ticfw Pn IfneqsS Imk -tkmuv

Imk -tkm-uv Pn \n-e-hn h h jw : 1984 ticfw Pn IfneqsS Imk -tkmuv ti-c-f-øn A-h-km-\-am-bn cq-]-h - -cn- -s - Pn : Imk tkmuv tic-f-øns hst A sø Pn : Imk tkmuv Imk -tkm-uv Pn -bp-ss hn-ti-j-w߃ ssz-h-ß-fp-ss \msv \-Zn-I-fp-sS \m-sv tim- -I-fp-sS \m-sv kv-]-x-`m-j-mkw-k-a-`q-an `m-jiƒ G- hpw Iq-Sp-X {]m-tzin-i `m-j-iƒ kw-km-cn- p- ti-c-f-øn-se Pn -bm-wv Imk -tkmuv Xp-fp `m-j kw-km-cn- p- ti-c-f-øn-se G-I Pn - Imk -tkmuv Xp-fp \m-sn-s `m-k-am-bn-cp- ti-c-f-øn-se Pn : Imk -tkmuv G- hpw Iq-Sp-X t_m-ivv-ssk- v \n-t -]-ap- Pn - : Im-k -tkmuv b- -Km-\w F- I-em-cq-]w {]-Nm-c-Øn-ep- Pn : Imk -tkm-uv (`kw-km-cn- p- I-YI-fn F- -dn-b-s -Sp- I-em-cq-]-am-Wv b- -Km\w) b- -Km-\w cq]w-sim - t {Xw : a-[q -t {Xw \-ZnIƒ ti-c-f-øn- G- hpw Iq-Sp-X \-Zn-Iƒ H-gp-Ip Pn : Imk tkmuv Imk -tkm-uv Pn -bn-se {][m-\ \-Zn-I-ƒ : N-{µ-Kn-cn- p-g, D -f, a-t -izcw, \o-te-izcw N-{µ-Kn-cn p-g ]-b-kzn-\n p-g F- -dn-b-s -Sp p Imk -tkm-uv \-Kc-sØ bp (U) B-Ir-Xn-bn h-ew-sh-bv- p- \-Zn-bm-Wv N-{µ-Kn-cn p-g (G- hpw \ofw Iq-Sn-b-Xpw) ti-c-føn-se G- hpw sndn-b \-Znbm-b a-t -iz-cw (16km) ÿn-xn sn-øp -Xv Imk -tkm-uv Pn -bnem-wv Sq-dn-kv- v ti-{µßƒ Imk -tkm-uv Pn -bn-se {]-[m-\-s - Sq-dn-Ãv ti-{µ-ß-ƒ : t_ -tim-, N-{µ-Kn-cn-t m-, tlm-kv- Zp -Kv-tIm-, dm-wn-]pcw (am-s-øpae) `ti-c-f-øns Du- n F- A-]-c-\m-a-Øn A-dn-b-s -Sp- Imk tkm-unse Sq-dn-Ãv ti{µw : dm-wn- ]pcw ti-c-f-øn-se G- hpw henb tim- : t_ -tim- t_ -tim- \n -Ωn -Xv _-Z-\q-cn-se in-h- -\m-bn- n-s Im-e-ØmWv `ti-c-f-øn-s Iq -Kv ` : am-temw Im-k -tkm-uv Pn -bn-se {][m-\ ÿm-]-\-߃ ti-{µ txm- hn-f K-th-j-W-tI{µw Bÿm\w : I-Uvep ti-{µ k - -I-emim-e Bÿm\w : \mb- m aqe

sx-ßv K-th-j-W-tI{µw : ]n-en-t msv BHEL (Bharath Heavy Electrical Limited) bq-wn- v : _-Zn-b-Sp a- p hkvxp-x-iƒ \oe-iz-cw a-fi-e-sø-bm-wv ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy-ap-Jy-a{ n Cw.Fw.F-kv {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sn-bv-xxv ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy C t]-sa v {Km-a ]- mb-øv : a-t -izcw ti-c-f-\n-b-ak-`m N-cn-{X-Øn F-Xn-cn m-ø Xn-c-s -Sp- -s - G-I \n-b-a-k-`mw-kam-b D-ta-jv dmhp hn-p-bn -Xv a-t -iz-cw a-fi-e-øn \n- mwv Xr-»q N-{µ-Kn-cn p-g h-sc-bm-w-v 1931 ]n.sn `- -Xn-cn- m-sv `bm-n-\m -bm-{x \-S-Ønb-Xv Im-k -tkmuv No-ta-\n-bn I -Øym-b-\n-b-Ω-bp-sS t\-xr-xz-øn \-S- `txm -hn-div ka-cw \- S Xv : 1946 a\p-jy-\n Ωn-X-amb tic-f-ønse GI h\w : Icow t^mdãv ]m v F -tum-kƒ-^m Zpc- w hn-x- Pn : Imk -tkmuv F -tum-kƒ-^m Zp-cn-X-\n-hm-c-W-Øn-\m-bn X-øm-dm- n-b ] -Xn : Hm- -td-j tªm-kw kv-{]nmv ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy k-ºq -Æ c- Zm-\ ]- mb-øv : a-snss ti-c-føn-se G-I XSm-It {Xw : A-\- -]p-cw Im-b -t {Xw A\- -]pcw Pe-t {Xw ÿnxn-sn-øp Pn : Imk tkmuv Irjn ]p-ibn-e Ir-jn-sN-øp- ti-c-f-øn-se G-I Pn - : Imk -tkmuv ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy ssp-h-pn : Imk -tkm-uv Don t get confused ti-c-f-øn G- hpw A-h-km-\-am-bn cq-]o-i-cn- -s - Pn : Im-k -tkm-uv ti-c-f-øn G- hpw A-h-km-\-am-bn cq-]o-i-cn- -s tim -]-td-j : I-Æq I-S -Xo-cw G- hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep- Pn : I-Æq I-S -Øo-c-an mø- Pn -Iƒ tim- bw, C-Sp- n, h-b-\msv, ]m-e- msv, ]-Ø-\w-Xn I-Æq sx-ø-ß-fp-ssbpw Xn-d-I-fp-sSbpw \m-sm-wv I-Æq ti-c-f-øn G- hpw A-h-km-\w cq-]-h - -cn- -s tim - -tdj : I-Æq ti-c-f-øn G- hpw Iq-Sp-X I-S -Øo-c-ap- Pn - : I-Æq I- - m-sp-iƒ G- hpw Iq-Sp-X Im-W-s -Sp- Pn : I-Æq kv-{xo-]pcp-j A-\p-]m-Xw G- hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep- Pn - : I-Æq C- y-bn-se B-Zy k-ºq -Æ {]m-yan-i hn-zym-`ym-k Pn : IÆq Pn ti-c-f-øn-se G-I I-t m -sa v : I-Æq ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy k-li-c-w sa-un- tim-tf-pv ÿn-xn-sn-øp- - ÿew : I-Æq- Pn -bnse ]cn-bmcw `Pq -l-ø F- t]-cn Ad-_v tc-j-i-fn A-dn-b-s -Sp- Pn : I-Æq `s]-cnπkv Hm-^v F-dn-{Xn-b ko F- {K-Ÿ-Øn "\u-d' F- p hn-ti-jn- n- -s - Pn I-Æq

