CERN-THESIS-27-125
! " # $ # NA49/SPS % ALICE/LHC & ')(*)(,.-/)1325462798;:<-=4>1)(?@;,BAC@;D EGFIHKMLONQPKRGETSS!V
k k k ' <: - AC2;2! "#$%"&(')*, -(.%'/#1 2 /,$345* 6 $% 7#( (#8.3# &9 --&8$($:5; <$; ='/* * >1? &-($="7 @A *#*CBAD"#E * %&./($ 8 "FG 7#H"7I -#K (K " - &KL5M6 NA49 &K"* & ;BAL *# SP S N"#$## @A$;BA"#?" &:2'/ L$% 7#O"*I K #4 K 5* &K,"* & ;BA= 7# -(-(&E PO &" (Q ALICE LHC -#4% $ #"#R'/ :5($3 #"# S4'/*I/ "F, * -R 7#T"7 & 7#K ALICE VW X(#Y"C@Z * 1*.3&- R 7#! *#[2 <-I<#Y./ *C@P'/ \$% ]'/;BA S2\'/^6 ;-IBA$X *BA -(--" &$3BA` BAX F ;BA1$](a/4-*K[*;57 ;K $% F:5#K cb C@A] ;BA\-; C@Ad*I 2 ` &-(a3 2 ;*$3\ Ke; KW./&$(Kf (Ke-((K "# "# -*I 7 "F,;-;4'/; quarks 2 "I<$(K $% * ;./&- & gluons Ag " #($3 &$% [;]$(C *#7I ` * ( `"7 &X "# -;$3 * F$# "F 7# F$#Y "FY 7# <#1* & *#Y;./&- <#Ti\ * [.) *CBA;#1$ SP S RHIC Nh " #($3I $1 ;BA\( F ;BA! 2" <#T$3 C @A\"* S@A$(("; $& *BA $% 7#=;.3*#(T j " FD";I<#L (K.3($3 (K 7#= -#K Event by Event \k 7#2;.3 -( 2I<#X *#YI 7 l`"c@z "#$%"&(')* T* $ 5BZ%K] *#( #2# 6 <#R K] (K]4 (K "#R*I 5X-; (K[$(&C ($1 <$#mi<#.3#c I# Balance Function 7#*.3&- <#LnTI 7 )T"#$"&('/*,');- BP'/7I5'/;BA S2&,M'/##K j =" #($3 $% 7#(# /( *K1 F ;KY (K VW#L2I #,- (K Balance Function "#;:5 7 "F (e"f(-*a3!f *#Y;(#Kf (Kc * #(K (Ko$:5 Im 7 (Z 7#:5F(# #(#"#IS($(Kf *#\$($% ( 7#Kp"#]"#" * (; & "FL L -(-(-"I $ '/##K*I 2 3 $3 <$*$% 7# %%#(FKXF /$BA& Wq ( <#5# * ($% 7#`I <#`$(7I<#! *#]:l@a#] 4 7#]:5F(#[$3Am;%dp C I ') *#./#C I<# :% T$($:5 $1"#T;:5#(1 "# ($7 5 *,$%BA&, & ("#*I% cq 7 :l 7I/ "F K -(--(;" &$7 <K! 7#(K`\ *# "F-# "#$($% ( 7#T*.3&- #rx" % 7#"# *I< * / R-" *#;(K]"; %.3X (Kd"7 6 (KT4 & * Q(K *# j( # s <:5; *KT *#"* & *#K "#=:5($3 #6 NA49b "# 4'/ d ` f2 * %.3! *BAe;#;CBAd"#] -4'/ 7I 4r[ 4 <:5;6 *Kc"##-(KW:5F(# #I * %&./#( Time Projection Chambers - TPC "*I"#T 7# 8% ;BAY" 5F;CBAX$%BA IBA1$[,*C T ---"I $ *#,;./&- <# F "7 %&./# * )# 3 "#F$3* <K #2 4 ;K P b P bpk F4 *K` ;BA1 :l; C@AX *#"* & *#K 7#L2;.3&-( 2 <#Dt,*Q &m# * j ="@Z,./#&L * ="7 &D;#; 7#,,# <$% 7#(Y 7, ( "#""7 #"#2 <#(T F$3# 7,5;%#F4 7 F$3# i
k k g k k A# Z #:% ;K @A$% 9I #(D "#; ;KL$% (= &-($ VW H < 4 G & ;./ Fm# * P@A$ H "##(CBP'/#(D7I 9 7 9$% 7# <:5*I H"#8( <#(C%#(? *# "F ('/#\$% d ($W KpN - F!$%#"F\ f &* Q] *#d$( 7#K "I<$3K Pg #Im; * F$#L#?.3 $/ S2FKT:l@A#K F$#=2 7#L./I-( #? "##:5KT *#,"* & *#K VW-#K $3 FH *#H;./&- <#G"&:5#(D"I ;K="#8";4 %&.3#D ( NA49 $% 7 <$% R2 7 :l ( <$ S2& ;BA1%%#(F ;BA1"# -4'/ 7#L"F;#2;.3&-( 2 <# *.3&- <# W" #($3 &m#(c 7 j * =( ="* & "# -*$ *, (K`;-(; (K!$($:5 <$ (@AY.3# I<#% R 7 *#"#2 (; L$%BA 6 I <#=$5; ; " #($3 &m#(c * 2 j "# -;$ * = "FL &-($,;#^6 dh CBA A A $5#($;BAY$[;;C%* *K 4A 158AGeV $\(#./#; S2& $% ( 7 D KRa/;(#BZ24 7 K> ; L"* <#:5LF"#L" (7I * 2 *IBA$[ 7#`;(#Ko *BAW 7 # (@A[ (K Balance Function 2 ('3@AKe\*C F * ;BAd -(-(-" &$BAd (Q&; * 2 e* ("F$5'j "; #4:5 F"#[ *#.3 F*# FT "#$/ &m* $( (";4./#&T 4 X("#*I5 T7I 5 ** Q1 (K[4" Q(K pq (')$ ;(;KL.3&$(K= #(#"#IS($(K 7# *.3&- <# FG" #($3 &m# * "I$(K[ "#4 ;-;$ 7 "F X- Y (K Balance Function $]F-# *#4 '/;$3 # ;;C%* 2F.3&$, 7# VW# "# -$, (K` &-($(K!I 7 "C@Z T*76 SP S 7 Q;Q& $3K1 (KY #( #"#2 (;(K" ; # W "#:5($3 #"# 4'/ "F (1;*C%* VW "* S2&=;#; ;X ("##(R "* %./#(T "F * #( &#(C -,"#:5($3 #"#2 4'/ XBAK`$5 <$ VW#D*.3&- <# 7I./ ;CBA*#O$% (T"* %./= ;BA, "# -*$& ;BA ;BA $($:5 $ (@A * 4 7#"# S*CBAO.3# ISBA & ;-(; 4'/ L#2 Z$($:5 <$3#I $% (RBZ * L $ -(-#IBZ =#m;5@at" <#(IBA 2 #(IBA$1-46 --(;" &$7 <K A A $;*C%* t VW#L$3 ("* $ "#"#" * GeV *I 2 F j4"&:5* L*Q&C ($ "FL (R*C F *? *#L;(#(K1 (K Balance Function % * m;% " <#(IBA --& F4:% f 4 & ;BA9 #(IBA "BAK?2 b $% (T"#5#*"*I" ;BA$ (KX- (K1 ;BA, * 7#"# (*CBA$%BA I6 BA ; $3 Z*C@ 8;Q&C ($O?" (*I< * pf#9$% (*C O"* <#:l (K\BZ * K!2 3F:% 3$ Y; ("F$5') = "#$"&('/* *(*I K= ;BAO"* @AE K= "#4 ;-;$& *BA ^6-4'/ L F$#G #4 S2& F$# A'/; S2&#(C ;- *#G*.3&- <# "; 6 %&./ * 2.3($3 &$ &'/Y#(C ;-# j 7? C I<$% 7# <:5 O "# -;$ * ="# "#;(a3 "F= (T &-($, *# VW#=*C F?$( ("; $3 =*I jf j#(c ;-( F"BAK 7# "#9"; <5&.3#(D (?*Q- Q8 *BAL" C *#(IBAD" D? #(6 AMPT #"#2I($E 7#(K ("##8 H"* %&a/#(o * "* & *#; & Z"# ("#7I?'/;BA4'/*I)BAK "F7 QL (KR$($:5 $(KY 7#L*(#(KX (KT$(&C ($(K <$#m%i#?./#c I<#L1 *#O:5F(#8 ##"#I($(K,&$3 (KR;(7I KT ;BA,k "* @A!;#;CBA ;Q; &$% f"i$(ke`$(* $.3#&Y *BAd"# F ;BA!$(76 ii
k 7#4 <$ (@AX$% R*IBA$T *#T*(#(K! (K Balance Function >AT-; R ;* Q`F T$3* <$./#& *I 2 (K\ &Q(K! 7# 4% 7#?; ;#D;#K1 KX 4 <(KR" *C CBAF $% X$% *# 2# F \-(-#( (K.3($3 (K BAO F(C ;BAD ("* %./E 7#O"* & *#K ALICE. F5B 7#8F s 7#O2 -I#9 FE%.3F *?-I %#E" L L; QO-* 7#(CI K *#8*# ;" * :5(C # $($% ( 7#K # e <:5; *K8"# " C Im#( *# "*I LHC "* %&./# * %f-;" *#* T$% \&$3` (KW "F#$(Kd 7#(KdBAKd"#Kd ALICE 4I<:5;($D #:% S@AL N ( 7 *#"#IS($8$%BA IBA 7 QD"#-(-(@A=&-(-(BA :5($3 #"# @AC 7 K Monte Carlo "#$## @A$7 <K VW# *.3&- <# O"* %&./* p * " <# "&CB VW?*.3&-, 2 -" *# (R"-;(&= 7#,-# <$ #= *#"7 &6 7#K *#O"C@Z 7#8 "F8 &O";4 %&.3; * NL"#-"-#F * E -(-&O ALICE. k E:5($3 F * H *# miz, 7#H"#4-E$( C FH *#9F4-# $? 2 6 GRID 7 $%*D*#;BA= -(-&8 F 9 P$% ( &-($? *#(K D$(;:5* $% 7#?k *.3&- # 9"* C%&./ * 2 WD-" *#;7 G( $(7 <$.3#& $% *# -(#4 <$ 6 F? $% *#L" 7#? &-($(KY 7# "* & *#K4>! &" (Q 7# " ; *# Event Tag System. VW#L$($% ( = FD:5($3 #"# 4'/X$"#4-(-;K Physics Data Challenges "#* (#(C * K F$#O D:l$/ F &D *# F$#82 Q <#" <$ I H "## S2F4 &D *# L:5($3 #"# S4'/*I ; 7 ;?Y &? &-($ "7 @A ;#;CBAH* @A#(C * K8 <$5'/ & 7# :5F(# &-($(KD *#(K VW# -#4% $ FO F?*:l7 j Q <#4-#%4'/7I 2 ;Q; * $ *I $YF-*KX <KR( *KR$( '/;K &-$3K4> 7#" D &-($ &-$3LX,#4'/7 O 7#L$3$ *#K PROOF -(-&, / &-($T$ *# GRID. VW;-#K $% 7#*.3&- <# i"; <5&.3#(C 7 # )"C@Z *K1"#$%"&(')* ;K1"# @A$% e 1;" 7 ('/7I2YM'/##KW (K Balance Function $ <KW"#4-(a3-;KW*;57 ;K 7# LHC. L *#=$#"FD F=#=@A4 S2 KT"" -( <$% 7#"# S')*I) L? 76 7 ";Q;-'/* c$% <KL"#-%&-;KL"#-(- "-F 4 *K=" %F;CBA9$%BA IBAO"# ;#(C 7 l$f ;Ke KW;*C%* ;K <K]- *Kf"#`" #($3 &m#(c * 2 2.3#6 pk #T"#$##2 S@A$3* <KX 7# "* & *#K ;:5#(:5($3 #"# S4'/*IjF4- = *?$($% * S2& "#"; <5&.3#(C 7 )$% *,*.3&- T iii
