«Κάπνισµα: ο πιο σηµαντικός παράγοντας κινδύνου για καρδιαγγειακές παθήσεις» Γεώργιος Σ. Γκουµάς MD, PhD, FESC Αν. Διευθυντής Β Καρδιολ. Κλινικής, Ευρωκλινική Αθηνών Πρόεδρος Οµάδας Εργασίας Πρόληψης και Επιδηµιολογίας της ΕΚΕ
Σύγκρουση συµφερόντων Έχω λάβει αµοιβή για οµιλίες από τη Pfizer
Smoking Is Related To 5 of the Top 10 Leading Causes of Death Worldwide 1 in 10 adult deaths are smoking-related 2 500,000,000 people alive today will die from smoking-related causes 2 WHO top ten causes of death 3 Ischemic heart disease Cerebrovascular disease COPD Lower respiratory infections Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers Diabetes Hypertensive heart disease Stomach cancer Tuberculosis Colon and rectum cancers 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 Deaths (thousands) Causes Related to Smoking 1. Surgeon General s Report, 2004. 2. World Bank, 1999. 3. World Health Organization, 2003.
Smoking: The Leading Risk Factor for Disease and Disability in Developed Countries Overall, 12% of all disease burden in developed countries is associated with tobacco use WHO top ten risk factors for disability Tobacco Blood Pressure Alcohol Cholesterol Overweight Low fruit and vegetable intake Physical inactivity Illicit drugs Unsafe sex Iron deficiency 1 DALY = Loss of 1 year of equivalent full health World Health Organization, 2002 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% Attributable DALYs
And An Increasing Problem in Low Mortality Developing Countries Tobacco is the third greatest risk factor for disability in developing countries WHO top ten risk factors for disability Alcohol Blood Pressure Tobacco Underweight Overweight Cholesterol Low fruit and vegetable intake Indoor smoke from solid fluids Iron deficiency Unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% Attributable DALYs 1 DALY = Loss of 1 year of equivalent full health World Health Organization, 2002
Deaths from smoking are increasing Deaths 3 2,5 2 1,5 Developed Countries Developing Countries 1,3 2,4 2,4 2007 3,5 millions deaths/year 10.000 deaths/day By 2030 10 millions deaths/year 1 0,5 0,3 0,2 Smoking may kill 1 billion people during the 21 st century 0 1950 1975 2000 1. Mackay J, Eriksen M. The Tobacco Atlas. World Health Organization; 2002. 2. Mackay J, Eriksen M. The Tobacco Atlas. World Health Organization; 2006.
Men 34% Western Europe 47% East Europe Women 25% Western Europe 20% East Europe Greece has the greatest percentage of smokers among the countries Western Europe 37.6%
Smoking: The essential and often unique risk factor for acute coronary syndromes in young adults 6,448 patients with STEMI The prevalence of smoking is very important in myocardial infarction under 50 years.with the same prevalence among men and women % of smokers by age and gender 0.97 0.94 0.74 0.83 0.55 0.60 0.68 0.40 0.18 0.25 Global Female/Male prevalence = 0.38 Adapted from Thomas D et al. Poster presented at French Society Cardiology January 2007
Smoking and MI in younger age <50 years 50-59 years 60-69 years 70-79 years 80 years Men n=1139 Wome n n=112 Men n=1372 Wome n n=167 Men n=1778 Wome n n=492 Men n=986 Wome n n=534 Men n=479 Wome n n=374 In-hospital 3 16 5 5 8 10 14 19 28 33 mortality rates Smoking 93* 78* 87 51 78 30 68 10* 62 4 Diabetes 10 27 16 39 24 44* 29* 43 26 40 Hypercholesterolaemia 39* 30 37 47 33 49* 25 44 18 29 Hypertension 21 43 35 53 44 62 52* 69* 52 68 Heredity 37* 36 34 37* 26 28 20 23 14 16 History of MI 10 4 19 11 21 14 23* 17* 23 13 Thrombolysi s 66* 54* 57 53 54 46 36 28 16 13 Himonas Ε, Andrikopoulos G, Richter D, et al. ACC 1999
Smoking and Stroke Smoking is the cause for 12% to 14% of all deaths from stroke Risk for Stroke increases by smoking acutely: thrombus formation In the long run: favors atherosclerosis