\-ZnIƒ h-f-]- -Ww]p-g A- -c- - n p-g a-ø-gn p-g X-e-t»-cn pg Sq-dn-Ãv ti-{µßƒ [ a-sw Zzo]v ]-g-»numw A-d-bv- ayq-knbw X-e-t»-cn-t m {]-[m-\ ÿm-]-\-ß-ƒ ]- n-bq Ip-cp-apf-Iv K-th-j-W-tI{µw : I-Æq ti-c-f kwÿm\ ssiø-dn hni-k-\ tim - -tdj : I-Æq ssiø-dn hy-h-km-b-øn H mw ÿm\-øp Pn : IÆq I-Æq hn-am-\-ømh-fw ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : aq -J -]-dºv, a- - q sk -{S tã- v ^mw ÿn-xn sn-øp - ÿew I-Æq Pn -bn-se Bd-fw I-Æq Pn -bn-se c- p h-\y-po-hn k-t -X-ß-ƒ : Bd-fw h-\y-po-hn-kt -X ti-{µw, sim- n-bq h- \y-po-hn k-t -X-tI{µw ti-c-f-øn-se G- -hpw h-s-t -b -sø h-\y-po-hn-k-t Xw : Bdfw sske v hmen Hm-^v I-Æq : Bdfw I-Æq Pn -bn-se {]-kn- am-b hy-h-km-b߃ ssiø-dn hy-h-kmbw _o-un hy-h-km-bw ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy-sØ ssiø-dn ^mœ-dn ÿm-]n -Xv I-Æq-cn- (19-mw \q- m- v P -a _mk anj ) a- p hkvxp-x-iƒ ti-c-f-øn-se D- p k-xy-{k-l-th-zn : I-Æq Pn -bn-se c mw _ -tzm-fn F- -dn-b-s - ]-ø- q tim-gn-t m-sv ap-x ]-ø- q h-sc 1931 D- p k-xy-{k-lpm-y \-bn -Xv : si. ti-f a-e-bm-f-øn-se B-Zy ]{Xw : cm-py-k-am-nm-cw (1847 sl -a Kp- - n-s ta -t\m- -Øn I-Æ-q-cn-se X-e-t»-cn C n- p- v _w- m-hn \n- v ]p-d-øn-dßn) I-Æq Pn -bn \-S- c- v N-cn-{X-{]-kn- am-b k-a-c-ß-ƒ 1940-se samdm-g ka-cw 1946-se I-cn-sh- q kacw G-ena-e, lnen, k-]v-x-ssi-ew F- nß-s\ N-cn-{X-tc-J-I-fn ]-cm-a -in- -s - {]-tz-iw : I-Æq-cnse G-gna-e G-jy-bn-se G- hpw hen-b \mhn-i A- mz-an ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : I-Æq Pn -bn-se G-gn-a-ebn ti-c-f-øn-se G-I ap ow cm-p-hwiw, A-d-bv- cm-p-hwiw, I-Æq Pn -bn-emwv.

tem-i-øn G- hpw ]g- w sn- I-dp-hm-tØm- w ÿnxn-sn-øp- Xv I-Æq-cn-se A- -c- - n-bn A- -c- - n ]p-g-bn-em-wv [ a-sw Zzo-]v ÿn-xn-sn-øp Xv ti-c-f-øn-se Cw- o-jv Nm-\ F- -dn-b-s -Sp -Xv : amln (a-ø-gn-]p-g I-Æq ) ]-g-»n-cm-p-hn-s B-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp tim -bw I-Æq Pn -bn-emwv A- -c-tic-fw ]- -Xn-bn-eq-sS B-Zy-am-bn 100 i-x-am-\w km -cx ssi-h-cn- ]- mb-øv I-cn-h- q G-Xv Pn -bn-em-wv : I-Æq A-b - q- w ] -Xn BZy-ambn \-S- n-em n-b ]- mb-øv : I-Æq-cn-se I-eym-t»cn {io-i-wvt-]p-c-am-wv ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy C km -c-x ]- mb-øv ti-c-f-øn G- hpw Iq-Sp-X I-iph- n D-ev-]m-Zn- n- p- Pn : I-Æq ti-cf ssi-em-kw F- -dn-b-s -Sp -Xv : I-Æq-cn-se X-fn- d-ºv cm-p-cm-tp-iz-cn t {Xw Don t Forget ]- n-i-pm-xn P-\-kw-Jy IqSn-b Pn : ]m-e- msv ]- n-i-pm-xn P-\-kw-Jy Ip-d- Pn : h-b-\m-sv h-b-\m-sv Pn -bp-ss B-ÿm-\w : I - h-b-ep-i-fp-ss \m-sv F- -dn-b-s -Sp -Xv : h-b-\msv ti-c-f-øn-se G-I ]ot-`q-an Pn : h-b-\msv h-b-\msv c- v kw-ÿm-\-ß-fp-ambn (X-an-gv-\mSv, I -WmS-I) A-Xn -Øn ]- n-sp- Pn : h-b-\msv c- v kw-ÿm-\-ß-fp-am-bn A-Xn -Øn ]- n-sp- Xm-eq v : kp -Øm _-tøcn ti-c-f-øn-se G- hpw P-\-kw-Jy Ip-d- Pn - : hb-\msv ti-c-f-øn G- hpw Ipd- v \-K-c-hm-kn-I-fp- Pn : h-b-\msv B-Zn-hm-kn-Iƒ, ]- n-i-h - - m F n-h G- hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep- Pn - : h-b-\msv ]- n-i-pm-xn P-\-kw-Jy G- hpw Ip-d- Pn : h-b-\msv B-Zn-hm-kn k-aq-l-øn \n- v ti-c-f-øn-em-zy-am-bn a{ n ]-Z-Øn-seØn-b hy- n : ]n.si P-b-e- van Km- n-pn-bp-ss B-fl-I-Y-bn ]-cm-a -in- p- h-b-\m- n-se B-Zn-hm-kn hn-`m-kw : \m-bm-sniƒ ti-c-f-øn-se G- hpw hen-b B-Zn-hm-kn hn-`m-k-w : ]-Wnb ticf-øn ssp-\-a-x- m G- hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep- - Pn : hb-\msv C n, Im- n D-ev-]m-Z-\-Øn H- mw ÿm-\-øp- Pn - : h-b-\msv C- n K-th-j-W-tI{µw ÿn-xn sn-øp Xv : h-b-\m- n-se A-º-e-h-b-en Im- n K-th-j-W-tI{µw : Np-t ]-g-»n kv-amc-iw ÿn-xn sn-øp -Xv : h-b-\m- n-se am-\- -hm-sn-bn ]-g-»n-cm-p-bp-ss i-h-ip-so-cw h-b-\m-sv Pn -bn-se am-\- -hm-sn-bn-em-wv ti-c-f-øn-se Nn-dm-]p- n F- hn-ti-jn- n- p- e- n-sn G-Xv P -bn-em-wv : h-b-\msv H-cp Ime-Øv G- hpw Iq-Sp-X a-g-e-`n- p - ÿew e- n-sn-bmbn-cp- p. (C- v F-d-Wm-Ip-fw t\-cy-aw- Kew) h-b-\m-sv Pn -bn-se {][m-\ Sq-dn-Ãv ti-{µßƒ Ip-dp-h-Zzo]v F-S- Kp-l

