A Croy Lesson 23 TENSE Present, Future, Imperfect, Aorist, Perfect, Pluperfect VOICE Active, Passive, Middle MOOD Indicative, Infinitive, Participle Ω PERSON,, NUMBER, TENSE => KIND of action CONTINUING (ongoing, linear) COMPLETED (with result or ongoing effect) SIMPLE (affirmation of action w/out regard to duration or completion) Time >> Quality v v Continuing INDICATIVE MOOD Past Imperfect Concurrent Present Future Future and TIME of action Past Concurrent Future Simple Completed Aorist Pluperfect Present Perfect Future (Future Perfect) using the verb λύω TENSE => Kind of action and time of action PRESENT: I am loosening, I loosen FUTURE: I will be loosening, I will loosen IMPERFECT: I was loosening AORIST: I loosened PERFECT: I have loosened PLUPERFECT: I had loosened VOICE => relation of subject to action ACTIVE: : subject performs action I loosen PASSIVE: : subject is acted upon I am being loosened (by ) MIDDLE: : action of subject relates back to subject I loosen myself KIND of action: Continuing, Completed, Simple TIME of action: Past, Concurrent, Future 1
PERSON =>,, NUMBER, => identifying subject I you he / she / it We you (y all) they TENSE Present, Future, Imperfect, Aorist, Perfect, Pluperfect VOICE Active, Passive, Middle MOOD Indicative, Infinitive, Participle PERSON,, NUMBER, TENSE Present, Future, Imperfect, Aorist, Perfect, Pluperfect VOICE Active, Passive, Middle MOOD Indicative, Infinitive, Participle, Subjunctive, Imperative, Optative PERSON,, NUMBER, MOOD => INDICATIVE: : simple assertion I loosen INFINITIVE: to loosen PARTICIPLE: loosening SUBJUNCTIVE: : hypothetical or potential Should I loosen IMPERATIVE: command Loosen! OPTATIVE: expressed as a hope Would that I loosen => manner in which action is regarded by subject Indicative conveys reality We study Greek. Subjunctive conveys contingency, uncertainty, doubt, expectation, volition, intention, desire, hypothetical, potential Let us study Greek. If we study Greek in order that we may study Greek. Should we study Greek? No way we will ever study Greek! PRESENT Tense - Active INDICATIVE - SUBJUNCTIVE λυω λυω λυεις ς λυει λυομεν λυωμεν λυετε λυητε λυουσι(ν) λυωσι(ν) 2
KEY SIGN: theme vowel lengthened to ω / η ENDINGS: : Primary for all forms TENSES: : Present and Aorist (and Perfect 10x in NT) TENSE ASPECT: Present: Ongoing Aorist: Simple TENSE CODES: σα for AOR (but w/ contraction > ω / η) θη / η for AOR PASS Stem change for AOR NO AUGMENT NEGATIVE: μη PRESENT Tense - Active λυω ς λυωμεν λυητε λυωσι(ν) PRESENT Tense Middle/Passive/Deponent INDICATIVE - SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT Tense Middle/Passive/Deponent INDICATIVE - SUBJUNCTIVE λυομαι - λυομεθα - λυομαι λυωμαι λυομεθα λυωμεθα - λυεσθε - - λυεσθε λυησθε λυεται - λυουνται - λυεται λυηται λυουνται - λυωνται PRESENT Tense Middle/Passive/Deponent Active PRESENT - AORIST λυωμαι λυωμεθα λυω λυσω λυωμεν - λυσωμεν λυησθε ς - λυσῃς λυητε - λυσητε λυηται λυωνται - λυσῃ λυωσι(ν) - λυσωσι(ν) 3
Active AORIST PRESENT Tense Middle/Passive/Deponent Guess what the Aorist forms will look like? λυσω λυσωμεν λυωμαι λυωμεθα λυσῃς λυσητε λυησθε λυσῃ λυσωσι(ν) λυηται λυωνται AORIST Tense Middle/Deponent PRESENT Tense Active How will you form the Aorist Passive? λυσωμαι λυσωμεθα λυω λυωμεν λυσῃ λυσησθε ς λυητε λυσηται λυσωνται λυωσι(ν) ΑΟRIST Tense - Passive PRESENT Tense - Active λυθω λυθωμεν λυω λυωμεν λυθῃς λυθητε ς λυητε λυθῃ λυθωσι(ν) λυωσι(ν) 4