Smoking and peripheral arterial disease 20% of smokers > 55 years suffer from PAD Build-up of atherosclerotic plaque in arterial wall
Smoking and abdominal aorta aneurysm 12.0 Odds Ratio (95% CI) a 9.0 6.0 3.0 0.0 1.0 0.7 3.0 2.9 Nonsmokers 1 to 9 10 to 19 20 to 24 25 Cigarettes/Day Current Smokers 5.5 Vardulaki et al. Br J Surg. 2000;87(2):195-200
But most important
Cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation in secondary prevention 18,000 Cost in per life year gained 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 Smoking cessation 110 to 280 per life year gained 0 Quist-Paulsen P et al. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2006;13:274-80
Deaths prevented or postponed through risk factors management 35,000 Θάνατοι που Προλαµβάνονται ή Αναβάλλονται (N) 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 24680 10,000 5,000 4710 7235 0 Smoking Cessation Cholesterol treatment Hypertension treatment Unal B et al. BMJ. 2005;331:1 6
Passive smoking and CAD risk Proportion With Major CAD 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0 Light active a Heavy passive b Light passive c 0 5 10 15 20 Years of Follow up
Passive smoking 20% 30% risk for lung cancer 25% 30% risk for CVD Causes and deteriorates asthma and COPD
A non-smoker spending 3 hours in a restaurant 300 m 2 inhales at least 40 carcinogens Consultation Report, International Consultation on Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) and Child Health, 11-14 January 1999, Geneva.
Meta-analysis of the effect of comprehensive smoke-free legislation on acute coronary events - 10% 0.90 (95% CI 0.86 to 0.94) D F Mackay et al Heart 2010;96:1525-1530
«Giving up smoking is the easiest thing in the world. I know because I've done it thousands of times» Marc Twain Πηγή εικόνας: Appleton's Journal 4 Ιουλίου, 1874
Do smokers want to smoke? Source: 2009 New Zealand Tobacco Use Survey 4 in 5 smokers said that they would not smoke if they had their life over again Females were significantly more likely than males to say this 3 in 5 had tried to quit in the last 5 years
Εθισµός στη Νικοτίνη Πραγµατικός εθισµός σε ναρκωτική ουσία Απαιτεί µακροχρόνια κλινική παρέµβαση, όπως συµβαίνει και µε άλλες εθιστικές διαταραχές Η υποτροπή είναι συνήθης και οφείλεται στη φύση του εθισµού, και όχι στην αποτυχία του ατόµου Η µακροχρόνια αποχή από το κάπνισµα για εκείνους που προσπαθούν να το διακόψουν χωρίς βοήθεια είναι 3% 5% Οι περισσότεροι εµφανίζουν υποτροπή εντός των πρώτων 8 ηµερών
Ο Κύκλος του Εθισµού στη Νικοτίνη Νικοτίνη αύξηση ντοπαµίνης Ντοπαµίνη Ντοπαµίνη αισθήµατα ευχαρίστησης και ηρεµίας Νικοτίνη Μείωση ντοπαµίνης µεταξύ των τσιγάρων συµπτώµατα στέρησης έντονη επιθυµία για νικοτίνη, ώστε να προκληθεί µεγαλύτερη απελευθέρωση ντοπαµίνης για την αποκατάσταση των αισθηµάτων ευχαρίστησης και ηρεµίας Jarvis MJ. BMJ. 2004; 328:277-279. 2. Picciotto MR, et al. Nicotine and Tob Res. 1999: Suppl 2:S121-S125
Εξάρτηση από τον Καπνό και Περιβαλλοντική Ενίσχυση Συµπεριφοράς Νικοτίνη σωµατική εξάρτηση ελαφριά προς µέτρια Περιβαλλοντικά/κοινωνικά ερεθίσµατα που έχουν συνδεθεί µε το κάπνισµα διαδραµατίζουν βασικό ρόλο στην ενίσχυση της εξάρτησης από τη νικοτίνη ψυχολογική εξάρτηση πολύ ισχυρή Caggiula AR et al. Psychol Behavior. 2002;77:683 687
Σύνδροµο Στέρησης B#"$"@%/ ( () (*, *-.<.+("#/ ) + @# µ : (<4 εβδοµάδες) 2!"#$%& ()(* + *,#-.µ.,)/0* (<4 εβδοµάδες) 2 Σύνδροµο Στέρησης 1D-,0* / A%* ( * $* =3: 7-,. # (<4 εβδοµάδες) 2 1#2)µ3, ) $"2) + - $ /4)5) /6µ*(%&.7 89$. #: (>10 εβδοµάδες) 2 ;<=.: (µπορεί να αυξηθεί ή να µειωθεί µε τη διακοπή του καπνίσµατος) 1,2 >#/?. $0* + &* ( * @4%- ( %&+ A%9@"/ ) (<4 εβδοµάδες) 2 >#/ &. 40* C#<&3, ( $6 / ) : (<4 εβδοµάδες) 2