Xn-cp-s\- n _m-wm-kp-c-km-k Umw \ho-\ in-em-bp-k-ime-sø N-cn-{Xm-h-in- -߃ e-`n- ÿ-e-am-wv h-b-\m- n-se F-S-bv- Kp-lIƒ F-S-bv- Kp-l ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : A-ºp-Ip-Øn-a-e-bn- ]n-xr_-enx - -W-Øn-\v {]-i-kv-xam-b {_- -Kn-cn a-e-\n-c-i-fn ÿn-xn-sn-øp- t -{X-am-Wv h-b- \m- n-se Xn-cp-s\ n sx- K-b-sb pw Z n-w K-b-sb pw hn-ti-jn- n- -s -Sp- p ti-c-f-øn-se G-I {]-Ir-Xn-Z-Ø Umw : h-b-\m-sv Pn -bn-se _m-wm-kp-c-km-k Umw C- y-bn-se G- hpw h-e-xpw G-jy-bn-se c- m-a-sø-xpam-b a-w -\n ΩnX AW-s v (Cadiff Dam) _m-wm-kp-c-km-k A-W-s v ti-c-f-øn-se G- hpw hen-b \-Zo-P-\y-Zzo-]v -: I-dp-hm-Zzo-]v \Zn h-b-\m-sv P -bn-se {][m-\ \-Zn : I_\n ti-c-f-øn-se \-Zn-I-fn I-g-t m-s m-gp-ip- G- hpw hen-b \-Zn : I-_-\n ti-c-f-øn-se G- hpw hen-b \-Zo-P-\y-Zzo]m-b Ip-dp-h-Zzo-]v ÿn-xn sn-øp -Xv : I_-\n \-Zn-bn {]-[m-\ sh- - m- ߃ h-b-\m-sv Pn -bn-se {][m-\ sh- - m- -ß-ƒ : kq-nn- m-d, ao ap n ti-c-f-øn-se G- hpw D-b-c-Øn ÿn-xn-sn-øp- ip -P-e X-Sm-I-w : h-b-\m- n-se ]q-t msv X- SmIw ti-c-f-øn-se G-I ko-xm-tz-hn t {Xw ÿnxn-sn-øp- Xv : h-b-\m- n-se ]p - - n-bn- tim-gn-t mspw h-b-\m-sp-am-bn _- n- n- p h-b-\m-sv Np-cw ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : tim-gn-t m-sv Pn -bn- h-b-\m- n-se Ir-jv-W-Kn-cn-bn-em-Wv Z- n-tw- y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ ssl B - n- yq-uv {In - v kv-t - Unbw (2013 vdec 17-\v D-Zv-LmS-\w sn-bvxp) ]m -akm-e \n-tcm-[n- ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy Pn : h-b-\m-sv \ -]mt-apƒ-s m- v \-Ωp-sS Pn -Iƒ... ]m -akm-e \n-tcm-[n -Xv : h-b-\msv πm-ã-n-iv hn-ap- Pn : tim-gn-t msv ]p-ibn-e hn-ap- Pn : tim -bw tim-gn-t msv C- y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ πm-ãn-iv hn-ap- Pn : tim-gn-t msv C- y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ am-en-\y-ap- \K-cw : tim-gn-t msv C- y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ h-\nxm t]m-eo-kv kv-t -j : tim-gn-t msv (1973) ti-c-f-øn B-Zy-am-bn Km- n-pn F-Øn-b ÿ-ew : tim-gn-t msv (1920- ) {]m-no-\-ime-øv {Xn-hn-{I-a-]p-cw F- -dn-b-s ÿew timgn-t msv {_n- o-jv `-c-w-imeøv a-e-_m Pn -bp-ss B-ÿm-\w : tim-gn-t msv kv- pu v t]m-eo-kv tiu- v ]- -Xn- v Xp-S- -an Xv : tim-g-n-t m-sv hn-i- n m \K-cw ] -Xn \-S- n-em- nb-xv : tim-gn-t msv ti-c-f-øn-em-zy-am-bn kn-\n-a {]-Z i-\w \-S- -Xv : tim-gn-t msv cm-py-sø B-Zy k-ºq -Æ A-h-b-h t\-{xzm-\ {Km-aw : tim-gn-t m-sn-se sn-dp-ip-f-øq