h q h g Ù g g h D58 (:<-=4>15-4 Ü g #-(-#I(7I ( *#I"#W#4'/($ W$% (e"f(($\ (Kc Ko;5 $3I K C@N6 Zh * H " F4-8'/ H4'/- E H;(:5 <$ $B "I ('/% E I f 6 $3 -*I<#9 2 A 7# \ ('/% 8 ]5%-# 4IE G O$( (" &$% * $ 3 (1 ('/#4%($ *#(K "Q R "F 7 " <#$( C &$% (I<5 * $!F4- L4 &C* 8 (K;:5 s C@A D"#*I K # #'/@AC * K ; FK,F-(BA *BA&-(-BA " $% (#4 S@A?-F45BA $ *# ;CB $5;C BA;#KL$% *#(D$% F4:5# " &G 7#(K F"# #(KY*QCBZ ; #K" &%#(C *K ` F, *# $(*I#'),4'/;-,,*(:l <$% 6 ek $%B ( \ ('/% * $$/ & G H$% ( QE2 A KL$(4#-;K Hpk (K #- `"(Qf[#4'/* Y ;BA ('/% C@AW(IBA P. Seyboth R. Stock # N#"#I# Z;BA$ =;5&-(?@P'/($?$TF4-( 9 * E$ & 8 (K*;( (K#D 6 $% ( F * K %&-L"(Q1 sl$(4#4-( *BA ;BA1#"#IBAR# ) ;*K`"(Q 1"%T; ("*($(K M. Gaździcki 2 C. Blume " #$/I # $3?* "* &--#( F"BAKO *# CERN "&CB "F 3.5 :5F( #L;BA$1 =( F * O O$( $%.3@ D%CBAI<$B 2 s O$6 *C% $% C@"#-(-#(K Q F4-(#4%#(K=" $% (#;K %&-8O$(* <$3.3#&9 F$# *# Peter Hristov F$3#8 P 7# H ;BA"BZ ;C% C@AL K Federico Carminati offline #& K] 7# "#X#X;(" <$ ; \ F$#$( C ;K[ # F6 ALICE ;K E4'/- O 8;(:5 $% ($%B "I<$(K *#(K Yves Schutz Karel Safarik "#"I<$% ;a/ X$% *#"F$BZ"F#I #(C &K`#T ( F * " (QCB 8 *IQCB ( ;5 $3I E# E 2F 8"F$BZ"#8"#D" QR2 ('/# $% F F4-#$% (f" #!#]$ *# 7I (# CERN Tapan Nayak, ";4'/(#Kp *#["#6 %& 7#K Event by Event *# "* & 7#K )$(4#-(*K 7# 2 ('/#%($ Yb *#D --&9 PO 7 QO K $(;5 $3I F"BAK,;"I<$(K, P#9 ('/(;4 FK K./;K W"(Q X2 ('/# $% ;K VW-#K '),4'/;-, ;(:5 <$% ($%B *#";4'/6 #(K 7# physics working group Christian Kuhn Luciano Ramello 9 ( ; (" $% *#$3R"##T;7 Q (:5 $% C@ "FH (= &G#O *#(K %#(*IK=#O Z? *.38#E% F4-( (:l <$% C@ T( F$#? F"# YF$3#= % L *#LF j *:l 42$% <K($%#4-;K"; F#K, F$3#8 &8 ( &-$3?F$3#8 N &8 $5%.3 4 LOL H iv
n i i n r i i i i n i r n n i n n i n n n r g V n n i n i i n i n n i r q q g h V q k h b V g g g g V q b V V V q V g g V V g V q 6 V k b b h b V g q 6 i r [ e g YYÙ YYYYÙ YYYYÙ Y * %./"7 @AR*Q-IQBA YYYÙ Y `g `gpk h g!g k YÙ YYYYÙ Y h[g ]V [V h[b gpk YYYYÙ Y ;#( *K`" & # YÙ YYYYÙ Y - T$3$3:l; <$ (@A Bose-Einstein YY --#4 S2$( ("*.3#&6A# Ù YYYYÙ Y * <#:5(a3-# P T YYÙ YYYYÙ Y h[g ]V gpk g gzg k q!h Zq QARK GLON PLASMA YYYYYYYÙ Y g k Dg b! k! V" V ZV g k Dg \kfg kfg gah kfg k \kfg k q[k Dq\k P T Ù Y [V \kfg k q[khk `q\kgh[b k YYYÙ YYYYÙ YYYYÙ Y \kfg k q[k Dq[k b b K/π YÙ Y \kfg V" ZV k Yb %$eb b YYÙ Y ZV q\kfq& keb!' b ($eb b BALANCE FNCTION [ e q YÙ YYYYÙ YYYYÙ Y <$3#I Ù YYYYÙ YYYYÙ Y q& V" ZV b q\k k! q\kfq[k) keb!' b Q& $3T "F T$%BA 4 T"#4- "-F4 7 YÙ Y Q& $3T "F *#, '/ F./#C I<# YYYYÙ Y Q& $3T "F *# *#K! (K\ 7 #(K` *BAX$%BA IBA Q& $3T "F *#,"#$3#$% F, "@Z-* K` #4:% @A YÙ Y v k# Cn r t i in i(t i n n n n r(r rt r r r
r t V r r r r n n b i n r r t r t t i t n t r i t n i h b r n r n i b r r r r i V r r r n r r g t i V i n r q b b b g g b b V q g q g V q q k k V g g V V b b V V q V g V q b V b V V g V b 6 n Q&C ($ "F, *# -(F*# &$% ( r Ù YYY Q&C ($X "FR 7#(` <'/FR ;BA$($:5 <$*CBA\$%BA IBA r t g!g k Dgpk g[bk!g b Ob b Y h[g t NA49 V [V h[g $fq b gah b k k q b`k SP S t t gck kfq\k b N A49 YYYÙ YY ]V ]g `q Zq b h[g [V b`k N A49 YYÙ YYYYÙ YY :l; ;K (n TPC YÙ YYYYÙ YYY :l; ;K r TIME OF FLIGHT YYY gah q`g V" gah r kfg Pb Pb Y ('/# $FK` (K\" ##($(K b Ù YYY ('/# $FK` (K\" # N spec YÙ YYY V [V b!h[b q[kfq k YYYÙ YYY 4r `gck \b gpk YYYÙ YYY = F4 7 $% (# 4r YYÙ YYY i F * $ ($ 7# $(*I# "CBN6 *(#($ K` -(--"I $3K 4r YYYÙ YYY = F4 7 :lba <$#,(# #4:% @A YY ["F#$ 7 $%*(KY #:5 @A YÙ YYY kfq h]g [V Dg gah V" [b YYYÙ YYY gah V" r YYYYÙ YYY VW 4 7#"#IS$3$%BA 4ISBA YYYÙ YYY h[g $fq b $# V" b h\b q[k Ù YYY gah b YYYÙ YYY Dg h\b q?g i q&$ k# b ZV V q[k k q\kfq[k keb!' b Dq [V gah A kfg k AA kfg8g[g g snn = 17.3GeV Q&C ($Y "F1 *#X -(-4-;" F(!$($% ( ` (d2;c 6 2F4 7 YYYYYYÙ YYY ;-(; $($% ( @AY$.3 -(& ;BA YÙ YYY ["# -;$3 * r YYYYYÙ YYY Q&C ($ "F, Y";4 <#4:5 (K`a3*#BZ * K YY gah A kfg k A A kfg g]g snn = 8.8GeV g vi
n i i n r t b i n r t i i i n g V q k g V n n i r V b b b b t t i t n t r t t t b q V V g g V g g g g k b b b b b b b g g g V V V V V V q q h V V b V V V b b V V V b V V q b V k q 6 b 6 b V 6 V 6 6 V Dg Dg Dg ZV g p g ]g Q& $3` "FX *#X -(--" F(\$($% ( ` 2 (];C 4 <6 F * YÙ YYYYÙ YYYYÙ Y Q& $3T "F ("* <#:5 (K!a3*(#BZ * K Ù Y ZV q\kfq q\k k q\kfq\k keb!' b h[b q g YÙ YYYYÙ YYYYÙ Y Q& $3T "F ("* <#:5 (K!a3*(#BZ * K Ù Y i r ZV V q\k k q[kfq\k keb!' b b`h[b q [V Ci(t V Ci k k k Obdk q Ù YYYYÙ Y Q& $3T "F ("* <#:5 (K\BZ * K nr YYÙ Y fv n k k k Obdk q Dq YÙ Y 7r h!h r Heavy Ion et Interaction Generator - HIING YY - (K8$(7 <$./#&K8 *BAG$(C *#( <$3 (@AH$% ( Balance Function YYYYÙ YYY t tn ltra-relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics - rqmd t4r A Multi-Phase Transport model - AMPT YYY V [V Ct Dg Dq b!h[b q Dg k V [V Dg b!h[b q Dg k Y (i THERMal heavy-ion generator - THERMINATOR Ù Y (* <$3.3#& (K!;l2&$3 KY#(K$% ( Balance Function 4r ]V k?h[g k YYYÙ YYYYÙ Y h[g ALICE fv gck b k `k q V" [g `kfq\k IT S YYYÙ YYYYÙ YYYYÙ Y n ]g q[k q[k b \b T P C YÙ Y V ]g q[k \b Dg kfq[k T RD ]g q[k b \b h q\kfq\k T OF YYÙ Y!h\b b h[b ]g gpk b ALICE YYÙ Y <:5; (K HM P ID YYÙ YYYYÙ Y <:5; (K P HOS YYÙ YYYYÙ Y <:5; (K i EM CAL YYÙ YYYYÙ Y <:5; (K (n P M D YYÙ YYYYÙ Y <:5; (K (n F M D YYÙ YYYYÙ Y <:5; (K (n ZDC YYÙ YYYYÙ Y vii
V V q b b b b i i i t t t V i n V b b b h i i i i n g i g V V b V V b b b k V q q h V h V h V V V b V b b b V g V V b b k g V b b b V V b b k V V b 6 4 <:5; (K 4r M ON Ù YYYYÙ YY 4 <:5; (K V YÙ YYYYÙ YYY 4 <:5; (K T YÙ YYYYÙ YYY V [V b!h[b q[kfq k k b ALICE Ù YY VW 4 7#"#IS$3$%BA 4ISBAX\ 7# T P C YÙ YYY VW 4 7#"#IS$3$%BA 4ISBAX\ 7# T OF YÙ YYY (4 $; * 7#"#I($,$%BA IBA YÙ YYY!h\b k b Ob h]g ALICE i GRID V" ]V Dq ]g?q Dg!h\b k h\b (n YÙ YYYYYYYÙ YYY h[g $fq b b ALICE YY k b 9V k k q b!gah q[k \b kfq Event Tag System k h[g i ALICE ]V i i Dq b b g (FILE CATALOG) Metadata $\"I";#, :5*IBA i r (file metadata) YY i (t k# b b h `g b `kfq\k ALICE #T 7# i Event Tag System YYYY #(CI = ;BA1 :5*IBA i YYYÙ YYY \&-($T\ X#')*, *# i Event Tag System YY i ZV k! q\kfq keb!' b k h[g i 7r ALICE i i 7r Dg b`keb Ob kfg p p YYÙ YY i V Dq b!h\b V" i q?g ]gpk gck Ù YYY i V b!h\b V" i(in q?g ]gpk gck YÙ YYY i i(i Dg b`keb Ob kfg P b P b YYÙ YY Cn ]V in k Dh[g k?q b Event Tag System B Curriculum Vitae 241 B.1 Personal Details........................... 241 B.2 Education.............................. 241 B.3 Research Experience........................ 242 B.4 Publications and Preprints..................... 244 B.5 Conferences............................. 248 viii V" inr
B.6 Internal Notes............................ 249 B.7 Teaching Experience........................ 25 B.8 Language Knowledge - Computer Skills.............. 25 ix
x