Tobacco Addiction it is difficult to identify any other condition that presents such a mix of lethality, prevalence and neglect despite effective and readily available interventions. Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence. 2008 Update. Clinical Practice Guideline. USDHHS. 5
Tobacco Industry is the BIG problem! Millions are spent in fixed studies, publications and congresses Scientists, journalists and politicians are in the paylist and support their causes Hanners, D. Scientists were paid to write letters: tobacco industry sought to discredit EPA report, Pioneer Planet, August 1998. Memo from Sharon Boyse, Note on a special meeting of the UK Industry on Environmental Tobacco Smoke, London, 17 February 1988. On www.pmdocs.com at 2063791182-187.
Anti-Smoking support after a CV event EUROASPIRE III 100 90 80 90.7 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 34.6 n = 13,935 Smokers 1/3 10 0 14.3 Verbal advice Written advice Seek professional help or prescribed pharmacological support Adapted from Kotseva K et al. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2009;16:121-37.
Barriers to providing support to smokers It s down to willpower - there s really nothing that I can do I ve told him before and he probably does not want to hear it again I ll leave it to the family physician I should help him, but I just don t have the time I am not sure about smoking cessation treatments
Belief that nothing works Perception that smoking cessation interventions are not effective RAUPACH et al. 2011. Knowledge gaps about smoking cessation in hospitalized patients and their doctors. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2011 Apr;18(2):334-41
Not sure what to do? Lack of knowledge Lack of skills THY et al. 2007. Hospital doctors' attitudes toward giving their patients smoking cessation help. Clin Respir J, 1, 30-36.
Limited or no access No reimbursement of treatment Treatments not available VAUGHN et al. 2002. Organizational and provider characteristics fostering smoking cessation practice guideline adherence: an empi look. Journal Ambul Care Manage, 25, 17-31.
Don t like telling people what to do Don t like telling people what to do We have ways of MAKING you stop! Most smokers want to quit Its about providing support VAUGHN et al. 2002. Organizational and provider characteristics fostering smoking cessation practice guideline adherence: an empi look. J Ambul Care Manag, 25, 17-31.
Social Norms and Tobacco Our attitudes have changed, but Things have changed since then??? our approaches to cessation are out-dated! 7
Many health professionals smoke despite knowing the risk Επιπολασµός Καπνιστών (%) 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 3 4 Αυστραλία ΗΒ 6 Σουηδία 8 Βραζιλία 11 Βενεζουέλα 13 15 19 Καναδάς Πολωνία Μεξικό 27 30 35 35 Κίνα Αργεντινή Ισπανία Ιράν 42 Τουρκία Mackay J, Eriksen M. The Tobacco Atlas. World Health Organization; 2006
Smoking healthcare professionals Healthcare Professionals (HCPs) who smoke report feeling awkward and guilty when advising smokers differ in their knowledge and attitudes regarding smoking from non-smokers (e.g. they rate risks of smoking and benefits of quitting as lower) less likely to engage in stop-smoking advice BIALOUS et al. 2004. Nurses' perspectives of smoking initiation, addiction, and cessation. Nurs Res, 53, 387-395. O'DONOVAN 2009. Smoking prevalence among qualified nurses in the Republic of Ireland and their role in smoking cessation. Int Nur Rev, 56, 230-236.
Counseling and smoking cessation Promoting a Smoking-Free Environment Intense (>5 min) Moderate (2 5 min) Brief (<1 min) Post Non-Smoking Signs 5 7-fold 4-fold 3-fold 2-fold Fold increase Litt et al. Asia Pacific Fam Med. 2003;2:175 179.