\-ZnIƒ Ip- ym-sn p-g I m-bn p-g Nm-en-bm I-S-ep- n p-g ti-c-f-øn-s a- \-Zn : tim-gn-t m-sv Pn -bn-se Ip- ym-sn pg tim-gn-t m-sv Pn -bn-se {][m-\ ÿm-]-\߃ ti-{µ-kp-k- hn-f K-th-j-W-tI{µw : aq-gn C- y C -Ãn- yq v Hm-^v am-t\-pv-sa v : Ip-µ-awKew \m-j-w C -Ãn- yq- v Hm-^v ssiv-t\m-fpn (NIT) : Nm-Ø-awKew D-jm kv-iqƒ Hm-^v AXve- n-iv-kv : Ip-µ-awKew tim-gn-t m-sv A- m-cm-{ hn-am-\-ømh-fw : I-cn- q tim-gn-t m-sv A-dn-b-s -Xv : t_- q kp -Øm ] Ww hmkv-tkm-u-km-a (I-S -am -Kw C- y-bn-seøn-b B-Zy bq-tdm-]y ) 1498 I- -en-d-ßnb-xv : tim-gnt m-sv Pn -bn-se Im- msv a-e-_m Xo-c-tØ- p- {]-th-i-\-i-hm-sw : Im- msv Kp-cp-hm-bq k-xym{k-l {]-ta-bw A-h-X-cn- n -Xv : h-s-i-c-bn -h v (tim-gn-t msv) Izn- v C ym k-a-c-øn-s `m-k-am-bn a-e-_m-dn \-S- N-cn-{X-kw`-hw : 1942 se Io-g-cn-bq t_mw- _v tikv ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy _m- v : s\-sp-ßm-sn _m v (1893) a-e-_m {]-tzi-sø Sn- p-hn-s B-ÿm-\w : ^-tdm v Ip- m-en-a-c-bv- ayq-kn-bw ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : tim- -bv (C-cn- q ) 1991- tim-gn-t m-sv ap-x-e- p-f-øn h- v ti-cf-sø k-ºq -Æ km -c-x t\sn-b kw-ÿm-\-am-bn {]-Jym-]n- -Xm-cv : tn-e- m-s Bbn-j "H-cp sx-cp-hn-s I-Y' F t\m-h-en-eq-ss F-kv.sI s]m- - m-sv h-c- p-im n-b ÿ-ew : antm-bn-søcphv (tim-gn-t msv) P-\-kw-Jy IqSn-b Pn : a-e- pdw (hn- n-]o-un-b-bn F-d-Wm-Ip-f-am-Wv Im-Wn- p- Xv) P-\-kw-Jy Ip-d- Pn : h-b-\m-sv a-e- pdw ti-c-f-øn P-\-kw-Jy G- hpw IqSn-b Pn : a-e- pdw P-\-kwJym h-f - -\nc- v G- hpw IqSn-b Pn : a-e- pdw {]-Xn-io -j h-cp-am-\w G- hpw Ip-d- Pn : a-e- pdw X-±-i-kz-bw`-c-W ÿm-]-\-߃ G- hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep- Pn : a-e- pdw \n-b-ak-`m \n-tbm-p-i a-fi-e-߃ G- hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep- Pn : a-e- pdw _p- -a-x- m G- hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep -Xv : a-e- p-dw Pn -bn C- y-bn-se B-Zy I-ºyq- km- -c-x Pn : a-e- pdw am-am- th-zn-bm-bn-cp- `Xn-cp-\mhm-b G-Xv Pn -bn-emwv : a-e- p-dw hm-k {SmPUn (1921) sa-tωm-dn-b F-hn-sS ÿn-xn-sn-øp- p : a-e- p-dw Pn -bn-se Xn-cq-cn

\-ZnIƒ `m-c-x p-g I-S-ep- n p-g Nm-en-bm a-e- p-d-øn-s Po-htc-J F- -dn-b-s -Sp- \-Zn- : Nm-en-bm a- p hkvxp-x-iƒ tem-i-øn-se B-Zy-sØ tx- v ayq-kn-bw ÿn-xn-sn-øp - ÿew : a-e- p-dw Pn -bn-se \n-e-ºq-cn-se sh-fn-b-t msn C- y-bn-em-zy-am-bn d- Ir-jn B-cw-`n - ÿew : a-e- pd-øv \n-e-ºq ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy kv-{xo-[-\-cln-x ]- mb-øv : a-e- p-dw Pn -bn \n-e-ºq-cn- ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy-sØ _tbm dn-tkm-gv-kv \m-nz-d ]m - v ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : \n-e-ºq \n-e-ºq-cn-s\ Kq-U q-cp-am-bn _- n- n- p- Npcw : \m-sp-im-wn- pcw a-e- p-dw Pn -bn-se G-I Xp-d-apJw : s]m- m\n h- -tømƒ (ti-c-f hm-ev-aoin) \m-cm-b-w ta-t\m-s P- ÿ-ew : a-e- p-dw Pn -bn-se s]m- m-\n- -Sp-Ø tz-i-awkw-ew C- y-bn-se G-I K-h -sa v B-bq t -Z am-\-kn-im-ip-]{xn a-e- p-dw Pn -bn F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ÿn- Xn-sN-øp -Xv : tim- -bv a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bp-ss ]n-xm-hv F-gp-Ø -s P- -tz-iw : Xp- -]d-ºv a-e-bm-fw k - -I-emim-e ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : Xn-cq C- y-bn Un-Pn- km -cx ssi-h-cn- B-Zy ap-\n- n- m-en n : Xn-cq ti-c-f-ønse B-Zy Xo-h- n m-x : Xn-cq t_- q (1861) ti-c-f-øn-se G- hpw hen-b Xm-eq- v : G-d-\mSv (a-e- pdw) C- y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ k-ºq -Æ Wifi ap -kn- m-en n : a-e- pdw C- y-bn-se G-I K-cp-U-t -{X-w : a-e- p-dw Pn -bn-se s] m-a-t»-cn K-cp-U-t {Xw ]m-e- msv ti-c-f-øn-se G- hpw hen-b Pn - : ]m-e- msv ]- n-i-pm-xn- m G- hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep- Pn - : ]m-e- msv C y-bnse BZysØ kºq Æ _m nwkv Pn : ]me- msv cm-py-sø BZy HIV/AIDS km- c-xm Pn - : ]m-e- msv ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy-sØ I-ºyq- -h- Ir-X I-f-Œ-td- v : ]m-e- msv s\ p-xv-]m-z-\-øn H mw ÿm-\-øp- Pn - : ]m-e- msv G -hp-a-[niw I j-i-søm-gn-em-fn-iƒ D Pn : ]me- msv tic-f-ønse BZysØ kºq Æ sshzyp-xo-irx Pn : ]me- msv ]m-e- m-sv s\ v K-th-j-W-tI{µw : ]- mºn ]-cp-øn D-ev-]m-Zn- n- p- G-I Pn - : ]m-e- msv I-cn-º-\-I-fp-sS \m-sv F- -dn-b-s -Sp- Pn : ]m-e- msv ti-c-f-øn Hmd- v txm- -߃- v {]-i-kv-xam-b s\ n-bmº-xn ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : ]m-e- msv G- hpw Iq-Sp-X Np-Æm-ºp \n-t -]-ap- Pn - : ]m-e- msv ti-c-f-øn-se hn -Uv ^mw ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : ]m-e- m-sv