h q q k q ( "! ="*I"#O * K, ; I;KO-? ;BA '/* @AL - $% @A?$%*&$;BA -" 7#(I<#[6s#4-(*#(I<#` ;7 Q [ (W;$%BZ *!#\ 7#!#-*#4I<# &('/ #4-(*F( <#D'/RF s " C Im 7 N "FO I 8$(* &8$BA I 7 O## 6 mf;," C F( "F "#," C *#(IBA6 parton model). '/;BAI D ('/I#K ;BAL $:5@A= -(-4-;" &$;BA "#D7I N C!CBA#( S2 QCD * 4 7#"#IS$3Z * [" C F( \P * quarks 2 anti - quarks 7 1#"#I T*I<:5 \"#4 7 ('/7I "FX 7#(K Gell Mann - Zweig $% *#X$% 7 FX"F "#Y *BA quarks (.3BA Rf ( S2!CBA#( S2 "5 (KW -(-4-;"I $(KW7I 7#.3#C I# :l@a *#KH ].3#; KH (K8 * -(-(-"I $; * Q gluons quarks gluons " #($3 &m#(r(# :5 4 <$% &%> VW(E $( (" ;BZ -*');I assymptotic freedom F"#G$ * $% &(6 $7 <K(a3-(K`;;C%* 2KY"F * K1 $#( L$! "#$% &$* <K1 (K -I K 1fm <$:5(K! (K! -(--(;"I $(K`7I VWX;$*($Y:5C@A *#K color confinement F"#$e 7 $% &$3* <K!:5 6 -(KR;*C%* (KT"F4 7 KL $#( O$X "#$% &$7 <KT (KX &Q(KR 7# R <$:5(K\ (K] ---"I $(K[7I 5"#4-R%&- [ "# -;$3 T * fm quarks / 7 gluons $:5 Im#(R;$ *K! 7 $% &$7 <KX:lBAI<K:5C@A F( - T K QCD $!; '/;# $/I "F * 4"#* (7 F l$w$( ')42;Kd(a/4-(Kd*;57 (K["42F 4 7 K[Y #( R-(1 7 I * l$
k q i n r b Y; 1.3&$!F"#! * quarks 2 *d "# -#(]"-;#(]4 *KW;$3 *K gluons 7 $% &$3* <KX -(-&=*I 2 j "#*$;(; j$( ("*.3;# * /BAK1-;4'/* =$%BN6 & t VW#H$( ("* $ E 4 F9"#" 7 Z "F.3 #*#4-(#4 ;K ";4 %.3*K, K$( (";./#&K (K #4 S2K-(K$a/-(*KX'/*# $3I;K "F ;K \ 88; H &$% * $38 (K,-(K ##&m; * Quark Gluon Plasma - QGP ;- *BA *Q <$%@A$3BA (K $3D4 7#"# (*# :l@a# 2 d:5f(6 QCD # lattice QCD I 7 ) ( F * L"#$ # <$# ;BAI<$3 (BA$( '/@A? L & $ i & * 2 F s (KXI<$3 (KX'/*# $3I6 Tg K *I 2 N K, &QK ;BA % H"; &-(-#(L:5 -KT (#( (K 15 2MeV "F * K ==#"#I 8$("&%; * s$( '/;KX*;C%7 (KT"F * KT"^6 I"# 1 3GeV/fm 3 VW; *# I$3 T *;C%7 (K`"F * KY ("#7I " < ;(:2'/*Io C I$% *# :l $="; &-(-#H:5 -((KL'/;# $/I K8 -(-(&L(a3- "F * D$%BA IBAT (KX &QK1 *BA F"# 1ρ ρ.14 #-;F( fm 3.13GeV/fm 3 R"F *, (K!"(( (K`-((K -(1$W./&$"-(&$ *#K quark - gluon * &m 7 5F 2"(QW &R 7 R"C@Z * $% &4 T K[;Q- Q(K] 7#X$( (" C 7#K[ 5;:5 5* T:5F(# (Kd &QK] ;BA 1µsec & %&- (Q F * X1'/*# $3I "#T;" S2 *#$3!4 7 X C@Z * g (K2I<$3 (K K ;BA 2MeV "#8 C <$% 7# <:5*Ip$ 2.3 1 12 8$3* K '/*# $3I G *#H$((" C *#K=*I 2.7K [C I<'/ 7 "-(&$ quark-gluon *# #"#I# " &% * 2 ef4:% o-f4lb *BAE$( '/@A8(a/4-(K');#2 $3I K8 -(-& -F4lB (a3-(kx (KR (KR"F4 7 K ]'/;BA*I 7 F4 s" ') F( O( <#(C%*I< * ρ $% 7#Y"((, ;BA1 $% *CBAX #(IBA 7 7 ' H H!H!L N ("#$%"&('/7? D (;" <M 2ISBA$3 (KR4" Q(KR (KX KR; KR2 &$% 7 6 $(Kf (KW-K " :2'/!;Q;- <5* X" 7 :5(C &T$($% ( 7 "#Y ("##( H" *:l#d <K :% S2;KL;*I *K=$( '/*K,"#E " < *#(C 7 Z;" * :5(C *K *#2I :5($3 #"# 4'/, 8?"#$C@A$# $R F(C * 8;%&-;KT*;C%7 *KR $% `$3;:5* X X#%($#(\$% `$5#($` *#(K [ F1"#;" @Z 7 lf <K $5#($7 <K1 ;BA F(C *BA$X(a3-;KT*;C%7 *K! n r t p*i 2 s=$345*76 CBA$d ";-(*4'/;CBA$3d%&-#]"#$#]*;C%7 Kc$p S2F`F4l2#! (;-(&:5 $% *# :5F(# j$5#($7 <KR ;KR "# ;-(# *#?F(#L F"#?;"I ;(Q(KX$( '/@A Xb (a3-(kw'/*# $3I K`2 %(a3-(k]"f4 7 K C@A1% (`" lbz%4-(k $\.3&$R"-&$ 7#K quark - gluon i
h q k n n n n g " * :l(c FL$($% ( SP S SP S SP S SP S SP S SP S SP S SP S SP S SP S RHIC RHIC RHIC RHIC RHIC LHC LHC LHC LHC A A P b P b P b P b P b P b Si Si C C P b P b P b P b Si Si C C p p Au Au Cu Cu Au Au Au Au Cu Cu p p p p p p P b P b snn [GeV ] E lab. [AGeV ] n i n r r r i n t t t t i r 6 i r 6 Cn 6 i 6 i 6 6 i(i 6 r 6 t(t 6 I K (> *#( "I H.3 I #(C 7 * 8 &./# H" 7 :5 S2&9$($% ( 7 7 F(C * D"#:5($3 #"#2 4'/ ('/@AKX # s;*c%* ;KR$ *#=2;C #D&m KT -(-& 2 p$% 7#G;C% $% ( # $% (="*I" ;BA$9 ;BAD"* & ;BAO$% 7 ('/;#9$% F:5#E 7# SP S "C@Z ]%; &!"7 & ;BAd$% * (');#\$% F:5#[$A F! 7#\";I<#Y;*( KoQ2I6 ($d *# XW Y-(7 *#%I ;BAY" 7 :5 C@A BNL-AGS CERN-SPS *$;KT F(C *BA$1;;C%* *K 29AGeV 4AGeV C I<$% 7# <:5 #"FKT *BA k "7 & ;BAe 4 C@Af * od ;*$3e ;BAf$( '/@Ap"#d;" ;"#(f W( <#(76 I! (KA &$% * $(K QGP ]" '/ [ I<:5;($\ (K Q&-(-(#] 7 \"* & * Ng '/($ [ 2$% `;- \ 2 * %./ *BA\:l ( <$ S@A! (KW -(-6 -"I $(K ;"F;`%; &X"7 & ;BA ; I $l2# *I Zq 7#X"F% 1 BA` F(C *BA!$% *# CERN-SPS e;*c%* R;$3K] F(C *BA!#-6 #Y$% * VW#R$3#-#1 ;BA\ "# -*$& ;BA[ 7#`"#4%& 7#K\ *# 158AGeV #4%($e$% (] #2I BA$ %"BAK]4"&:5* "7 <$% Y;7 QF $ <KW$5#6 n
k b $7 <K P b P b "; ;(:2'/== #(CI E K4-(KR$X &$% * $ QGP (Q($ " #QF * K 7IBA$," 5BZ%(K /Ψ VW D$( *:l#(c 7 ="7 & * 87I > NA45/CERES, NA49, NA5/6 WA97/NA57 sp bp b 4T ev [F"# 7# ('); EQ;:lBA <$% & T7 &D-( BA;? <:5* S28 & * Q ;-(; &O$l2^6 *** Q, (X I<:5*($T (K!( <#(CI K "I<$(K! *, ;-(* * I QGPg :5F( 7 "* & 7 =$5#(F*CBAR*$ (@A 7#;" * :l(c RHIC $% 7# BNL -; *#( * D -(-(-" F * O$($% ( *?X$(#-?;*C%* D;C #=&m K snn 2GeV ;@ *#T;--#(C F"*I $% 7#(`" 7 :5(C ALICE LHC '/, ;Q :')*I/ & *#i R\*;C%7 snn 5.5GeV "I K 1*I:l* / * $($% ( 7 "#:5($3 #"# 4'/ R'/ :5($3 #6 "# S')#(]$% 7 ` C I$% *# :l X;" * :5(C &R$($% ( 7 ('3@AKf 2 ( <Kf;*C%* ;Kf"# "; ;(:2'/($ :5( (> LQCD "#-#4 <$#Il R *#T-(F4%# P/T 4 (Kd <$:5(&T ---" C@A$3 K -KBAKY$3&C ($ K`'/;# $/I KX% =4.3#; ;KR;" S-#4%;KX *#, '/# 3 *#T*I#(K ;BAY5*($BAY ;BA quarks VW# &%.3&$(K (KL <$3:l(&G -(--" C@A$ K=-((K "#8I<$%; * c$ '/* <$3##"I "* %&./ 7 ) "F, 1( S2:5CBA#! C2 & ok (a3-;k ;K= K,');#2 $3I K F"BAK="* %&./42"#%#(;CBAK * G F6 r
q k q h? *#(C * = ";-(*4'/;C@A$3#(X * =$($% 7 & 7#(K quarks 2 gluons ;./& <$O C@A *BA=;BA, ('/ (@A=;-(*4'/;I K'/ E("##($, E2-BP')*I Y?Q./ (Q($,$% (R"I;$, (Q #;(KX (K`');#2 $3I K "#` $7 & (K'/ *I<:5=BAK?$("7 (8 -(-( 5 (K=2 * $ * (KO;QI$%BA$(KL 7# $($% ( 7#K *#=F <#="# 7 =-*'); ]k quarks gluons ; -(-(-" #( 2 j" &-(-- L 7 ="C@Z 7 ='/;BA#(C 7 j:lbai<kt&m "I*$ (K" C *#( (KT 6 (KY &$% 7 $(K1BAKY$3&C ($ K'/*# $3I KX$$:5*F(T(; F?:5 F ( S2F (')#Im 7 ) "F *#(1 <'/F ;BA ('/ (@A1-;4'/*I K i > P SB T 4 = [2(N 2 c 1) 7 2 N cn f ] π2 9, F"# *I 2 #9 ')FK, ;BA=:5CBA& *BA #E <'/FK, ;BA=5*($BA *BA N c N s E D-.'/#( "Fa3(F4-(*K# s" & # f F"BAK -(-(-" &$* K quarks :5C@A 7#K9; * Q ;BA $($% * S@A9 ;- ";"* d I 7 W$O:lBA#6 :5#( F "-;5 & <KH"#-#4% $% ;KG($%#4-I;KE 7 ( (LQCD) [2]. $( ("*&$ 7,"#T"#" *#(X "F T;-(; X (K *I * ;QK4> LQCD :5( i2> ;Q&C ($ *#L-F%# µ(t )/T "FO ( (KX (K1'/;# $/I K 7#?$3$ *#KT;.3 $;K "F8 7#O-(F4%# s ("-;K*I:l#( <K T/T C b ;F;*K$( (";4./#*K! *#-F%# "F T-; X K pqcd. t
