις δουλεύειν (Mat 6:24 BGT) No one can serve two masters (Mat 6:24 NAS) Idea: Complementary. Complements the idea of helper verbs (e.g., can, wish,...) τὰ αὐτὰ γράφειν ὑμῖν ἐμοὶ μὲν οὐκ ὀκνηρόν (Phi 3:1 BGT) Infinitive: To write the same things is no trouble to me (Phi 3:1 NAS) Idea: Subject. To write is the subject of the verb is. 24
Infinitive: οὕτως καὶ τῷ υἱῷ ἔδωκεν ζωὴν ἔχειν ἐν ἑαυτῳ (Joh 5:26 BGT) so He gave to the Son also to have life in Himself (Joh 5:26 NAS) Idea: Object. To have is the Direct Object of the verb gave.! You need to memorize the following:! Vocabulary.! The endings of the Present and and the Imperfect both the acpve and the middle and passive forms! The translapon of the present and the imperfect both in the acpve and in the middle and passive voices.! The characterispcs of the 2 nd aorist.! How the 2 nd aorist is translated! The endings of the infinipve both the acpve and the middle and passive forms 25
See you next Pme in Session 5 We are going to do some review exercises Lesson 5 Felix H. Cortez, PhD 26
Please go to Session 1 part B for the rest of the session 27