2008 US Department of Health and Human Services Clinical Practice Guidelines for smoking cessation
Ρωτήστε Σχετικά µε τη Χρήση Καπνού Αναγνωρίστε και τεκµηριώστε την κατάσταση ως προς τη χρήση καπνού για κάθε ασθενή σε κάθε επίσκεψη Εφαρµόστε ένα κοινό για όλο το ιατρείο σας σύστηµα, το οποίο θα διασφαλίζει τη διερεύνηση και την τεκµηρίωση της κατάστασης ως προς τη χρήση καπνού Διευρύνετε την τεκµηρίωση των ζωτικών σηµείων, ώστε να συµπεριληφθεί η χρήση καπνού Αυτοκόλλητα για τη χρήση καπνού σε διαγράµµατα Συστήµατα υπενθύµισης ηλεκτρονικού υπολογιστή για τα ηλεκτρονικά ιατρικά αρχεία Fiore MC, et al. US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. June 2000.
2008 US Department of Health and Human Services Clinical Practice Guidelines for smoking cessation
Συµβουλές για τη Διακοπή του Καπνίσµατος ΣΑΦΗΣ Πιστεύω ότι είναι σηµαντικό για σένα να σταµατήσεις τώρα το κάπνισµα, και εγώ µπορώ να σε βοηθήσω. ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΟΣ Ως γιατρός σου, πρέπει να σου πω ότι το να κόψεις το κάπνισµα είναι πολύ σηµαντικό για την προστασία της υγείας σου, τώρα και στο µέλλον. ΠΡΟΣΩΠΟΠΟΙΗΜΕΝΟΣ Συνδέστε τη χρήση καπνού µε την υγεία/ασθένεια (λόγος επίσκεψης στο ιατρείο), τα κοινωνικά/οικονοµικά κόστη, το επίπεδο επιθυµίας, και τον αντίκτυπο στους άλλους (παιδιά) 1. Fiore MC, et al. US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. June 2000.
Multiplicative Effect on Risk of Death From Top Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease Hypertension x1.5 x3.5 x2.3 Dyslipidemia x5.9 x2.7 x3.9 x1.7 Smoking Hypertension defined as systolic blood pressure = 150 mm Hg; Dyslipidemia defined as total cholesterol=260 mg/ dl; Smoking defined as current smoking. Kannel WB, 1977.
2008 US Department of Health and Human Services Clinical Practice Guidelines for smoking cessation
Οµάδες µε λιγότερες πιθανότητες να διακόψουν το κάπνισµα Υψηλότερο επίπεδο εξάρτησης Αριθµός τσιγάρων ανά ηµέρα Χρόνος έως το κάπνισµα του πρώτου τσιγάρου µετά το πρωινό ξύπνηµα Συµβίωση µε ενεργό καπνιστή Λιγότερα εκπαιδευτικά εφόδια Χαµηλότερη κοινωνικοοικονοµική τάξη Συνυπάρχουσες ψυχιατρικές διαταραχές Hyland A et al. Nicotine Tob Res. 2004;6(Suppl 3):S363-S369 Chandola T et al. Addiction. 2004;99:770-777 Kalman D et al. Am J Addict. 2005;14:106 123
2008 US Department of Health and Human Services Clinical Practice Guidelines for smoking cessation
Η ανάπτυξη ενός Σχεδίου Διακοπής του καπνίσµατος Πριν Ηµεροµηνία Διακοπής Μετά (κατά τη διάρκεια της προσπάθειας)
Γνωρίζετε τι να περιµένετε Αντισταθείτε στην έντονη επιθυµία να καπνίσετε (κανόνας των 5 λεπτών) Εάν παρασυρθείτε και καπνίσετε ένα τσιγάρο, µην τα παρατήσετε συνεχίστε την προσπάθεια
Pharmacological treatment for smoking cessation Nicotine replacement treatment (NRT) Buproprion SR Varenicline
Plasma nicotine concetration (smoking vs NRTs) Adapted from Sweeney et al. 1. Sweeney CT et al. CNS Drugs 2001; 15:453-467. 2. Stead LF et al. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008
Nicotine replacement treatment (NRT) Nicotin gum 2 and 4 mg 9-12 pieces/day (max 30) One piece 30 min Nicotine release controllable 15 before and during chewing no coffee, beer, wine, juices and carbonated drinks
Nicotine replacement treatment (NRT) Not indicated post recent MI Unstable angina Life threatening arrythmias No problem stable CAD Probably safer than smoking in pregnancy but to be used only in case of failure of non-pharmacological treatment