i :5( nl> k LQCD "#4 ;-;$ 7 G H(* F :5( S2F ( F $6 q *:l(kr% =*I:l* s ";4 <#4:5? (KT & $3KR./&$(KR"C@Z (KX &QK;C@ ;#*2 ("-("#-(@A* Y";4 <#4:5 (K! & $(K crossover. "&:5* " % &X Y"#-"F;!; & $[&"# #7I#(Ke "F ( #(./&$ $% ; & $," % 7#"# *I 7 $ ="M6 QGP. q <#:5,'/;# $3I K1%(CB "F= 7#(K T c 16MeV L(;4 S2FL:5( S2F ( F 4 <(K O (K2I<$3 (K= (K'/;# $3I KL;Q & * Gq "F, <K`&m;K` *BA quarks "#:l$/ #"# <#(C 7 j$% *#(1"#-#4% $F -F%#K (K]"I*$(K\"#K! (` ; * T( R (K]'/*# $3I K b P/T 4 (Q&; * "F *# "&CB "FT (!4I<$3 X'/*# $3I 2 %$% 1$(;:5* :%Im* j = "# &D =$:5 &L$% * (');, "&CB "F $:5( 2T Si c &B "F EI<$3 G');#2 $3I *# ;*C%F ( F *BA9m*45@A h BA q q " 2I* s #./=;FKT( # X&m?"# Coulomb (Q&; * j "F4 7# D (Q #*(K1 K`'/;# $/I K "BAKX./ I 7 j$% *# b $:5( `&m X.3** &1"#-Y "F1 *#(KW"#4-(#4 <$#(Kd K pqcd 4 #;*Kd ("4-*K i(i (Q(;Y `&m R#57I$3o7IBA$ Zq (K` "F$% 7 $(K` *BAR -(-4-;" &$;BA "#,\ $7 & KY#%*I q q $% (! *F*T*IBA$1 (K[" 5BZ%(K c c *$#(IBA o$ /Ψ ψ $:5;$R[ 7, C I<$% 7# <:5 D (c d) D (cū) *$F( in i4r
k g VW#`*I#Kc (Kc & $(Ko;Q C & * 2 "#-\ "F! 7#d ')F! ;BAe%*$3BAf ;BA quarks ('/@AKd 2 5 "FR <K\ C I$% *# :l*k\&m;k] *#KSi(t s R 7#(Kd" #* 6 - <$% #(K`"#4-# <$#KY"#R"* - 4&#(X(# -.34 & quarks u d *!" <#[ s [ & $W'/BA*I 7 F4 4*I 2 "# crossover "#6 -(@A#(C * K," Q $(;:5* @AT$3['/;#( ;K1" #K $\$:5;FX(* F :l( F( S2F "#4-(#4 <$#Il$e:5( FR( FR4 &.3##T *# "#4-(@A#\ ([" 76 QX;FK[I<$3 #R$37I<#XF"BAK\ FT"#1./ I 7 %$% 7#T$:5( nsi Aq ( I?"#"&:57 j$% *#("#4-# <$F? ;BAT" ; CBA$3#(C - = % - ;T-" 7#;7 ( I ="#T(IBAK"4%&m* ) "F <KY4"#4-# 6 $% *KT " ($7 <K #%*I $% =;Q 5BZ5?$54 *(KR";4 <#4:5(KT 7# :5( S2#H # #2 p ;-; * I*KL;5 $3I;KL; *I #E D"* <#:lg "F ( µ b 7MeV ;@AK µ b 35MeV Si i "!! "!! "!! (f"#$"&('/* Y `-;5:2'/#f"7 &1# '/BA4 *KA"#(-*a3* K -; 6 '/ Y"#4-(-;K!" & #2 "#T'/BA#(C * 3F ("##X C@A$3#(Y$( S2;K **IQ7 <K F$#E% H ( :% E.3&$D *#O$($% ( 7#K"#8( <#(C%*I 7 Z; & "F H ---"I $? BAO F(C ;BAD$(a/4-*K,*;57 ;KF$#H Z% H ( *Q- QH *# 7 S S2& &"# "F * $ *# <:57I "#H;- 4'/ D*I c 7 2F-#4'/ %> VW.3&$3 * (K`;l2&$3 KX&m K f 2 /#2 * #;KY K`BZ 4 7 K m./fcba7 C@A$%BA 4ISBA$%#"F *#("#4-# <$F?.3FCBAT');#6 T ( @A, 7-4 C@A (T"#$ #4%&"#2 SBA'/;BA @A#(76 -(BA!$% KW 7 #*K! ;K]*I l( F(` T;Q :')#(!# 2 *Kd (KW'/;76 # $3I K (K:5( S2K 2 N'/* (K #(#"#2I($(K freeze-out), (KH5&$/ K9 7 :54 7 KE"; * $(KE *# (chemical $($% ( 7#KE -(-& - kinetic 3 *#:5( S2#( S2# $($:5; <$#IjF#2 SBA./#C IBA Y #4'/* D C@A b (Bose - Einstein). ;BA- C@A ("#7I D;Q :2'/7I "-(#.3#I? F$#= D *#D%M'/#KY (K "%K!;"#("(K! *BA #4ISBA "(F$./ ef$3# 2 % 7#:5F(# mcba(k (K
k k b $34-(-#4% R#X *#$($% ( *#K]"#R( <#57I * 2 % &, (` -(--"I6 q $3, BA= F(C *BA $3 ("*.3#&D 4 L *#?$($% ( *#KR;Q & * q "F= 7#L -(-(-"I $*I 2 j$( F4:% ) 2 I * )"-(#./#I, (15&$/ 7 :5 4 7 " * $(K! 7# VW Y$%BA& 1oa/-([ \ (Ke5&$3 KW#(K "* <#:5!-; &6 Zq * @A$ p 1 ;*(4'/*I(\"I $! 7#!;$#[$3p"I 2;Ke #4ISBA.3# ;:5* "# * '/*I2F 7#Il;\ *./;# T "*&$#(`* R;$3#1W <K F4 *K"#9 ; * 2 p G*:l7 p94-8"#9 "# -7I * c "F ;-(*4'/; quarks 2 gluons ;;C%* 2,*Q&C ($" ; CBA F"BAK" %F; L$%BA I -F6 q %# " 5BZ%(K,$BA IBA $%#"F8 (*;$L&"# K $3;:5* K "# "# X 7# <#D*I#K$((";./#&O("#7Is O "##('/7Is$% (,"I6 ;(Qf *BAAI$3 (BAo;*I CBAo$( '/@Ap [ (p "-;4'/*CBA$f ;BA quarks 2 ;BA gluons <K\;"F;*Kd" %&./#(K\" ('/; *#(] * R24 F * T"7 & "#4 M6 -;$ * F$# "F "* & * 7# SP S F$#, 2 7# RHIC 7 7!P R H HK L P :5( r5>.3&$ * DF"BAKX4"#4-#I<$ 42 "F? ---" &$* <K m T P b P b *# SP S $X;;C%* *K s NN = 17.3GeV O * O(#8 4 <$% ;&?%.3( * snn = 6.3GeV s NN = 7.6GeV * (# ;Q4 &,%./( *
b t :5( t2>.3&$3 * 8 8 ( *C O";4 <#4:5O (KTBZ24 7 KF"BAK"#6 k m -#4%I$%, "FL -(--" &$3* <K T Au Au *# RHIC $*;C%7 *K s NN = 2GeV -(-#IBZ ;K 7 #*KR ;BA,5&$3 BA, mc@a.3 I #(C 7 $ *#D$:56 m ro% 9 <K ;*C%* ;K T snn = 17.3GeV snn = 7.6GeV 2 s NN = N E; 8;%&-#8 ')FE* C@A=$BA IBA "#? <:5;? "F 6.3GeV 7# "*I NA49 Si VW =./&$ 7 %I #(C 7 j$% 7 &" #="I"; =F$#= Q&6 ; * 2`&m Y *BA\$%BA IBA %%#(FKd"# ("#*I2 X "##'/*I2$% *#X$( $F (K1'/* (KY2 * #(KT ;BA,# (@A, -(-&L2 j (KT <$:5((KR (KT#KX (K " %F;(K8-(K " ; #"#IS$3 i [" *:l7 blast wave model #"#2 G"; <5.3H ;BAD.3 $3& ;BAO, D#4'/* G(# " ; CBA> (K'/;# $3I K ) (K 4 S2K1 7 :54 7 K1 KY#(K T 12 14MeV \ ;Kc# " &; # (:5 (Im#(d 7#\'/* F` 2 2 S2F β T.43.48c freeze-out (K!$./ I K"#( <#57I * 2 3; &, "F, ; *# $5#($ VW#$:5 *I:l* 2 * T C I<$% 7# <:5./&$ 7 R"#Y"#2a/ "FR ([ &6 -($O$5#($;BA Au Au $,;*C%* s NN = 2GeV 9 7#9"7I VW#9( #9$( ("; $ E7I PF N ('3@AK O -(-4-;"I $DI 7 PF-# ST AR 2 " <#O*C 7#?$($% ( L%I ; * sf-#d " <#8a3(:5F *C@ " &-(-4- O" 6
b b b :5( l> 2 * #;K] KdBZ * Kd ;BA\" 5#;CBAY$%BA IBA!$e*76 k *KT -(-4-;" &$7 <K P b P b $XF4-(#O 7#O;*C%* FE./&$ D *# VW SP S -* $% &L$(4#4-(?*I:l#( <K1" 5 S2;KT; ($* <KX*C@ * D # :2 &D*I 2 j * C *#" $; -F5B $( I K $(*I 7 S2(* s $:5F4 *L$34-(-#4%?$( (";./#&D ('3@AK= D#? (Q&; * n n ni nn VW#8$:5( L*I<:57 s KT 7 #*K, KTBZ 4 7 KT"#4-(-(@A,7 C@A$%BA 6 IBA8 &./#;KO*;C%7 *K p 7 #*K8 ;K= (O"-* #F4 7 ;BA ";4 S" C@A$3BAX;:5#(R <$ T $% ;$ I "* <#:l, (K "##(` 2F y X2 * --*4 7#(f `$( 4I 1 *BA[ ---" &$BA P b P b @A$% f R;Q&(6 %#(d 7#( <'/F ;BA`" %#;BAY$%BA 4ISBA1$]F-# *#./ $3 F,:l@A# 4π -F%# *BAW <'/ (@Ae ;BAf" %F;BAd$%BA IBAW --&!2 # I <# (# 4 '/#I *#2I/7I )$("7I<K$% * $% &=#(C - "#,"* %&./#(T <KY -(-(-" &6 $7 <KX 7 <KT" #(K>X ');#2 $3I 8V 7#? (#6 :l( FE F µ b
q k -(-&Y ( 7#d" &%#(C 7 17IBA$(Kc (Ko" #QF * K %.) S2;Ke" $% &6 γ s Ab $7 <KA 7#d$3:l( 7#K d*i:l#(e; [" &* % "#$ #%(KA *BAc"7 @A *#*CBA\ *# NA49 $% `; <$% *;57 X *# SP S e; X ; *# #R$% * $% F #(C ;-(# ]"F (?"#$ #4% 9"#" *#(9 * I<$% *#2 <:5 $(*I 7# %& *#K1.3&$(K`$% *#,"I"*# Snr T µ b :5( 2>TVW H "# -;$3 * H K"#$ #4%(K;FK $% 7 <$% #8# -# $% 7 D"* &9 "# -;$ * D *# NA49 <$% *FO%&.3( VW#8 &% 46.3&$3K (K #( (KL-K "#E*I:l* Z 7 "* & $37I HF"BAKL & "#(a3 R "F R- $% * $% @AX# -(BA *QI%%&./( 7 7 E F L R L Bose-Einstein $-(-# `#!"(*&m* "I<$3Kf 7#(Ke$($:5 <$3#(KoF# BA]$%BA 4ISBA S2&,./#C <$3;," F(, I, ;BAY$($:5 <$ (@A Bose-Einstein $% <K! 6./#;K` K!#(K T I T*I 3 C <$ F.BAK! &-#% *#%M'/#K\ (K "%(Kc" 5BZ%Kf *BAW" <#(IBA * @A; * A (W (Q($[ (Kc#(K \4 \\*I6 BA$I * 2 / F " <#L <$5'/ ('3@AK1;l2&$3 =# (Q& 7 VW#$:5( \7I<:5* <Ko" ; #(Kf"#\ '/#Im#(] *#1%M')#Ko Kc"%KoBAKf$(& 6 $W KZ*$(KP KA KZ;5&$3 Kc#(KZ *BAom;5@A π :5($3 #"#IS($ k T q K " ; #"#IS$3Kd"#"#(') * 1## F#./Y;"#("`" #4I<6 blast wave BA1 "F; - # I K R 5&$3 #R"# (Q& * 2 %% &, (L I H" 2I#(C * K? ; <$% O $% (?".3&* G *#E-I # ρ
k b b g h nt KdI 7 "-(#./#I;K["I$(Ke T!'/*# $3I R *#2 # freeze-out *#L:5F(#?mCBA(K1 KX$./ I K "#" 7 )(IBAKR "FL 7# ] ('3@AK1 (T) R R:5#( 4 &C* (K!"# ("(K! ;BAY" <#(IBA long τ "#" * 3 "F, T./#& 7 Q! *BA 2 VW 1( X "# -*$ * 1"#.3 I #(C 7 $% KW <$ ^6 R out R *KY%./ ;KX" $% &$3* <K1 *#$:5 *#K side 7I<:5#(F )*"&:5* )2&"# <$:5(T*Q&C ($ "F (Y*;C%7, *BAY" BA1 4 C@A :5( l> ):lba ;K1" & #2 j (K"%(K *BAR" <#(IBABAK1$(& $3 (K 5&$3 KL#(K ;BADm;5@AD" <#(IBA <$% *F 5&.3( & # A"# "#24" 7#( "F X- blast wave " #"# ($BA1$d;- ;K HBT 2.3&$ * ;l2&$3 BAR mc@a ;QI%&.3( W ;KE" &; # d KD"%(KO%./ I #(C * ]$% 7# k T =.15GeV/c $:5( " ^ @A; * o F.3#& F c F$# 7# F$# R * 2 *E7I<:5#(8&"#2 ;Q&C ($H ('3@AK?"5 2I #(L "F long <K R side R ;;C%* *K! *# out AGS $\ *K! *# SP S / "F7I$\*;C%7 *K` 7# RHIC i