Sq-dn-Ãv ti-{µßƒ `m-c-x- p-g, a-eºp-g ^m -kn ]m - v, ssk-e vhm-en \m-j-w ]m v, ]-d-ºn- p-fw h-\y-po-hn-kt Xw, s\ n-bmº-xn, ]me- msv tim knw-l-hm-e Ip-c-ßp-Iƒ- v {]-i-kv-xam-b ]m-e- m-s tzio-tbm-zym-\-w : sske v-hmen ]m-h-ß-fpss Du- n F pw ]m-e- m-s a-e-i-fp-ss dm-wn F pw hn-fn- -s -Sp- ÿ-e-w : s\ nbmºxn {]-kn- amb t[m-wn sh- - m- w ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : ]m-e- msv ti-c-f-øn-se (]- n-a-l- -Øn-sebpw) G- -hpw hen-b Np-c-w : ]m-e- m-sv Npcw ]m-e- m-sv Pn -sb tim-b-º-øq-cp-am-bn _- n- n- p - Npcw : ]m-e- m-sv Np-c-w \-ZnIƒ ]m-e- m-sv Pn -bn-se {][m-\ \-Zn-I-ƒ : `m-c-x- p-g, I-Æm-Sn- p-g, Km-b-{Xn- p-g, Xq-X- p-g, Ip- n p-g sske v hm-en-bn-eq-ss H-gp-Ip- (tic-f-ønse a-en-\o-ic-ww G- hpw Ipd ) \-Zn : Ip- n p-g sske v hm-en-bn \n- v D- -hn- p- ]p-g- : Xq-X p-g Ip- \-ºym kv-amc-iw ÿn-xn sn-øp - ÿew : ]m-e- m-sv Pn -bn-se e- nsn ]m-e- m-sv c-tym- -h-øn-\v {]-i-kv-xam-b t -{X-w : I - m-øn hn-iz-\m-y-t {Xw ]q -Æ-am-bpw ku-tcm - -Øn {]-h -Øn- p- ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy {Km-a-]- mbøv Hm-^o-kv : ]m-e- m-sv s]-cp-am- n ti-c-fhpw X-an-gv-\mSpw X-Ωn X - w \n-e-\n - p- hnhm-z ]- -Xn- : ]-d-ºn- p-fw B-fn-bm ]- Xn (]m-e- msv) ss]xri Iem-cq-]-amb IWn-bm Ifn GXv Pn -bpss {]txy-i-x-bmwv : ]me- msv Ir-jn s\ v C n Im n Ip-cp-apf-Iv Gew I-dp-hm- - {Km-ºp d_ F- v I-iph- n H- m-ÿm-\-øp- Pn ]m-e- msv h-b-\msv h-b-\m-sv C-Sp n C-Sp n C-Sp n C-Sp n tim- bw sim w I-Æq ]p-ibn-e Ir-jn-sN-øp- G-I Pn : Imk -tkmuv ]-cp-øn Ir-jn-sN-øp- G-I Pn : ]m-e- m-sv sh-fp-øp- n Ir-jn-sN-øp- G-I Pn : C-Sp- n

Xq-»q ti-c-f-øn-s kmw-kv-imcn-i X-e-ÿm-\-w : Xr-»q ]q-c-ß-fp-ss \m-sv : Xr-»q Xr-»q Pn - {]m-no-\-ime-øv A-dn-b-s - n-cp -Xv : hr-j-`m-{zn-]pcw ti-c-f-øn-se G-I sa-un- bq-wn-th-gv-kn- n ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : Xr-»q ti-c-f I-em-afi-ew ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : Xr-»q Pn -bn-se sndp-xp-cp-øn-bn ti-c-f Iemafi-ew ÿm-]n Xv : h- -tømƒ \m-cm-b-w ta-t\m (1930- ) ssi-x- - K-th-j-W-tI{µw ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : Xr-»q Pn -bnse sh- m-\n- -c-bn- hm-g K-th-j-W-tI{µw ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : Xr-»q Pn -bnse I-Æm-d-bn- ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy \n-b-a-km- c-xm {Km-aw : H q \-ZnIƒ Nm-e- p-sn-bm, `m-c-x pg Xr-»q Pn -bn-se A-Xn-c- n- n hm-g- m sh- - m- w GXv \Zn-bn-emWv ]Xn- p- Xv Nm-e- psn ]p-g-bn- Im-bentem I-Sentem a- p \-Zn-Ifntem sn- p-tn-cm-ø G-I ]p-g- : ]p-g-bv- ]p-g (Xr-»q Pn -bnse timƒ-\n-e-ß-fn sn- p-tn-cp p) Sq-dn-kv- v ti-{µ-߃ A-Xn-c- n- n sh- - m w i- X-ºp-cm sim- mcw Xn-cp-hn-ezma-e tn-c-am ]dºv ]o n- -hm-gm\n h\y-pohn kt Xw ti-c-f-øn-s \-bm-{k F- -dn-b-s -Sp- Xr-»q-cn-s Sq-dn-Ãv ti-{µ-w : A-Xn-c- n n ti-c-f-øn-se G- hpw hen-b sh- - m- -w : A-Xn-c- n- n sh- - m- w t -{X߃ Z nw ssi-em-kw F- -dn-b-s -Sp -Xv t -{Xw : Xr-»q h-s- p\m-y t {Xw Z- n-w-zzm-c-i F- -dn-b-s -Sp- t -{X-w : Kp-cp-hm-bq t {Xw `c-x-t -{X-amb IqS am-wniyw t {Xw ÿnxn-sn-øp- Xv : Xriq Pn -bnse Ccn-ßm-e- ps ]p\ P\n \qg NSßp\S- p Xncp-hn-ezm-ae ÿnxn-sn-øp- Xv : Xriq Pn -bn Xr-»q \-K-c-Øn-s in-ev-]n F- -dn-b-s -Sp- hy- n : i- X-ºp-cm Xr-»q -]p-c-øn-\v Xp-S- -an- `-c-wm-[n-imcn : i- X-ºp-cm cm-am-b-w-øn `ap-cn-nn-]ø-\w F vv ]-cm-a -in -Xv Xr-»q-cn-se G-Xv ÿ-e-amwv : sim-sp-ß q kw-l-im-e-ir-xn-i-fn `ap-nn-c, `ap-cn-nn-\k-cw F- nß-s\ ]-cm-a -in- ÿ-ew : Xr-»q-cn-se sim- Sp-ß q sim-sp-ß q Xp-d-ap-J-Øn-s {]m-[m\yw \- -S-am-Im-\n-Sbm-b Im-c-Ww : A.D - 1341 se s]-cn-bm-dnse sh- -s m w {In-kv-Xp-in-jy\m-b sk v txma-kv h- n-dßn-b ÿ-e-am-bn hn-iz-kn- -s -Sp -Xv : sim-sp-ß q-cn- \-Sp-Øp am-ey -c

