Optative Mood (Present, Future, 1st/2nd Aorist); Conditions Intensive Online Classical Greek 23 June 2016 Prof. Kristina Chew
Present & Future Optative of λύω (active, middle, passive) PRESENT (act, mid, pass) οιμι οις οι οιμην οιο οιτο οιμεν οιμεθα οιτε οισθε οιεν οιντο VERB FUTURE (act, mid, pass) ENDINGS ENDINGS αctive middle, passive αctive middle passive μην υ ο μεθα θε ντο λύοιμι λύοις λύοι λυοίμην λύοιο λύοιτο λύοιμεν λυοίμεθα λύοιτε λύοισθε λύοιεν λύοιντο οἰμοι eheu! 1st, 2nd, 6th principal parts σοιμι σοιμην θησοιμην σοις σοιο θησοιο σοι σοιτο θησοιτο σοιμεν σοιμεθα θησοιμεθα σοιτε σοισθε θησοισθε σοιεν σοιντο θησοιντο αctive middle passive λύσοιμι λύσοιμεν λυσοίμην λυσοίμεθα λυθησοίμην λυθησοίμεθα λύσοις λύσοιτε λύσοιο λύσοισθε λυθήσοιο λύθησοισθε λύσοι λύσοιεν λύσοιτο λύσοιντο λυθήσοιτο λυθήσοιντο
1st & 2nd Aorist Optative of λύω (active, middle, passive) 1ST AORIST (act, mid, pass) ENDINGS αctive middle passive σαιμι σαιμην θείην σειας / σαις σαιο θείης σειε(ν) / σαι σαιτο θείη σαιμεν σαιμεθα θείημεν σαιτε σαισθε θείητε σειαν /σαιεν σαιντο θείησαν 3rd, 6th principal parts 2ND AORIST (act, mid, pass) ENDINGS αctive middle passive οιμι οιμην είην οις οιο είης οι οιτο είη οιμεν οιμεθα είημεν οιτε οισθε είητε οιεν οιντο είησαν λύσαιμι λυσαίμην λυθείην λύσειας λύσαιο λυθείης λύσειε(ν) λύσαιτο λυθείη λύσαιμεν λυσαίμεθα λυθείημεν λύσαιτε λύσαισθε λυθείητε λύσειαν λύσαιντο λυθείησαν λίποιμι λιποίμην γραφείην λίποις λίποιο γραφείης λίποι λίποιτο γραφείη λίποιμεν λιποίμεθα γραφείημεν λίποιτε λίποισθε γραφείητε λίποιεν λίποιντο γραφείησαν
Present Optative of Contract Verbs (active, middle, passive) αctive αω α +οιην α +οιης α +οιη α +οιμην α +οιο α +οιτο α +οιμεν α +οιμεθα α +οιτε α +οιεν middle, passive α +οισθε α +οιντο 1st principal parts αctive εω middle, passive αctive οω middle, passive ε +οιην ε +οιμην ο +οιην ο +οιμην ε +οιης ε +οιη ε +οιμεν ε +οιτε ε +οιεν ε +οιο ε +οιτο ε +οιμεθα ε +οισθε ε +οιντο ο +οιης ο +οιη ο +οιμεν ο +οιτε ο +οιεν ο +οιο ο +οιτο ο +οιμεθα ο +οισθε ο +οιντο νικῴην νικῴμην ποιοίην ποιοίμην πληροίην πληροίμην νικῴης νικῷο ποιοίης ποιοῖο πληροίης πληροῖο νικῴη νικῷτο ποιοίη ποιοῖτο πληροίη πληροῖτο νικῷμεν νικῴμεθα ποιοῖμεν ποιοίμεθα πληροῖμεν πληροίμεθα νικῷτε νικῷσθε ποιοῖτε ποιοῖσθε πληροῖτε πληροῖσθε νικῷεν νικῷντο ποιοῖεν ποιῶντο πληροῖεν πληροῖντο
Verb to be : εἰμί, ἔσομαι INDICATIVE PRESENT FUTURE IMPERFECT εἰμί ἔσομαι ἦ ἦν PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ὦ PRESENT & FUTURE OPTATIVE εἴην ἐσοίμην εἶ ἔσῇ ἔσει ἦσθα ῇς εἴης ἐσοίο ἐστί(ν) ἔσται ἦν ῇ εἴη ἐσοίτο ἐσμέν ἐσόμεθα ἐστέ ἔσεσθε εἰσί(ν) ἔσονται INFINITIVE εἶναι to be ἔσεσθαι to be about to be ἦμεν ἦτε ἦστε ἦσαν IMPERATIVE ἴσθι ἔστω be! let him be! ὦμεν ἦτε ἔστε ἔστων ὦσι(ν) εἴημεν ἐσοίμεθα / εἶμεν εἴητε / εἶτε ἐσοίσθε εἴησαν ἐσοίντο / εἶεν