q q :5( l> ;*C%* D;Q&C ($ *BA, @A " ; CBA "#?4"#4-#I6 k m#(c 7 "F - R$($:5; <$ (@A ππ $[*C *K` -(-4-;" &$7 <K P b P b SP S d Au Au AGS RHIC d O = (KX5&$3 KT#(KX *BA m*l@a k T.15GeV/c 7 7 4 R P R PK : P ` <$# #" S2`#!7I F 1 " &; #Ke"#!7I * 2I<$5'/ \$% <Kf :% 6 *K\$( '/;K[ K\ -(-4-;"I $(K l*c *K! -(-(-" &$* K[#5# pb $e$( *Ke 7 #*Kd (Ke#(KdBAKe"#Kd [ m #4') 25BA & VW# φ "7I NA49 ; ($ (= <$# #" #O" #4ISBAD 2 Z"CBZ 7#4ISBAD$, -46 --" &$3* <K P b P b $;*C%* ;K s NN = 8.8GeV 2 s NN = 17.3GeV Sn VW D "# -*$ * L (K" # I #(C 7 $% 7#L$:5(, L;;76 v %* *K` *# 2 AGS *:5 % 7# (Q($R (K\ K` *# \ (Y*;C%7 RHIC Aq v 7 S@A * 2 5$% (\"; <#:5X *# FR*.3*#($ $( 2 (";.3#&T*I 2 SP S Cn
q h g 8% ;Q&C ($E "F (?"42F 4 7 ;BAD" %F*CBA8$%BA IBAD *# -F%# v 2 /ɛ F"# ɛ *C F *, (K` -(--(;"I $(K F$./ * 7# ;" 7 (L &-(($9 (K <$# #" S2KD#(K=$ * NA49 Λ $%BA& VW#E& ;B 4 <$% ;&E%&./ 9 *#O$:5( 7#K D*I<:57 N L m 6 #4') * #G ;BA8$%BA IBAE 4 C@A *C@ *#*$ I<# 5&.3( 7I<:5* (!" & # $% (!2;C X"* <#:5T (KdBZ24 7 K BAK\$(& $3 (K\26 v &$3 K#K O 7 D"* & 7 2 NA49 (7I * N E <$:5( ST ARh (Q($?R *# N$% <K,(#8;;C%* *K ;@ " &-(-4- E#2 s *KT *# % P T v *# 2 NA49 7I f & 3% S2F ;*KD "F *K? 7# I<$% *#2 <:5 ST AR q ;Q&C ($1 (K "F 5&$/ #X%, &.3# 7IR$%BA IBA v 2 NA49.3 2I # * N$% 7#?2& ;B *QI %&.3( O *#D$:5( *#K "BAKR N$% 7 D "#4 M6 b -;$ *, *# RHIC ; $3 5 2 /*C@ I 7 3*.3 K ; :%, & 7 QBAK "#KW!&m 2& "# ("#*I Y"; %.3*I2 "F1" #"#2 ($7 <K blast wave $(;:5*IK!% ;K` *#$:5 *#K nt 7 7 ' QP R P P T - 1 *BA" %F;CBAX$%BA 4ISBAY$[;*C%* ;K\ 7# SP S :% & " ; 6 C@P'/$,:l 4-*K"* <#:5;K= (K,5&$3 K=#(K./#EO" lbz%8 7#(K $ P T > 1.5GeV/c *I ) $5'/ & * BA; F$.3 * =Q;2I ($! #( fh "#$"&('/* 1- (Ko (Kf Ko"* <#:l(ke@a$ p 1 #4-#4'/4'/#(]#2 - *Kp"# I #(C * $o"* & * X *# RHIC n VW 1#1"&BH%./( * 1 *#$:5( *#K 7I<:5#(e (f;q&c ($] "F\ e;5&$3 `#d *BAf-F5BA p/π Λ/K <Ko*C *Ke -(-(-" &$* K s P bp b $c;*c%* s NN = 17.3GeV 6 $% *FE%&./( 1 P (? C I<$% 7# <:5E 7#8-F45# p/π G &.3#;K=*;C%7 *K ;QI%&.3( " "#$5'/ *BAK "@Z-(7 =;*C%* KY ;BAX" *#(IBAT;$3,$ *# "F=*$# & e"# "# "BAF * "F E" &; # ;BA9" <#(IBA9"# "; <5&6 R.37 % (Y" 5BZ%, *#(K`$\2;C *K` 2 3"*.3** *KY$345#($* <K CP * 1 <$:5( ;* Q $% 7 "* & * = 7# RHIC (KY" Q(K (K1 & $(KY.3&$(K VW L "#4 ;-;$ 7 *#-F4%# = 7#"*I R CP NA49 -(-(&= ) =&"#2 "* & *, *# RHIC.3 2I # * 3$% * (#T& *B %.3( * *#R$:5 *#K r
h q "!!! "! QARK GLON PLASMA &-(--? *?"#%#(;?"#-$( S2&? "# ;-(*$ 7 ;.3 I<$% 2 5&"# "7 & ;#; ;BA#"#IBAX1*Q%$31#5#$3]$% (!" 6 #:5 (K!*.3& $(K` (K!-((K! *BAX-;4'/*CBA quarks 2 \4 & $:5; I<6 gluons m#(c 7 Y(IBAK F"BAK['/ #(W2 5" <#& *B f$d $3;:5* ;K["#R*.3 4Im# * $["7 & #(;*K\" ; #(K$[F4-(# 7#4 '/;$3 # ;;C%* 2F.3&6 $ VW ( "#4 ;-;$ 7 K\ ;Q# (K! &-($(K[ (K]*;C%7 (K[*Q&C 6 $(K[ (K\" 5BZ%(K!" #QF * K" #($3 &m# * /$% *#,$:5( i -F4%#K pb < K > / < π " #($3 &m*!%&-] Q$3WQl @AC * Ko "F! Kp:5 -;K > *;C%7 *K 7# ; L <$% 7#=$% <KY:l 4-*K;;C%* *K 7# AGS SP S %(CB "F f"# #4-#4'/*I 7 j "F :% " C@A$R (K! (K!"#;" 6 snn = 7.6GeV 7 (* 2F (BAKW R$% 7 ('/;`$((";./#&X "FX (d" #R%&-`;;C%* X 7# SP S $ ;KT 7# "#$%"&('/7 8"#D 8 " :')*IZ??$(46 RHIC q "*.3#&81,#4'/7?2&"# BA= #$#" @A=#(C ;-BA (RQMD, rqmd, Hadron Gas Model - HGM) ;X#%($`$!;" (:5I F4lB 7#F /$% <KY;*76 %* *KR *# SP S " 5BZ%D C 6 #(IBA *I 2 <$%'/ &D:5 - #O ')FK *BA K KI * 8;7 QL 8 7#8 <$F8$:5;F 4 '/F8 *BA s quarks $% ( ;-? &$% * $3 \C I ') * 7 s quarks # &m#(c * P &;$3 8$% * K 2 (IBAK * $3 j 7#D; <$% *#D 7#=-F45# Λ g < K > / < π #%*I $31 > *;C%7 * (#4-T 7# C I<$% 7# <:5#,-F%# < K > / < π > -(-& /; 2F ; <$% *#$% (`;;C%* 2R;Q& $3Y 7#X-F%# < Λ > / < π ± > $:5 i "#$5 <$9 KL#- (KL" #QF4 7 KL"#E" &5; * f# - <$* $% 7#(R ')F ;BAX" <#(IBA I 7 / "F (1" &; # E S = (< K K > < ;*C%* ;Q& $39 (K?" ; #G (K?I ; * f$ *# Λ >)/ < π > 4 <$% ;F%&.3( 7#,$:5 *#K Cn I * 2 /./ *F=F 7#= <$ *#"#" 6 ')421$ *#D-F%# < K > / < π > "# "@A; * s ;C@ [C I<'/ 7 " (*I 7 % T$% 7 ('/*Y$3 ("*.3#&R (KW" #X (K[$W -(--(;" &6 $7 <K VW#D#(C -#L"# ("#7I?"; %&a3* sy;" (:%I? *?"* & p p $(7I *I l FT"#1"#(') * 2F 5Y; & $1.3&$3K]" % 7#"# 4'/\$% ( "* <#:l ;BA (XI "*I"#T*;C%7 #,')FK\ (Q($(K snn = 7.6GeV pk *BAL" %F;CBAD" <#(IBAO &G$(; ;:5#(L#-*F4 <# ** QE K*C #"I6 KR & F( # \ (Q&; * D -(--(;" &$7 <KY ;BA F(C ;BA, -(-&?F:% j -(--" &$3* <K #-*#4ISBA *$ I<#9%&.3( 8 7#O$:5( *#K Cn $346 Lq t
g ";4./#&H L"#(-*.%'/"I<$(K, "FE 7#9I <#H# -# (Statistical Model of "I<$(K ');#2 $3I "#X4"#4-#Im; * / "FT ( the Early Stage - SMES) [38].g "#$3 #458 K ;'/ (K,$(&C ($(K$% * E./&$ 7 8 ;BAL5&$/ SBA? mc@a ;BA K BAK]$(&C ($` (Kd*;57 K 4 <$% ;FR%&.3( R 7#1$:5 *#K Cn 7I<:5* j L :% S2 54%#&##? = <K1:5 -(*KX;*C%* ;K1 *# " (6 AGS ;* %$:5*F(Y$% 7 ('/*T$[F-#, *# *;C%7 F.3&$3 7# SP S /$(;:%Im7 % (Q& * 2 Z$% <K,% - ;*K ;*C%* ;K, *# $( ("*.3#&9 D; RHIC Dq " &:2'/W "FY 7 1 4" &X#(C ;-( Y"#Y;]"; - 4&#[ `; & $`./&6 $(K $3 C I<'/;$38T&"#2 <#(K=(# #(K="#-#4 <$#(K "#8"#('/; *#( (8" QG (KL (KD & $3KL f# f#"#i<# f"* %&./#(9 7 "* & $(*I VW;-(#K X 2FY*7 Q` (Ke" Q(KW (Ke; & $(KW.3&$(K "#-4')o "#6 -* $% &T "FR 7 X"* S2&*#; R *# [.3*F $% ]$% (] "@N6 RHIC -*,;*C%* K! *BA`" C 7#(IBA1$ *#T"F,*$#T"#R( <#(C%*I 7 / & "F, -(--(;"I $\ BA! F(C ;BA\$f(a3-;Ke*;C%7 *K VW#X$:5( r*i:l* " & # "#="* %&./* *#D-F45#O (KR" 5BZ%K,$%BA IBA $ R AB (P T ) -(--(;" &$7 <K A B Au Au = F O d Au \"#KR (" 5BZ5 ;BAXI BAX$%BA IBAY$3] -(--" &$3* <K`#-;#(IBA,"#-T*./;#(.3 2 F;#L" (7I * 2 >[," 5BZ% #(IBA,`%&-, 5&$/ KR#76 (K`$[*C ;K1 -(--(;" &$7 <K Au Au 7 S@A * 2 "*I"#"*C!.3#;KY$ $:5;$38 (? C I<$% 7# <:5H" 5BZ%9$, -(--(;" &$7 <K F5B *# d Au F );" (7I * *#?I#?.3 F;#?$% <KX -(-4-;" &$7 <K *Q&% 7 d Au *#O$( ("* $ DF LL$( (";.3#&O#.37IS-; * N "#-(7 <$% &E$31 ---" 6 &$* <KY ;BAT" C *#(IBA`$($% * S2& (K ;- (KY &$ * $(K "(F$.3 K \4 F,#%*I3[ T$* &, 7#T$% 7#,$3 ("* $,F %T-R"#( <#(C%*I 7 /^6 &8 "F8 8*C D -(-4-;"I $ *:l7 ; *# *K, F ;KT@A$ R Au Au "#2 -;$7 % (X "@Z-* ;*C%* K` *BAX :% @AX" C 7#4ISBA
q h b q q q :5( 2> &CB <$% *&%> *;57 L*Q&C ($= K1" # k v " F( &CB *Q &%> -F4%#K, KT" ; # BAKT"#K ( 2;C F * 2 Lh v (K -(--(;"I $(K BAK$(&C ($O (K" %F;K?$%BA (K"F4 6 2 7 K & *B 4 <$% ;&%> m #4') * #, ;BA Λ ";#(IBA & *B*$l> " & #K ;BA v 2 Λ 4"*#(IBA, * "* & * NA49 ST AR BAK!$6 &C ($1 K\;l2&$3 K!#K & ;B *Q &%> " &; #K ;BA v 2 π ± p 2 Λ *#,"*I NA49 BAK$(&C ($X (K`;l2&$3 KY#(K
