Subjunctive, Result Clause, Adverbs, Comparison of Adjectives Intensive Online Classical Greek Prof. Kristina Chew June 21, 2016
Present & Aorist Subjunctive of λύω (active, middle, passive) PRESENT (act, mid, pass), 2ND AORIST (act, mid) ENDINGS ω ῃς ῃ middle,passive ωμαι ῃ ηται λύω λύῃς λύῃ VERB λύωμαι λύῃ middle passive λύηται 1ST ΑΟRIST (act, mid, pass) ENDINGS middle passive σω σωμαι θῶ σῃς σῃ θῇς σῃ σηται θῇ 1st, 3rd, 6th principal parts ωμεν ωμεθα ητε ησθε ωσι(ν) ωνται λύωμεν λυώμεθα λύητε λύησθε λύωσι(ν) λύωνται σωμεν σωμεθα θῶμεν σητε σησθε θῆτε σωσι(ν) σωνται θῶσι(ν) 2nd aorist passive γράφω γράφωμεν γράφῃς γράφητε γράφῃ γράφωσι(ν) middle passive λύσω λύσωμεν λύσωμαι λύσωμεθα λυθῶ λυθῶμεν λύσῃς λύσητε λύσῃ λύσησθε λυθῇς λυθῆτε λύσῃ λύσωσι(ν) λύσηται λύσωνται λυθῇ λυθῶσι(ν)
νικήσω, ἐνίκησα νικησω, νικησῇς Present Subjunctive of Contract Verbs (active, middle, passive) α +ω αω α +ωμαι middle, passive ε +ω 1st principal part εω middle, passive οω middle, passive ε +ωμαι ο +ω ο +ωμαι α +ῃς α +ῃ ε +ῃς ε +ῃ ο +ῃς ο +ῃ α +ῃ α +ηται ε +ῃ ε +ηται ο +ῃ ο +ηται α +ωμεν α +ωμεθα ε +ωμεν ε +ωμεθα ο +ωμεν ο +ωμεθα α +ητε α +ησθε ε +ητε ε +ησθε ο +ητε ο +ησθε α +ωσι(ν) α +ωνται νικῶ νικῶμαι νικᾷς νικᾷ νικᾷ νικᾶται νικῶμεν νικώμεθα νικᾶτε νικᾶσθε νικῶσι(ν) νικῶνται ε +ωσι(ν) ε +ωνται ποιῶ ποιῶμαι ποιῇς ποιῇ ποιῇ ποιῆται ποιῶμεν ποιώμεθα ποιῆτε ποιῆσθε ποιῶσι(ν) ποιῶνται ο +ωσι(ν) ο +ωνται πληρῶ πληρῶμαι πληροῖς πληροῖ πληροῖ πληρῶται πληρῶμεν πληρώμεθα πληρῶτε πληρῶσθε πληρῶσι(ν) πληρῶνται
Subjunctive: Independent Uses Hortatory 1st pers (pl, sg) present, aorist uses μή Prohibitive 2nd, 3rd pers (sg/ pl) aorist preceded by μή main clause = indicative mood tenses indicate aspect Deliberative 1st pers (sg, pl) present, aorist uses μή subordinate clause: relative clause result clause indirect statement νῦν ἴωμεν καὶ ἀκούσωμεν τοῦ ἀνδρός let us go now and hear the man Plato, Protagoras 314 b μὴ ποιήσῃς ταῦτα do not do this, may you not do this μηδὲν ἀθυμήσητε do not at all lose heart Xenophon, Anabasis 5.4.19. εἴπωμεν ἢ σιγῶμεν; shall/may we speak or keep silence? E. Ion 758 τί δράσω; ποῖ φύγω; what am I to do? whither shall I fly? E. Med. 1271 οὐδείς, οὐδέν μηδείς, μηδὲν nothing, nihil εἷς, μία, ἕν
Result Clauses: ὥστε Caesar erat tam magnus dux ut Brutus Cassiusque eum necare vellent. Νατural uses infinitive for the verb; shows aspect not time translate ὥστε so as subject of infinitive: understood if the same as subject of the main verb a noun/pronoun in acc uses μή μικρὸς ὀ κίνδυνος ἔσται καὶ τοιοῦτος ὥστε φοβῆσαι μηδένα τῶν παίδων. Actual uses a finite verb in the indicative mood; shows aspect not time translate ὥστε so that subject is in the nom. uses οὐ ἐγὼ δ οὕτως εὐδαιμόνως ἔζων ὥστε καθ ἡμέραν ἔθυον αὐτὸς τῷ δαίμονι ᾧ μεγάλην χάριν εἶχον.
Formation of Adverbs Take off ending ος ης and add ως: ἀληθῆς ἀληθῶς, καλός καλῶς, αὐτός αὔτως, πᾶς παντῶς, οὗτος οὕτως Use the neuter singular/plural accusative of an adjective: μόνον, νέον, πολύ, πολλά Irregular adverbs/special cases: ἀγαθός εὖ, ὅδε ὧδε, πολλάκις (often), τήμερον (today)
Comparison of Adjectives If the penult is long by nature (long vowel, diphthong) or by position (short vowel followed by 2 consonants), ο is not lengthened: λεπτός lean, λεπτότερος, λεπτότατος δηλος δικαιος πικρός bitter [positive], πικρότερος more bitter, bitterer, rather bitter [comparative], πικρότατος most bitter, bitterest, very bitter [superlative]. Adjectives in -ος with a short penult lengthen ο to ω: νεώ-τατος, χαλεπός difficult, χαλεπώτερος, χαλεπώτατος. An undue succession of short syllables is thus avoided. -ior, -ius -issimus, illimus See http:// www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text? doc=perseus:text: 1999.04.0007:par t=2:chapter=14 to say x is more than y use conjugation ἤ (=than) ἡ ἥ ᾕ genitive of comparison to express the highest degree possible use ὡς, ὅτι + superlative ὡς μέγιστος as big as possible, ὅτι δεινότατος as terrible as possible