C- y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ Pq-X - n ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : Xq-»q Pn -bnse sim-sp-ß q-cn- ap-kn-cnkv, A-iva-Iw F- nß-s\ A-dn-b-s - ÿ-e-w : sim-sp-ß q ti-c-føn-se B-Zy hy-h-lm-c-hn-ap- {Km-aw : Xr-»q-cn-se h-c-hq B-e-h- -Øn-\v {]-i-kv-xam-b ÿ-e-w : I-Wn-aw-K-ew Xr»q Pn -bnse {][m\ ÿm]-\-߃ ticf kwko-x- -\m-s-i- -A- m-uan (1958) ticf efn-x- -I-em- -A- m-uan (1962) kviqƒ Hm^v {Uma (1977) A Xºp-cm kvamciw (1978) ticf kmlnxy A m-uan (1956) ticf Iem-a-fiew (1930) ticf Im jni k -I-em-ime t^mdãv dnk v C Ãn- yq v F-d-Wm-Ip-fw C- y-bn k-ºq -Æ km -c-x t\sn-b B-Zy Pn - : F-d-Wm-Ipfw (1990) G hpw IqSp-X Xmep- p-i-fp Pn Iƒ : Fd-Wm-Ipfw, ae- pdw ti-c-f-øn-em-zy-am-bn kv-]o-uv t]m-kv- v kw-hn-[m-\w \ne-hn h- Xv : F-d-W-m-Ip-fw G- hpw Iq-Sp-X {]-Xn-io -j h-cp-am-\-ap- Pn - : F-d-Wm-Ipfw ti-cf ssl-t m-s-xn-bp-ss B-ÿm-\-w : F-d-Wm-Ipfw F-d-Wm-Ip-fw Pn m B-ÿm-\w : Im- -\m-sv ti-c-f {]-kv A- mz-an ÿn-xn sn-øp -Xv : Im- -\m-sv F-d-Wm-Ip-fw Pn -bnse {]-[m-\ Sq-dn-Ãv ti-{µßƒ `q-x-øm -si v t_mƒ-km- n Zzo]v ]m-wn-tb-en-t mcv a- m-t -cn Pq-X n a-e-bm- q Ip-cn-ip-ap-Sn tims-\msv a- p hkvxp-x-iƒ G hpw IqSp-X sndp-ins hyh-km-b-߃ D Pn Fd-Wm-Ipfw ti-c-f-øn \n-e-hn-ep- G-I Pq-X-tZ-hme-bw ÿn-xn-sn-øp - ÿew : F-d-Wm-Ipfw Pn -bnse a- m-t -cn ti-c-f-øn-se G-I Pq-X-sØ-cp-hv ÿn-xn-sn-øp - ÿew : a- m-t cn ti-c-f-øn B-Zy-am-bn Cw- o-jv kv-iqƒ ÿm-]n-x-amb-xv : a- m-t -cn-bn ti-c-f-øn-se G- hpw sndn-b h-\y-po-hn-k-t -Xw : aw-k-fh-\w ]- n-k-t Xw (F-d-Wm-Ipfw) ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy ]- n-k-t -Xw : X-t - m-sv kenw A-en ]- nk-t Xw B-\ ]-cn-io-e-\-ti{µw ÿn-xn-sn-øp - ÿew : F-d-Wm-Ip-fw Pn -bnse tim-s-\msv ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy am-xr-im a- y-_- -\ {Km-aw F- -dn-b-s -Sp Xv : Ip-ºfßn

ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy Sq-dn-Ãv {Km-aw F- -dn-b-s -Sp -Xv : Ip-ºfßn ti-c-f-øn G- hpw henb ss]-\m- nƒ hn]-w-\ ti-{µw : F-d-Wm-Ip-fw Pn -bn-se hm-g- pfw C- y-bn-se B-Zy d- ]m - v ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : sf-cm-]pcøv A-ssZz-Xm-Nm-cy\m-b i- -cm-nm-cy-cp-ss P- ÿ-ew F-d-Wm-Ip-fw Pn -bn-se Im-e-Sn-bm-Wv. (s]-cn-bmdn-s Xo-cØv) ssl-td- n-s I-hm-Sw F- -dn-b-s -Sp- ÿ-ew : tim-x-awkew ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy Uo-k ssh-zyp-x-\ne-bw : F-d-Wm-Ip-fw {_- -]pcw G-jy-bn-se G-I A- m-cm-{ {InkvXo-b Xo - m-s-\ ti-{µ-w : a-e-bm- q ] n hmkv-tkm-u-km-a-bp-ss `u-xn-i-i-co-cw AS- w sn-bvx-xv G-Xv ]- n-bn-em-bn-cp p : sim- n-bn-se sk v {^m -kn-kv ] n C- y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ H-gp-Ip- Fw.Sn.Fw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ÿm-]n -Xv : sim- n ssh- n Zzo-]n ti-c-f-øn-se G-I Ir-{Xn-a Zzo-]v : sh n-mv-s Zzo]v (sim- n Xp-d-ap-J-Øn-s B-gw h -[n- n- -Xns ^-e-am-bn cq-]-s p) tic-f-øn G hpa[niw age`n- p ÿew : t\cy-aw-k-ew, Fd-Wm-Ipfw Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn -bnse {][m\ ÿm]-\-߃ FACT - DtZym-K-a-fi Gew t_m Uv - Fd-Wm-Ipfw ticf {]kv A m-z-an- Bÿm\w Im -\msv ticf Ncn{X ayqknbw CS- n In vtim Bÿm\w Fd-Wm-Ipfw ticftã v shb luknwkv tim -td-j Fd-Wm-Ipfw lnµp-ÿm sajo Sqƒkv If-a-t»cn _mw_p tim -td-j A -amen tic-fm-tã v knhn kssπkv tim -td-j Fd-Wm-Ipfw tamtu ^puv C U-kv{Sokv Fd-Wm-Ipfw \mfn-tic hni-k\ t_m Uv Fd-Wm-Ipfw Z nw tajem t\h Iam v sim n ti-c-f-øn-se G- hpw hen-b B n-tbm-f-pn- ayq-kn-bw : Xr- q-wnøp-d ln -]me-kv ayq-kn-bw kz-im-cy ]- m-fn-ø-tøm-ss C- y-bn \n -Ωn- B-Zy hn-am-\-øm-h-f-w : s\-sp-ºm-t»-cn A- mcm-{ hn-am-\-ømhfw ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy lrz-bw am- n-h-bv- i-kv-{x-{in-b \-S -Xv F-d-Wm-Ip-fw sa-un- {S-Ãv tlmkv-]n (tpm-kv Nmt m s]-cn-b-]pdw) ]-fin- v I-dp- hm-e-k-apzm-b ]-cn-jv m-c k-`-bv- v Xp-S- -an- ÿ-ew : txh-c (sim n) k-tlm-z-c A-ø- k-tlm-z-c kw-l-øn-\v Xp-S- -an- -Xv : sn-dm-bn-em-wv hn-zym-`ym-k ÿm-]-\߃ F-d-Wm-Ip-fw Pn -bn-se {][m-\ hn-zym-`ym-k ÿm-]-\߃ {io i- -cm-nm-cy kw-kvir-x k - -I-emime : ImeSn im-kv-{x km-t Xn-I k - -I-emime (CUSAT) : sim n ^n-j-do-kv bq-wn-th-gv-kn n : ]-\-ßm-Sv

hy-hkm-b ÿm-]-\߃ F-d-Wm-Ip-fw Pn -bn-se {][m-\ hy-hkm-b ÿm-]-\-߃ s^ n-sse-k B -Uv si-an- kv Hm-^v {Sm-h -Iq (FACT) : Bep-h ln-µp-ÿm sa-jn Sqƒkv (HMT) : I-f-a-t»cn kv-am - v kn- n : Im- -\m-sv kv-am-c-i-߃ / ayq-knbw ti-c-f t^m-ivv-tem ayq-knbw N-ߺp-g kv-amc-iw K-th-j-W ti-{µßƒ ]p -ssø-e K-th-j-W ti{µw : Hm-S- men s\ v K-th-j-W ti{µw : ssh n-e sk -{S a-ssd ^n-j-do-kv dn-k - v C -kv- n- yq- v : sim n ss]-\m- nƒ K-th-j-W ti-{µw : hm-g- p-fw C-Sp- n-bp-ss B-ÿm-\-w : ss]-\mhv C-Sp- n ti-c-f-øn-s ]-g qs F- -dn-b-s -Sp- Pn : C-Sp n ti-c-f-øn-s kp-k- -hy-rv-p-\ Ie-h-d F- -dn-b-s -Sp- Pn : C-Sp n kp-k- -hy-rv-p-\-ßfm-b Ip-cp-ap-fIv, Gew, {Km-ºp, I-dp-h- - F n-h D-ev-]m-Zn- n- p- -Xn H mw ÿm\-øp Pn : C-Sp- n C- y-bn-se G- hpw hen-b G-ew te-e-ti{µw ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : C-Sp- n-bn-se h- -tasv kp-k- -hy-rv-p-\-]m - v ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : ]p- -Sn-bn sh-fp-øp- n D-ev-]m-Zn- n- p- tic-f-ønse G-I Pn -bm-wv : C-Sp n k-ap-{z-xo-chpw d-bn -thbpw C m-ø Pn - : C-Sp n kv-{xo-]pcp-j A-\p-]m-Xw G- hpw Ip-d- Pn - : C-Sp n P-\-km-{µ-X-bn G- hpw ]n- n \n - p- Pn - : C-Sp- n N-µ-\-a-c-߃ Iq- -am-bn Im-W-s -Sp- G-I ÿ-ew : C-Sp- n-bn-se a-d-bq G- hpw Iq-Sp-X h-\-{]-tz-i-ap- Pn : C-Sp- n kºq Æ tx D ]m-zi ] m-bøv : CSp- n-bnse DSp-º- q tic-f-ønse G hpw henb \nb-a-k`m afiew : CSp- n-bnse DSp-º tnme ti{µ Gew Kth-j-W-tI{µw ÿnxn-sn-øp- Xv : abn-em-spw-]md (C-Sp- n) kwÿm\ Gew Kth-jW ti{µw ÿnxn-sn-øp- Xv : ]mºm-spw-]md (C-Sp- n) h-\y-po-hn-k-t -X߃ C-Sp- n-bp-ss {][m-\ h-\y-po-hn k-t -X߃ : C-Sp n, Ip-dp- n a-e, Nn- m, s]-cn-bm, tx -Sn tic-f-øn Nmº ae-b-æm (Grizzled giant squirrel) ImW-s Sp Xv : Nn m ti-c-f-øn G- hpw Iq-Sp-X h-\y-po-hn-k-t -X-ap- Pn : C-Sp n ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy h-\y-po-hn k-t -Xw : s]-cn-bm (tx- Sn) ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy ISp-h k-t -Xw : s]-cn-bm ISp-h k-t Xw C- y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ B - v Umw (C-Sp- n Umw) ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : Ip-d-h - Ipd-Øn a-e-iƒ- n-s-bn-