h q q q q :5( (> &CB 4 <$% ;&%> *Q&C ($, "F (R;l2&$3 L# *BAR-F5BA k p/π 2 Λ/Ks L (R; "; #4:5 (KYBZ 4 7 K1 ) = <K1*C *K -(--(;" &$7 <K P b P b $% 9; <$% ;*C%* 7# &B ;Q &%> SP S h ;Q&C ($, "F= (T;l2&$3 L#, *# -F45# p/π % L * L4 &.3#*KR;*C%* ;K & *B 4 <$% ;&%> ;Q&C ($R "F, (5&$3 #R (K[" ; # % R " F( 3% &./#;K1;;C%* *K & ;B ;Q4 &> " & #K " F( CP R 3"CBZ F( $% *# CP SP S $5 F*\"#4-(#4 <$#(K pqcd
k q q q q q q :5( i> [4 <$% ;&%> *;57 1;Q& $3\ *#!-F4%# k < K > / < π > ;$32> ;*C%* ;Q&C ($8 *#E-F%# < K > / < π T;Q4 &> > *;C%7 *Q&C ($T *#-(F4%# < Λ > / < π ± > :5( Cnl> [4 <$% ;&%> *;57 8;Q&C ($? K" # ;$32> E S *;C%7?*Q&C ($= *#-F4%# T;Q4 &> ;;C%* 2 < π > / < N W > *Q&C ($] (KA'/*# $3I Ko"#["#" 7 ( "F` (f"#$3 #45! Ko'/ (K $(&C ($(K!$% *./&$ 7, ;BA K m T
b :5( r5> -F45#2 k R AB (P T )?.3# <$; = F( L π % = ---" 6 &$* <K Au Au d Au $W$3:l*$1W -(-4-;" &$7 <K\#-;#(IBA` R 7 "* & * BRAHMS [39] "&CB $% ;& PHENIX [4] "&CB ;Q4 & PHO- BOS [41] & *B <$% *& f2 STAR [42] & *B *Q & i
b i n r t ( & "F= -(-(-"I $X BAT F(C ;BAT$3!a/-(*K`;;C%* *K ;#( 7#1$3:l( $FY*FKWm;$% 7#` 2 "#Y$($% ( *#K 7##"#2I<#1`:5#( *Q^6 - Q '/ D *IQ7 * D:5 4 <$% &8 (KX & $3KR./&$(KX "FD ( #4 S2 -T$\ T 7# VW :5 ( <$% &= 4 & 7I " <'/ F,; * &-(-#(76 QGP 7 P "FH5;%#FK$T%;5#(FK VW; *# ;K*./;#($*K $( (";.3#;K ("## ;-(; 4'/#([ Y#4'/*," CBAY / -($;BAY$\;"IS"*# Event by - X-# "F(1&('/[%%#(F *#K`Q;:lBA $% &,"#$./;7 5 R( F * Event pq (K` *;(($(K! (K!" <'/ (K1 & $(K`./&$(K ('3@AK 3 *#7I#KY 4 (K! (K ; & $(K2 j (KY-(K"#, #(C%*I 7 Q < I KR (KY;5&-((KY" 5BZ%(K g $%BA 4ISBA F$#O$% *# F$#O $% 7# SP S RHIC -(-&O s (KT *F*(K 2F ;% -4 *(KD" 5BZ%(K8$% <KD;*C%* ;KO 7# ;:57 o%i 7 f( F LHC T" % *#"# 4'/#(Y *I<K Event by Event ; ($* KW l;-(; ;K] (&76 $;BA"#4-(-(@AY" BA ( (&$7 <Ko'/*#( @Ad" ; CBA F"BAKed'/;# $/I Y *#[$36 $% ( 7#KT2 PL*C #"I E 7# *:5#( "# * ('/7IN$ ;*IQ7 <K, K" Q(KT (K ; & $(Kd./&$(K]$3W T-(Yd "#;$*(; quarks 2 gluons -(-&R lbak "*4'/*I KO:5 4 <$% & ;BAE <# ;BA9 *#G$($% ( 7#K="#G( <#57I * 2 ; &= "FL?$l2#($,"((CBA %&-*K14 (&$7 <K (K`*;C%7 (KY"F4 7 K`-F4lB $:5( <$3# droplets ;#(C 7 j X,^6 & $3L.3&$(K*I 2 "C@Z (K &Q(K &( $L* ;(K (first order transition). &QK[ ;; * l T#5($7 $3W $(*:l7 T$% (\* Y'/;F4 7 '3@AKd2 i
q b (Q($ ;BAT4 (&$;BAT (K*;C%7 (KX"42F 4 7 K *Q I KX (K14" Q(K $($:5 $ (@AO;(*I KD-I KD*$ $% 7# $($% ( :l7 c"#-;.%')*iof c#2 g (&$* <Kd#(C &X$% *#YI$3 #R$(*I<#1$% *#1#"#I#1'/ Y;"-'/7 1; & $`./&6 $(K1; ;KY &Q(KY'/? (Q4'/#(n %:5#(;KX"#-(*a37 <KX (K!k lattice QCD "#-"#1F % 7#4I<$3 # F$37I<#,"#T#4 <#('/; *I3 R & $.3&$(K]I6 $%; * )$$:5 &=, *# (#:l( # # $ 1"* <#:l "# -" *# # SP S RHIC $:5; S2&D &8 "FO ("* <#:5L&-((a/K *# LHC %5# &" (Q, 7# ";I# (KY./$/ S2K Event by Event * L -; * 2I :5F( $:5 Im 7 %&*$,d (`"F##,"#T*:5* %$(C ;-;$% 7I2$ ` ;:5#4-(#4I6 e `#')* R (K]#"#I K! " ($#(C 7 5# l :l; ;K["#X:5($3 #"# <# * "F 7 "* & 7 &" QT-# "F( C@AR 4 <:5; C@AR -((a/#(r%&6 eq -"* <#:5X *#X.3 $3 #X:l@A#X -(-&R 5X( F * $l2#($(kd*$(@a!$./# *Kc*;57 ;K ;" "#f (f I:l;($d*FKc%&-#[;#(KZ *BAo" 6 %F*CBAd$BA IBAe F$#`$ *# SP S F$#`2 ($% *# RHIC -(-&! ($% 7#`&*$# -(-#(d$% 7# ("@Z ;Ke-; ;Ko$c;"I";# Q2I ($ [ "F LHC Zb Event by Event * "* & * *# 5- *K\ ;K["; - 4&# <K! (&$* <K$% SP S Ab $%BA 2]"#4-(- "-F4 7! ;BAW./#C <$3;CBAe$%BA 4ISBAd -(-(&` 4 ;BAe.3BZ *#(I6 BA $% *#X-F45# *#X 4 '/#1 *BA!" %F*CBA`2 #(IBA` l" #4ISBA $ *#X (') F.3#C I<#X -($* <K[ ;Kd" &('/!$e;% -4 *;Kd;*C%* ;K] "FX * pb C I$% *# :l "7 & 7 *# RHIC P;- ;K,$,"I";# Event by Event :5* &m * 2 A H C * "# <'/#(8$% ( F4-#4'/"F-$32>[";"* D :lba <$ *#( # 2&$* KR"#=#./*I-#(C * ;;:5#*CBAK "#-* <$ S2&H$% ( -(- %O.3&$(K "FE ;K"#?"# -(# * "F8$% 7 <$% #KT-(F4%#(K ekr"#kt ("@Z = %#I =$(7 <$./#&8 "F ( *KR" #(K:2BA4Im * 2 s1 =$7 &L (KT$3Y(#D %#I*K>1 6 &$3* <KL"#9*O * (&--#(C 7 o "FG%%#(FKL$3 5;%#FK= 2 c&--*k"# 76 * -#(O&"#2 G2 #(.3($3 E c("##(o G 7 &-(-(#(C 7 A$32&('/ %%#(FK Z (&$3* <K= 4 *K ;*C%#(L & 4.3#; F F"# $2&('/ Gb " & #,"#- & 7 $3[;"I";# Event by Event :l7 "#4 7 ('/7I F 3 $3I*K"# #4-#4'/#(X *# $:5( <$F *# g QGP F"BAK\R$%* $X #(IBAYR 2F R4 &$%" $R$(C 7#( <$ (@A ("##(1 "#6 (a/#(t <KX (&$* <KX"#"%&m#, "FL -(-( 5$./&$, (KY-(K $/ *Q- Q! *BA[4 (&$;BA[ "FX <KW :% *Kd$% %*Ke (Ke -(-(-"I $(K g ;:5 7# freeze-out ""7 Y-.'/*I"Fa/]"# *#`;Q :')#(W * 1# $% &X$(46 ";&$ 7 5(CB "F 7#(K(:5 <$#K"#T K`"#2 -#( 4 (&$7 <K"# "#4I# * P$% ( #4 S28.3&$??$3R L *BA "#*$;(;BA quarks gluons "&:5#(,"#-(-;KX" & # "#=- 7#(C * 2 $1"I";# Event by i(i
q q h k b ; *Ko "F <Kc( F ;*Kc'/ `"* %./#(d;d$(c *#7I $% <Ko"F;*K Event " %&.3#K!! "!! P T *$\5&$/ R#\ ;BA["* ("F;BA]$%BA 4ISBA[$o; 1%%#(FKd$:5 Im^6 7 3\ R'/;# $3I 7#$($% ( 7#K! &, $5#($ $3 3# 34 (&76 g $7 <Kf (Kf;$(Ko Ko 7# $o"i";# ') *I 2 ;( I$5'/ ;Kf$% <K P T Event by Event 2&$* K (KX'/*# $3I K"#?*:5#( "#-;.%')*I O <K * (#4-;K.3&6 $7 <Kd$ ;Q& $3! (K QCD Zq < P T > l# 2 C I<$% 7# <:5;K[ (&$* <K[;:57 "#(-*.%'/7I F " *:5#(;7IQ* <K D '); L $##"I E *#?$($% ( *#K 2&$* Kd (KW*$(Ke KW Kd5&$/ K]#K];:5#(!-; ')*I "F 7 "* & * NA49 CERES ST AR VW# "*I P HENIX NA49 * O *#G"C@Z 7#G"#H ;./; Gaussian $( ("*.3#& K= (KL K < P T > $"I";# Event by Event E <K"-;#(*C ;K -(--" &$3* <K P b P b $% ; <$% =*;C%7 D 7# SP S \F"BAK.3 I ; * $% *#D$:56 snn = 17.3GeV 8i - = *#?;$#L -(-(&D 2 (KT $"#&K (KX * #(K q "#7I(dF 2# l #(*;K] (&$7 <K[*I l$(;"*i<k]e <Kd ;F;*K 2&$* K F"BAKO ;KO"#-#4%Im#(C 7 W$3=$% * <$% &#(C ;- " 5BZ%(K $%BA 4ISBA F * O./ F; E $/ <$; H$% (L( C $% * $% F"BAK= -46 --" &$3* <K Coulomb -(-& e $"&$* KE$(C *#( $ (@A -(.%')#(E"Fa3( Ci Cn ($% ( *K`-; ;K[ ;BA 2&$BAX*:l#YI * 3] Event by Event #4'/7 (K=" # Φ r[ -(-& W&-(-(*K?$3:l; ;KD" #(K t " & #K ;" "7 f (9 "#&($ (KD;"I $(K8 *BA9 " ')6 Φ *BA (&$BA *#RF45#T 7#X$($% ( *#Kd"#R7I %./$/ <#-#4 S2F, "&76 :5#(T*Q I KX *BAT (&$3BAT (K" ; # #$3KY&(') -(--(;"I 6 $(K 2&$* KY$% (1*C F * ]# )#"#I;K1! $* & 7#(K#4%#(R$ ; * #4-(*KX *# '/# ;BA#-;#(IBA"#$( ;:5#(T$ <KX$l2#($* K "7 ` 7#4 <$% *IF \ *F;] [ (KA" # $% (f";4is" *BA$ Φ (K]" 5BZ%(K!1$3$3:l; <$*CBA`$%BA IBA`7I 5#(C &$% *# PT l *Kd (K pb " # (Ko"#!"#24" 7#([% 1 -(-4-;" &$7 <K pp -(-(& " 6 "(( C C Si Si 2 P b P b Z$f;*C%*.3 I #(C 7 s NN = 17.3GeV $% 7#T$:5( i iybak[$(&c ($Y *#R;$#X 4 '/#X *BA`#-*#4ISBAY"#R$(M6 in