Optative: Independent Uses Wishes often uses εἴθε, εἰ γάρ ( would that, if only ) present, aorist uses μή γίγνομαι, γενήσομαι, ἐγενόμην, γέγονα expresses a wish referring to the future πράττω, πράξω, ἔπραξα - do εἰ γὰρ καλῶς πράξειαν ἃ ἐθέλουσιν. εἰ γὰρ γένοιτο would that it might happen Xenophon, Cyropaedia 6.1.38 εἴθε φίλος ἡμῖν γένοιο if only you would become our friend Xenophon, Hellenica 4.1.38. Potential uses particle ἄν aorist uses οὐ states a future possibility or action that is qualified by or dependent on some circumstances or conditions may be translated with may, might, can, would, should, could ἀπόθανοι ἂν he might die ὁμολογέω, ὡμολόγησα ἅπαντες ἂν ὁμολογήσειαν all would agree Isocrates 11.5 οὐκ ἂν λάβοις thou canst not take, you may not take [him] Sophocles, Philoctetes 103 [said by Odysseus to Neoptolemus]
Conditions πρότασις ἀπόδοσις Table of Conditional Forms
Present imperative may be used in apodosis. Simple Particular conditions refer to a particular, definite event, without implying anything about whether the event is real or probable. Present Simple: εἰ ταῦτα ποιεῖς, καλῶς ποιεῖς if you do this, you do well; εἰ τοῦτ ἔχει καλῶς, ἐκεῖνο αἰσχρῶς, if this is excellent, that is disgraceful Aeschines 3.188 Past Simple: εἰ ταῦτα ἐποίησας, καλῶς ἐποίησας if you did this, you did well; εἰ μὲν (Ἀσκληπιὸς ὑιὸς) θεοῦ ἦν, οὐκ ἦν αἰσχροκερδής εἰ δ αἰσχροκερδής, οὐκ ἦν (ὑιὸς) θεοῦ if Asclepius was the son of a god, he was not covetous; if he was covetous, he was not the son of a god, Pλατο Republic. 408c
εἰ μὴ ἐγὼ αὐτὸν ἐκέλευσα, οὐκ ἂν ἐποίησεν Ἀγασίας ταῦτα if I had not ordered him, Agasias would not have done this, Xenophon, Anabasis 6.6.15. Contracy to Fact/Unreal conditions refer an event that could be happening now but is not, or to one that could have happened but did not. Present Unreal: εἰ ταῦτα ἐποίεις, καλῶς ἂν ἐποίεις if you were (now) doing this, you would be doing well Past Unreal: εἰ ταῦτα ἐποίησας, καλῶς ἂν ἐποίησας if you had done this, you would have done well.
gnomic statement γιγνώσκω, ἔγνων General Conditions refer to a general, customary or repeated event in present or past time, without implying whether the event occurred or not. Present General: ἐὰν ταῦτα ποιῇς (ποιήσῃς), ἀεὶ σὲ ἐπαινῶ if ever you do this, I always praise you; ἐὰν ἐγγὺς ἔλθῃ θάνατος, οὐδεὶς βούλεται θνῄσκειν if death draws near, no one wishes to die, Euripides Alcestis 671 Past General: εἰ ταῦτα ποιοίης (ποιήσειας), σὲ ἐπῄνουν if ever you did this, I always praised you; αὐτοὺς ἐτίμα εἴ τι καλὸν πράττοιεν he praised them if they were doing something good.
εἰ δ ἀναγκαῖον εἴη ἀδικεῖν ἢ ἀδικεῖσθαι, ἑλοίμην ἂν μᾶλλον ἀδικεῖσθαι ἢ ἀδικεῖν but if it should be necessary to do wrong or be wronged, I should prefer to be wronged than to do wrong Plato, Gorgias 469c Future Conditions refer to an event that has not yet happened but will or might. Future More Vivid: ἐὰν ταῦτα ποιῇς (ποιήσῃς), καλῶς ποιήσεις if you may/would do this, you will do well; ἐὰν ζητῇς καλῶς, εὑρήσεις if you may/ would seek well, you shall find, Plato, Gorgias 503d Future Most Vivid/Emotional: εἰ ταῦτα ποιήσεις, καλῶς ποιήσεις if you (will) do this, you will [as in WILL] do well; εἰ μὴ καθέξεις γλῶσσαν, ἔσται σοι κακά if you won't hold your tongue, there will be evil for you Euripides frag. 5 Future Less Vivid (should/would): εἰ ταῦτα ποιοίης [ποιήσειας], καλῶς ἂν ποιοίης [ποιήσειας] if you should do this, you would do well.