Bupropion SR (Zyban ) 2 possible mechanisms of action: Inhibition of dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake Non-competitive inhibition of nicotine receptors α3β2 and α4β2
Bupropion SR vs NRTs
Bupropion SR (Zyban ) Not indicated history of seizures eating disorders use of ΜΑΟ inhibitor < 14 days before Might increase BP No evidence for safety during pregnancy
Champix (varenicline): Selective partial agonist of α4β2 receptor Nicotin Champix Επικλινής πυρήνας (nacc) Κοιλιακό καλυπτρικό πεδίο (VTA) Νικοτίνη Ντοπαµίνη Nicotin binding in α4β2 receptor in VTA releases dopamin Επικλινής πυρήνας (nacc) Κοιλιακό καλυπτρικό πεδίο (VTA) Νικοτίνη Ντοπαµίνη Leads to Low dopamin release Prevention of nicotin binding to α4β2 receptors lowers craving and withdrawal symptoms (agonist) lowers pleasure and reward feelings from smoking (antagonist)
Champix (varenicline) Treatment duration 12 weeks (+ another 12 weeks for those who stopped smoking by 12 weeks) Days 1 3: 0,5 mg X1 Days 4 7: 0,5 mg X2 Day 8 End of treatment: 1 mg X2
COMPARATOR STUDIES: 12 WEEK QUIT RATES Comparator study 1 (n=1,025) 1 Comparator study 2 (n=1,027) 2 1. Gonzales D et al. JAMA 2006; 296: 47 55. 2. Jorenby DE et al. JAMA 2006; 296: 56 63.
VARENICLINE VS. NRT PATCH (NiQuitin CQ Clear ): CONTINUOUS ABSTINENCE RATE LAST 4 WEEKS OF TREATMENT Primary endpoint Continuous abstinence rate for the last 4 weeks of treatment (randomised and treated population; n=746; pre-specified primary analysis population) 1 1. Aubin HJ et al. Thorax 2008; 63: 717 724.
EXTENDED THERAPY STUDY: CONTINUOUS ABSTINENCE RATE AT 24 WEEKS 24 week results of those successfully quit at 12 weeks 1 Varenicline 12 weeks then varenicline 12 weeks Varenicline 12 weeks then placebo 12 weeks 1. Tonstad S et al. JAMA 2006; 296: 64 71.
EFFECTIVENESS OF SMOKING CESSATION THERAPIES: A COCHRANE REVIEW A Cochrane review assessed the efficacy and tolerability of nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Randomised controlled trials with a minimum follow-up period of 6 months from start of treatment were included 1 For comparison, Numbers Needed to Treat (NNT) from recent metaanalyses of varenicline, NRT and bupropion These were derived from the pooled difference between placebo or treatment quit rates Cochrane review 2008 NNT to achieve each additional successful quitter compared with placebo 1 All types of NRT 23 Bupropion 18 Varenicline 10 1. Cahill K et al. The Cochrane Collaboration; The Cochrane Library 2008, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD006103. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006103.pub3.
2008 US Department of Health and Human Services Clinical Practice Guidelines for smoking cessation
Κανονίστε Παρακολούθηση Προγραµµατίστε µία επαφή για παρακολούθηση, κατά προτίµηση εντός της πρώτης εβδοµάδας µετά την ηµεροµηνία διακοπής Η παρακολούθηση µπορεί να γίνει είτε µε προσωπική συνάντηση είτε µέσω τηλεφώνου Ενέργειες παρακολούθησης Έκφραση συγχαρητηρίων για την επιτυχία Επιθεώρηση των συνθηκών της προσωρινής υποτροπής διασφάλιση επαναδέσµευσης στην αποχή Αναγνώριση των προκλήσεων και προετοιµασία για αυτές Αξιολόγηση της χρήσης φαρµακοθεραπείας Εξέταση του ενδεχοµένου παραποµπής σε πιο εντατική θεραπεία Fiore MC, et al. US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. June 2000
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