k q b :5(,i (> 5 2&$* K! (K[*$(K k (KY (K15&$3 KR#(K1 L; 6 *K] -(--" &$3* <K P b P b F"BAK[^6 4'/ X "F, 7#"7I NA49 ;:5#(\$% <Kd -(-(-" &$* K &-($`" 5 *#"# 4'/]$% (d"* <#:l Zq (K BZ * KL"#9#4Im * 2 c "FG *#G &$% ( %> VW "# -^6 4. < y < 5.5 $ 7 9./ ;@A#(? H$( C 8$(7 <$.3#&HO$% 7 <$% @AD (&$BA H 7 G-.34 &G$($% ( 7 C C Si Si X -(-&H2 Z <K=";.3** 2;K -(--(;" &$7 <K F# "# -;$3 * 8*:l#=" #($3 $% 7IN "F P b P bh *#?"*I P HENIX 7# RHIC VW-#K $( C *KR (&$7 <K $1*C ;K -(-4-;" &$7 <K P b P b Au Au $% <KX2;C *KT"* <#:l*k (KBZ24 7 KX;:5#(.3* '/*Ij "F= * L"* & * CERES *# SP S N ST AR 7# RHIC i s C I$% *# :l :5( i i2> ;Q& $3 (KE" ^6 # "F *#( 4 '/F ;BA #6 Φ -*#4ISBA"#,$( ;:5#(R$% (X -(-6 PT -"I $ ( *%* snn = 17.3GeV i4r
q k k g b Ù b i Ù b n!!!!!! "#4-(- "-F4 7 O ;BA " 5F;CBA$%BA 4ISBA7I D"#4-?$( S2=" 6 & #K"#L:5 (Im* 7#D$3$ L"#L #(C%*I 7 N &O "F8 O$6 #($ BA, F(C *BA ) (&$3* <KR (KY$%BA 4 (KX"#-(- "-F 4 7 K $e;"i";# Event by Event ("##(! R "# ;-(*$#(!; R&;$#R:5 ( <$% F (K" Q(K (K,.3&$(K ;BA=;-(*4'/;CBA quarks 2 #4-(-;K,M'/## gluons Lh "# &(')42 X, T;- T 7#T 7#T*I#K ;BA1 (&$3BA Q I K 7#L%;5#(F 7#KF?$BA?"#-(- "-F 4 7 E ("#7IN O"; 6 %./*IN "F Gaussian 7 #*K * O"7 & 7 NA49 Si p Si(i *# W A98 SP S :5($3 #"#2I($ d d# - <$;[4 $%"#&!!:l (I<$3#(W"#$# 6 & <Kf (&$3* <Kf 7#! <'/#\ ;BAW" %F*CBA]$BA IBA d&$\*fk Pk "-#?#(C -#L"#="* %&./* * O$( *:5# * D$X 8 ---"I $=#6 -*F4 "#-(- "-F *? ;BAT" %F;BA,$BA IBA ("#*Ij?"; <5.37I "FL $:5*$,i $3 /# ) (&$3* <KR ("##(T =;-(; 4'/#(X[&$, g "-;.3 $ F"BAKX (K1$:5;$(KXi ) (&$7 <KX (KX$%BA (K "#4-(-( "-(F * K.3#C <$* G$%BA I 92 A.3BZ F4 $,.3# *K=-&6 $7 <K *C F * K./ I #(C * p$% *#H$:5( 9i VW 9"7 &G "# -*$ * ii \$l2i #(C * f? &.3# #(C ;- F"BAKD *# VW "# -;$3 6 V ENS 7 D 4 &O./ I 7 O*:5# * $X$(.BAI OX &D"#"#24" 7#( "FO; #(C ;-(#,"#T"; %&.3* 3 * $(; ;:5#(C *,$% ( -(--"I $3#-*F4 2-4&7 "Fa/1 <K (&$7 <KY K\" #T#($(K N = N part i=1 n i i ω x = σ2 x i i < X > 24 (&$7 <K\ (Kd$%BA 2K["#4-(-( "-(F * K[;- 4'/ \ 2 5 "FT 7# "7I NA49 2 7 T C I$% *# :l "# -;$3 * R(#$/ * 42 \"F$./ *!Si 7#9$:5( Ei ro.3 I ; * PD# - $;O $"#&EBAK,$(& $3= (K2;C 6 F * K! (K[ ---"I $(K\%, & ') &, -(-(& 3F- *,$%BA I 7 I,$:5( *,.3 I #(C 7 %2 # 3 C I<$ *# <:5*K! ;K!./FCBAX #( @AX#(76 ;-BAL"#8-; ')42 " & #K % H * 9"* & ;#* 9q i(t
k b 6 6 γ-like data 5 γ 5 Model Model VENS 4 VENS 4 ω γ 3 ω ch 3 2 2 1 1 5 1 15 2 25 3 35 4 <N part > 5 1 15 2 25 3 35 4 <N part > :5( Xi n2> (&$7 <K] Kd$%BA (KW"#4-(- "-F4 7 Kd R.BZ F( 1.3#C <$* $%BA& BAK\$(&C ($Y *#R ')#R ;BAY$( *:lf(c *BA`#-*#6 IBAOF"BAKL; 4'/ O "FG 7#H"7I W A98 $ -(-(-" &$* K P b P b $;*C%* VW H "# -;$3 * $5I #(C * 2 ZT 7 9 C I6 snn = 17.3GeV $% 7# <:5 L "F?; L# -#"# " <$% &L $3 ("*.3#&= ;BAR$3; ;:5F(C ;BA #-*#4ISBAR --&, 3 "F *# V enus ;./ Im7 5 X##4 7#( T;Q&C ($X "F `;C 4 S2F4 7 -( 4&#(C * K! <$ L D$% <K" <#E"*.3;* *K, ---" &$* <K \C I ') * 7 P b P b #(C -,"#;Q; &$% 1" &5#R$3:l*F( Poissonian 2 * #;KY"#-(- "-F6 * K98$("7 # - $; $%"#& *#(KH G*.3 Im7 W2&"# I **Q&C ($ "F, Y*C F *!! K/π \:% S2;K,'/;BA S2;K - *K in i4r f"f * L$% ("*I" ;BA$O (K,4" Q(K %&-(BAG./#C@A $% ( ; ') -("*I (KE #( (K -((K82 ] *# ( QGP "##" S2 (K1" Q(K14 (&$;BA"#,') =I #(C *, C -" ;K1#(C &D$% '/*# $3I?"# '/?% F 7 == 7 #-=$.3&$ - =#(C &O$% ( I$3 D'/;# $3I VW#E%;5#(FK F9" *:5 * 2 Z 9*:5* P"I" *BA$8$% *# T c #(;# $3="I";# Event by Event -F45# *#G 4 '/#G *BA8" 5F;CBA i
k q :5?i r5> # - <$; $"#& k (KH2 * #(K *# '/# ;BA " 6 %F*CBA $%BA 4ISBA % &.3# <$; "&CB %&./( % '/^6 &R.3# <$; *$ I<#X%&./( Z 2,F4-( * $%BA I & ;B %&./( $O -(-4-;" &$7 <KH4.3FCBA $3$ 6 & ;BA$1;*C%* snn = 17.3GeV $% *#9"*I VW "# -;$ (6 NA49 * G$5I #(C 7 p &./# #( & #(C - #4ISBA9 c" <#(IBA %:5#(# o"#-#4 <$#Io&#(E-F45# %./#; S2 $( ("*.3#& *BAR (&$3BAX"#,"#-#4%Im#(C 7 j$!;"is"*# Event by Event #(C & $% X$(# T% X"#T :lbaim7 <K!#,.3&$* <K! --& " <# $6 ; ; #(C &Y$% *#-%F;# :l7 ("# * '/*I(F \" &; #K tricritical point. g ;*I?"#D*I s" <#E* 2I<$5'/ =$%? & $3L.3&$(KR (K *I 2 #D-F45#K QCD K/π VWF$# *# "7I NA49 7# F$3# / *# "7I SP S ST AR *# RHIC ;-(; ($ 2 Z(#$3I;($ = * "# -*$ &E 7#(K,5(CB "F9 7#H; #(;# Event by Event -F%#R F F$./ ;K] -($7 <Ke *#`-F%# Zh [K K ]/[π π ] -(-&Y2 7# [p p]/[π π ] " % *#"#2 4'/ `$o; ;K] -(-(-" 6 &$* K P b P b $]*;57 ;K`$% 7 ('/*#T$% F:5#i n r R 2 t AGeV "F 7#,"*I NA49 it i i i `F4-;K! <KY;*C%* ;K` *# ck 3.5% *BA1" <# *C @A -(--(;" &$;BA*:l7 " -%7I ) * #;KT *BAT-F4lBA #(IBA Rb i
k k n b b q "#KY" <#(IBAR 2 )"CBZ *#(IBAX"#KY" <#(IBAT =*;C%7 *K1i r T2 t AGeV.3 2I # * j I<$% *#2 <:5?$% 7 =$:5( *?i tt2 i $(* <$3.3#&?$% <KY 7 #*K ]q "FX (&$* <K[$% (W"#4-(- "-F4 7 1 --&1 2 "FR./ F; Y"# "#4I# * $% 7#X 4 <:5; " -*I./# * j! R#4'/* (K'/F# & Q(K1%%#(F ;BA VW ; <5* 5;%#F4 7 :5($3 #"# #(E <KOI ;K (event mixing methods). M')F#(K!"#$ #4%KYF"BAK! 2 7 " % &%%#(F * Events 4 PbPb 2 AGeV 1 Data Mixed Events 1 3 σ dyn = 7.2/-1.2% Events 4 PbPb 4 AGeV 1 Data Mixed Events 1 3 σ dyn = 4.8/-.56% Events 4 PbPb 158 AGeV 1 Data Mixed Events 1 3 σ dyn = 3.1/-.4% 1 2 1 1.5 1 1.5 2 - [K K ]/[π π - ] 1 2 1 1.2.4.6.8 1 - [K K ]/[π π - ] 1 2 1 1.2.4 - [K K ]/[π π - ] :5( Ti t2> * #;K[ *#Y-F%# [K K ]/[π π ] T * X"* & *#; 2 * %%#(F * & Q(K` * <K;*C%* ;K *# SP S Events 1 4 1 3 PbPb 2 AGeV Data Mixed Events σ dyn = -8.3/-.34% Events 1 4 1 3 PbPb 4 AGeV Data Mixed Events σ dyn = -7/-.17% Events 1 4 1 3 PbPb 158 AGeV Data Mixed Events σ dyn = -4.7/-.17% 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 [pp]/[π π - ] 1.5 1 1.5 2 [pp]/[π π - ] 1.2.4.6 [pp]/[π π - ] :5( i l> A 7 #*K? 7#H-(F4%# [p p]/[π π * G"* & ] *#; 2 * %%#(F * & Q(K` * <K;*C%* ;K *# SP S s Y&('/e*I %!; I($\ ;BA[( @A\ (&$BA[I 7 *$%BE (K $5 <$3Kc ;BAe*(C@Af ;BAe2 * # (@AW *BAe" % @Ad ;BAe ; <5*CBA %%#(F ;BA " & #KD"# "#" * c -(7I * 2 fi ; * f "F σ $:5;$3Ti dyn. i
k q σ dyn. = sign(σ 2 data σ2 mixed ) σ 2 data σ2 mixed. i VW#$:5( Ti *I<:57 l Y$( ("*.3#&X (K]" ; #X (Kd$d$(&C ($ X ( ;*C%* 8 O *#(K-(F4%#(K [K K ]/[π π ] $% ;FO%&.3( 2 [p p]/[π π ] *QIj%&./( 4 (&$7 <KR *#-F%# *I 2 Rb K/π '/; ;K j* @A#(C 7 )! (X;*C%* \C I ') * # ) (&$* <K1 7#-F4%# *I j S2;KR./#=# ) * #;KR *BAT" % @A *#*CBA7I j" <# p/π $% *;K! "F K` C I<$ *# <:5*K *BAY ; %*CBA % *K ;K!4 (&76 ob $7 <K[ ("##( RI #(! 7 # ;K!!-.'/#(!"Fa3(`#2 2$3 *#( <$#2I57I # "#X $"@AC * $e"cbz F( T2 l" F4 VW#;"IS"*#T *BA` 4 @AY C@A` 6 (&$BA! ("#*I2 R$:5 Im; * 2e $3:l; $(7 <$./#&X ;BA\"# F ;BA! *BA $(C 7#( <$ (@A1$% ( ;- S2T &$% * $3 K` -(--"I $3K n Dynamical Fluctuations [%] 1 8 6 4 2 (K K - )/(π π - ) Data rqmd v1.3 5 1 15 2 Dynamical Fluctuations [%] -2-4 -6-8 -1 (p p)/(π π - ) Data rqmd v1.3 5 1 15 2 sqrt(s) sqrt(s) :5( Ti 2> ;*C%* X;Q&C ($! 7#$( 7#KW *BA Event by Event (&76 $;BAf ;BAf-F4lBA [K K ]/[π π ] <$% *F!%&./ 2 [p p]/[π π ] ;Q4I%&.3( p% * R"7 &,;#; R2 l *#T#(C ;-# VW rqmd $($% ( &,$./&- *.3 2I # * /$% * $:5( 7 BAK!54 3mC@A;K VW 8;#* 8$5I<'/ X *# string-hadronic model rqmd Si 7#,k #(C ;-(# 4 F;R"* <$3;:5#(C * 2 j (&$7 <KY"#,"#;:l#(C 7 j "F; & $./&$(K *C@ # 3$(C *#( <$3#I5 ('/@AK\ %# 3$($:5 <$3#I5$%BA IBA`-F45B F (BA i