PRESENT Tense - Active PRESENT Tense of εἰμὶ λυω λυωμεν ὦ ὦμεν ς λυητε ᾖς ἦτε λυωσι ωσι(ν) ᾖ ὦσι(ν) Hortatory Subjunctive Deliberative Questions Emphatic Negation (Strong Future Denial) (Prohibition with μη >> Lesson 26) With ἵνα clauses: Purpose, Substantive, Result, Substitute for Infinitive Future / Present General Condition Hortatory Subjunctive First Person << Let us ἐλθωμεν Let us go ἀγαπῶμεν ἀλλήλους Let us keep on loving one another (1 John 4.7) Deliberative Subjunctive Questions of possibility, desirablity,, or necessity. Not questions for information Look for ; << ἐλθωμεν; Should we go? Emphatic Negation Use of οὐ μή with Aorist Subjunctive << No way! Never! οὐ μή ἐλθωμεν. We will never go! τί ποιῶμεν ; What are we to be doing? John 6.28 οὐ μὴ εἰσέλθητε εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν. Matthew 5.20; 18.3 5
Purpose (introduced with ἵνα or ὅπως) Answers why? why? Look for ἵνα or ὅπως << In order that ἡμεις ἐσμεν καλος ἵνα ἐλθωμεν We are being good in order that we may go Substantive (often introduced with ἵνα) Answers what? what? After ideas of wishing, urging, striving, commanding, requesting, or the like << that θέλεις εἴπωμεν πῦρ καταβῆναι ἀπὸ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ; Do you wish that we call fire to come down from heaven? Luke 9.54 Conditional Statements Simple Condition: If, then Protasis ( If part) is assumed to be real (can almost translate with because ) εἰ + Indic If I study (and I m implying that I do),, then I do well. Conditional Statements Future/Present General Condition: If, then Protasis ( If part) is assumed to be potential or possible, a hypothetical or general situation ἐαν + Subjn > Future or Present << If I study (but I m not saying that I will),, then I will do well. If I study (but I m not saying that I will), will) then I do well. Future Condition: ἐαν + Subjn Future Present General Condition ἐαν + Subjn Present ἐαν ἐλθωμεν If we go, we will die. If we go, we are idiots. If we go Hortatory Subjunctive: Let us Deliberative Questions: Should? Emphatic Negation (Strong Future (Prohibition with μη >> Lesson 26) With ἵνα clauses: Purpose Never (Strong Future Denial): Never Purpose (in order that), Substantive (that),, Result (so that), Substitute for Infinitive Future / Present General Condition: if 6
Lesson 23 - Vocabulary Croy 23 - Exercises ἀγοράζω ἄν γραφή, -ῆς, ἡ ἐάν ἵνα κώμη, -ῆς, ἡ μηδέ μηκέτι ὅπως ὅταν ὅτε οὐκέτι ὡς P&R: 1-71 + 8-14 NT: 1, 3, 4 + 2, 5-8 Quiz on Friday 1 Sentence Identify MOOD and TENSE of verbs See Practice Quiz Quiz on Friday Give the MOOD (Indicative, Infinitive, Participle, Subjunctive) and the TENSE (Present, Aorist, etc.) of the following verbs within the context of the sentences below. MOOD TENSE ἀγαπῶμεν μένει πεπληρωμένη ἐὰν ἀγαπῶμεν ἀλλήλους, ὁ θεὸς ἐν ἡμῖν μένει καὶ ἡἀγάπηαὐτοῦἐνἡμῖνπεπληρωμένηἐστίν. α γαπω μεν Present Active INDIC or SUBJN 1 ἀγαπῶμεν ἀλλήλους. (INDIC) We are loving one another. (SUBJN) Let us be loving one another. ἀγαπησ ησῶμεν ἀλλήλους. (AOR SUBJN) Let us love one another. ἀγαπῶμεν ἀλλήλους; (INDIC) Are we loving one another? >> Yes or No? (SUBJN) Should we be loving one another? >>??? α γαπω μεν 1 John 3.18 μὴ ἀγαπῶμεν λόγῳ μηδὲ τῇ γλώσσῃ ἀλλὰ ἐν ἔργῳ και α ληθει α α. Has to be SUBJN with μὴ >> Let us not be loving 7
α γαπω μεν α γαπω μεν ου μὴ ἀγαπῶμεν πενν στατε. Has to be SUBJN with ου μὴ >> We will never be loving ο Χρι στος α πε θανεν ἵνα ἀγαπῶμεν ἀλλήλους. Has to be SUBJN with ἵνα α γαπω μεν ει ἀγαπῶμεν ἀλλήλους, ὁ θεὸς ἐν ἡμῖν μένει. INDIC with ει >> If / Since we are loving ἐὰν ἀγαπῶμεν ἀλλήλους, ὁ θεὸς ἐν ἡμῖν μένει. SUBJN with ἐὰν >> If we are loving (and maybe we are, maybe not) ἐὰν ἀγαπῶμεν ἀλλήλους, ὁ θεὸς ἐν ἡμῖν μενει. SUBJN with ἐὰν >> If we are loving one another, God will remain in us. John 20.31 ταῦτα δὲ γέγραπται ἵνα πιστεύητε πιστεύσητε ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, 8