(($(Kd$3 ("* - 4&#(C * 2 ;Q&C ($1 "FT (!;;C%* *#Y-F%# cq p/π $% 7# $3 ("I" 7 \ (X C I<$% 7# <:5,$((";.3#& ;BA1"* @ATM6 rqmd #*CBALF"BAK=.3 I ; * Z A$ *#9$3:l( i \4 FH "# -*IA F G H*7 Q (K?$3$3:l; <$(K? ;BAE S@AH 2&$BAHL G &$" $ ;BAH$(C *#( 6 $ (@A ]"F9 (=&-(-?* &9F (BAK, *#9# -#9 FE;=("#*IP 9"; %&a3* (T$( (";4./#&L *#,-F%# K/π ;BAT"* @A *#*CBA Q < I KR *#!g %%#(F *#KF4 R$(* <$3.3#& ;BA1$(C 7#4 <$ (@A --&m* % &] Y;*76 %* ("#*I) ;Q :2'/*I3 *#$(("* $ F 3$ *#,-F%#= F # )$(C 7#4 <$#I3; $(7 <$.3*#(1$( C & $% *# $( VW#L"*I ST AR $% 7# RHIC " % 7#"#IS$31;"I<$(KX = C I<$ *# <:5M6 - H%B "F 7# Event by Event -F%# K/π $? -(-(-" &$* K Au Au $ ;;C%* *K snn = 62.4GeV s NN = 2GeV n VW# $3:l( i 7I<:5* N ( 7 #O 7#D-F%# K/π E 7# 5% ;BA" <#9; @AL -(--^6 " &$3BA Au Au $% E; <$% E*;C%7 G 7# Z 7 #*K= F$3# RHIC b ;BA"* S@A;#;CBA F$#L2 *BA ; %*CBA,5;%#F4 *BA" #6 $3 &m#(c 7 c - ; $5 <$ VW#G"7I ST AR ($;"I<$(K= 7#(K -F%#(K K /π 2 K /π 2 5 ;-Q]$% K] *K> σ dyn. = 3.6 ±.88% 2 σ dyn. = 3.61±.67% C I<$% 7# <:5 7#$:5( i [.3 I ; * [*Q&C ($] (Kp" 6 ck # "F (`;*C%* *I 7 ; <$% X 1 K[" # σ dyn. ph F **;57 *# SP S *C@ F"BAK1*I ` )" <#"4 #4-#4'/*I L" C@A$3Si n A;:5 j ;% $% =;;C%*? *# s L KT% - ;*K SP S ;;C%* *K! *# RHIC " (*I< * ) " "-;#(X (Q($!! VW#9;% -4 *#8"-;#(; ( 8 (K;- (K4 (&$;BA="#$# ;BA="#O 6 (#(C 7 7I F #O:5F(#K;.3($(:5 $#$X;?'/* F?$3$?*I " <# %&-#KR "FL 7# C I<$ *# <:5#8:5F(#?"#$# ;BA"#; (#(C 7 ekr$6 ;"* # c (&$7 <K? ;BAO (#(;BAO" ; CBA F"BAK= 7# -(; F.3#C I<#TY 5#Y (#( FK! '/FK ("##(`**:l#;cbak[ R" ;:5#(!"-(#6.3#I "#T"#;:5 7 / ";4'/7I K "F <K :% ;K1$% %;K` *#$($% ( *#K\"# ( <#(C%7I * j; & "F= $5#($"((CBAX$`(a3-;K;*C%* ;K $% <5*K &, <KY#"#I;K( :5#(R./# #2I% (')#I;-(*4'/;I K E F 8"-;#( O *BA- C@A, *BA,4 (&$;BA *#D- # g.3#c I<#T --& 5 7#Y (#( #T 4 '/#*I 5R* 2 <$5'/($3I 4 C@A` ;BA;%^6 '3@A[$% *#Y- $ S2FR.3#C I#X"#`;:5#([ * e$("7 Y 1"#$.3*#( quarks = F L;* Q (K" Q(KY (K.3&$(K` ;BA-;4'/*CBA quarks gluons n
, * *, * * * *, *, ( * * *, * *, *, &, * * * X Events 3 1 (a) Data Mixed events 8 7 (b) SPS (PbPb) RHIC (AuAu, STAR Preliminary) 2 1 1 AuAu 2 GeV STAR Preliminary (%) σ dyn 6 5 4 1 3.2.4.6.8.1.12.14 Single event K/pi ratio 1 2 1 s (GeV) (a) K/π "!#$%&'!#()!./)! *-, &1 )2!#3)4 576"&8 4 &1%! 69&!:5 AuAu 6"&;&/./(< &!# s NN = 2GeV &/)&(< &!# =&/3 ())4694>69 5?@8!# )6"&1@8 (b) Event by Event, @82 A @8 K/π "!#B&/).(< &!#&/5C%D3)&! )E F %G! F6 SP S RHIC!# ) ()4 6"4I6" )A! E$9(<K:CL 69! 4 &K 6")4M&3)!:6"4@8N %!@8 H, *!# )6"&1@8FL(<K:D% () FOA G'G69E6")4 D 4"PL&K"A%Q94 R!!# )6"&'!:5GS4 & )(! E?9()K:S %()ET)& 9()6 E T %)4 6".6"4D WV < (δq) 2 >=< Q 2 > < Q > 2 V Y, X % &K )!8' PL()=9(<KZ>%[ &/)(!#.1!\6 )4 T%&/(!ZA ]% EA% )&'!\ Q A!: )&/) 577)4C%&/(K% /@8694FEA%()3)4 5 QGP!!# )69&!:5$' PL()E^4 &`, )(A! EF9()K:F&/3(<<a8<'! %^'F)&1)( @8F/@8 6"! a8l(<k@8$@8 quarks cbd!e)[) &'K3 &GA) c)4 B&/3 (<)4 6"4fg%().1%&'!g)!#!#().6" &D)4, %( &1)() < (δq) 2 > &h (A! PL D/@86"@8! K@8C F G &N)4 C&<)() %K#, 'i6" 6 ) 5Ahj?!# G%()6"./!Z6"4G)452&/<)( %K#5 K )&1'!k %B ^(! PL @8h9(<!:6".<@86"@8! K@8N)4 57)&1! 5 6 '6"4 5Af %)&74%( &1)(5N #l %()./%&!)$&'K!&/ K:6 Pk4A)46 )4 me%(3)4 6"! a8nl(<k@8! 6" ).1%&'!# 6 )4 -E%()3)4F)4 5C 6"4 5 QGP < (δq) 2 > < N ch. > op nly
% & c&"# #Kc C * $% ($* F"# #] '/FK h N ch. N q N g N ;BA g gluons F X O (,";4IS" *BA$= 7# QGP *#L *I<#D" <#(IBA;:5#( C I$% *# :l > < (δq) 2 > < N ch. > QGP.2 i < (δq) 2 > < N ch. > π gas = 1 \1&"# <#K1;" &--7 2 <K &-(--;K4 <# '3@A$3* <K-(F45B ( C (K$% 7 6 <$% (K -(-&E2 A?-(.%'/#(?4"Fa3(L# A $%"&$7 <K *BAL$(C 7#4 <$ (@A F, ; <# #(IBAR -(-&2 ("*I" ;BA$T *# ni ;:5#(> QGP i < (δq) 2 > < N ch. > hadrongas.75 i < (δq) 2 > < N ch. > QGP.25.4 s ` `- ($7 C *I<Kf"7 &Y (c" #`"&CB8" & #*e*i " 76 *K, 9 $3* N "-&E <K 2&$* K *#O2 ('/ #8.3#C I#8 Z *#(L 4 '/F ;BA=" %F*CBAL./#C <$*CBAL$BA IBA=Q;:lBA $% & N (&$7 <K *# 8b (') #T./#C I<#R;Q C@AC * &;$ "F *#;%M'/#K[ 7#R$($% ( *#Kd 2 l & $(;"* "F <K C I<$% 7# <:5;K1 (&$3* <KY (K! K` K\" #2#($(K K! -(--(;"I $(K $3 l 7#./ F;# *BA (&$BAY *#RF45#""7 g [&"# # F"# " -((.'/*I 1&$?F-#O 7# " #8"&CB.3# - <$FE --&O 2 <K" #(;*K6 $%#4-I;K # o (&$7 <KD *#H (') #G- #./#C I<#;- 4'/ D * O :5 &9 "# -;$ * n(n nr nt n p** Q F4 s$% <KT4 (&$7 <K 4 *K ( :57I5 *#.3 F*#T (K[ (($(Kd 7#R#4- #T.3# I<#n n n )2 5F &-(-;K $(7 <$.3#;K D4"&:5#( *I A S2;K Hb Event by Event 4 (&76 $7 <K, *#O '/ #9.3#C I#E ;#(C 7 A ;:5#(? S2O 8$% (";I" *BA$ -(- %(K`.3&$3K <r ni ni i
k q Φ q.1 - (a) 2 AGeV 3 AGeV 4 AGeV 8 AGeV 16 AGeV GCC Φ q.2 (b) QGPhadronization -.1 -.2 -.3.1.2.3.4 <N ch >/<N ch > tot -.2 -.4 -.6 2 AGeV 3 AGeV QGP 4 AGeV 8 AGeV 16 AGeV -.8.1.2.3.4 <N ch >/<N ch > tot :5( i 2> ;Q& $3? *BA "FH *#E-F4%#9 *BAL$%BA IBA?"# Φ q Φ -#(C 7 3% *C *K -(--(;" &$7 <K q P b P b $% <K`*;C%7 *K! *# SP S.3#; ;KD" & # c G 9;-(; 8 ;BAO 2&$BA8 4 C@A8*:5#( "# 7 ('/*I( "F` * "* & * NA49 P HENIX 1 "F *Kc7I ST AR 8" & #K "#9:l$/ #"# *I 7 o "F *#H"*I Φ q NA49 p#im; * BAK4> " &; #K $/Im * 2 $ *#O%CBA$% F8;5'/#K Φ q = Φ q Φ q,gcc q Φ q Φ ;BA1 (&$3BA Event by Event <r n ;@ 7I R R (K Φ q,gcc Φ $% (d";i" ;BA$3!"#! 7 Y$%BA I4 X7I $($:5 $; 1F(#1 "F1 ]" Q! (K q (($(K\ 7##4- S2#./#C I<#Sn VW#,$:5( i X7I<:5* l (`*Q&C ($1 (K 2 "F 7#R-F%# Φ q Φ q < N ch. > T <Ke*C ;K[ -(--(;" &$7 <K / < N ch. > total P b P b F4-(BA\ ;BA\;*C%* @A 7# SP S <ri (7I * O$(;:5(KX*IBA$ (K '3@AKT#?-(F4%#KT 7# Rh Φ 4 '/# ;BA\$%BA IBA]"# -(# * 2% -(@A7 \ FY q ("#*I X "#CBP'/7I 7 <$&5BAC 7 K! R (($1 *#T#- #.3# I<#T$ ` RF(X"%R$($:5 <$ (@A ["FG (D&--; & # p ;KL K 7I p#(c & $% 7# F"BAK? *F * Φ = * <#" <#(IBAR"#$:5 Im#(C 7 )F(# "F 4 $3T *##4- S2#.3#C I# q Sn VW "# -;$ * "FH* # -#9"#O-( 4&* Z"Fa/(L 8 &$" $ $(C 7#( <$ (@A <ri n!*i<:5#gf W 4 &$%" $ 7# ;$#(I# #%*Id$% ( (Q($ ;BAR :5 @A $%.3&$ QGP e 2&$BAR$ 1 Φ q 2 & $3"* G $%;"&$* A (L &* QH (K," Q(K (K.3&$(K (K$% 7# SP S n(n