Sq-dn-Ãv ti-{µßƒ aq- m Nn m hm-ka Ip- n- m\w tz-hn-ipfw ]o-cp-tasv C-c-hn-Ipfw (cm-pae) ti-c-f-øn G- hpw Iq-Sp-X tzio-tbm-zym-\-ß-fp- Pn - : C-Sp- n ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy tzio-b D-Zym-\-w : C-c-hn-Ip-fw (1978, h-c-bm-sp-iƒ- v {]-i-kv-xam-b ÿ-e-amwv) ticfønse G hpw henb tzio-tbm-zym\w : Cc-hn-Ipfw IpSn-tb- - m-cpss Pn F -dn-b-s -Sp- Xv : CSp n Cc-hn-Ipfw \mj-w ]m v ÿnxn snøp Xmeq v : tzhn-ipfw Cc-hn-Ipfw tziob DZym-\-Øn kwc- n- -s - n-cn- p arkw : \oe-kncn Xm (h-c-bm-sv) {Kma-ß-fn kºq Æ t{_muv_m v kuicyw G s -Sp-Ønb C y-bnse BZy Pn : CSp n tic-f-ønse BZysØ Pe-ssh-ZypX ] Xn : ] n-hm-k (C-Sp- n) tic-f-ønse G hpw henb `qk `-P-e-ssh-ZypX ] Xn : aqe-a w (C-Sp- n) tic-f-ønse G hpw henb Pe-tk-N\ ] Xn : I S (sim- w) tic-f-ønse BZysØ h\y-pohn kt Xw : tx Sn (s]-cn-bm ) tic-f-øn hnt\m-z-k- m-cn-i-fpss "kph Æ {XntImWw' F -dn-b-s -Sp- Xv : CSp- n, tx -Sn, aq m P-e-ssh-Zyp-X ]- -XnIƒ C-Sp- n ]- n-hmk sn- pfw t\-cy-aw-kew ]- n-bm C- y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ B - v Um-w : C-Sp- n Umw C- y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ {Km-hn n (`q-kp-cpxz) Um-w : C-Sp- n Umw ti-c-f-øn-se G- hpw hen-b P-e-ssh-Zyp-X ]- -Xn- : C-Sp- n P-e-ssh-Zyp-X ] Xn C-Sp- n ] -Xn \-S- n-em- m k-l-i-cn- cm-py-w : Im-\U a- p hkvxp-x-iƒ kz- -am-bn ssh-zyp-xn D-ev-]m-Zn- n- v hn-xc-ww snbv-x B-Zy ]- mb-øv : C-Sp- n-bn-se am- p-fw Im- n \n- v ssh-zyp-xn D-ev-]m-Zn- n- p- C-Sp- n-bn-se {]-tz-iw : cm-a- - -tasv C-Sp- n Pn -bp-ss {][m-\ \-Zn- : s]-cn-bm ti-c-f-øn-se G-I B-Zn-hm-kn ]- mbøv : C-S-a-e- psn (C-Sp n) P-\-kw-Jy G- hpw Ip-d- ]- mb-øv : C-S-a-e- psn ti-c-fønse GI tkm-{x-h -K cm-pm-hp -Xv : C-Sp- n- Xm-eq- v Im- n-bm ]- mbøv

C-Sp- n Pn -sb X-an-gv-\m- n-se tx-\n-bp-am-bn _- n- n- p- Np-cw : t_m-un-\m-bv- -\q Npcw C- y-bn-se G- hpw hen-b 'I-am-\ A-W-s - v : C-Sp n I- p-im-en K-th-j-W-Øn-\m-bp- C-Sp- n C tum kzn-kv t{]m-p-iv- n-s B-ÿm-\w : am- p-s] n C tum-kzn-kv t{]m-p-œn-eq-ss hn-i-kn- n-s -Sp-Ø I- p-im-en-bn-\w : kzn-kv _u C- y-bn-se G- hpw Db-cw IqSnb sim-sp-ap-snbm-b B-\-ap-Sn ÿn-xn-sn-øp - Pn : C-Sp- napxn-cw-]p-g, Ip f, \ -XÆn F o \Zn-I-fpsS kwk-a-ÿew : aq m ] -Xn-Ifpw klm-bn cmpy-ßfpw CSp n AW-s v : Im\U \o -Ic ^nj-dokv IΩyq-Wn n : t\m sh sim n FÆ-ip- o-i-cwime : Ata-cn sim n jn vbm Uv : P m C y sdb F Øvkv (N-h-d) : {^m kv Im n B v t^mu Uh-e-]vsa v t{]mpivsv (am- p-s]- n) : kzn vk e v tim- bw ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy-sØ tim-tfpm-b kn.fw.f-kv tim-tf-pv ÿn-xn sn-øp -Xv : tim bw ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy a-e-bm-fw A- -Sn-im-ebm-b kn.fw.f-kv {]-kv : tim- bw (s_- -an s_-bven 1821 ÿm-]n p) G- hpw Iq-Sp-X sse-{_-dn-i-fp- Pn - : tim bw a-e-bm-fn sa-tωm-dn-b-en-\v XpS- w Ip-dn -Xv : tim -bw ]-ªn-Iv sse-{_-dn-bn -sh v ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy ]p-ibn-e hn-ap- Pn - : tim bw d- D-ev-]m-Z-\-Øn H mw ÿm-\-øp- Pn - : tim bw d -t_m Uv, d- dn-tk - v C -kv- n- yq- v F- n-h-bp-ss B-ÿm-\w : tim bw πm-t -j tim - -tdj-s B-ÿm-\-w : tim -bw ticf t^mdãv Uh-e-]vsa v tim -td-js Bÿm\w : tim bw \-ZnIƒ ao-\- n-em- a-wn-a-e-bm aq-hm- p-]p-g-bm ao-\- n-em-dn-s ]-X-\-ÿm-\w : th-º-\m- p-imb A-cp -Xn tdm-bn-bp-ss tkmuv Hm-^v kvt-amƒ Xn-Mv-kv F t\m-h-en {]-Xn-]m-Zn- p- A-bva-\w {Km-aw ÿn-xn-sn-øp Xv : ao-\- n-em-dn-s Xo-c-Øv a ph-kv-xp-xiƒ ln-µp-ÿm \yq-kv-{]n v ^mœ-dn ÿn-xn-sn-øp ÿew : tim -bw Pn -bn-se sh- q ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy kna v ^mœ-dn ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : \m Iw ap cm-{ ]-Xn si. B \m-cm-b-w-s P- -ÿ-ew : tim -bw Pn -bn-se D-g-hq hn-ip- kn-kv- A -t^m -km-ω-bp-ss `u-xn-im-hn- -߃ kq- n- n-cp- tz-hm-e-bam-b `-c-wßm-\w ]- n ÿn-xn sn-øp- -Xv : tim bw hm-gv-ø-s - Nm-h-d G-en-bm-kv Ip-cym-t m-kv A -s i-h-ip-so-cw ÿn-xn sn-øp- am- m-\w ]- n

ÿnxn-sn-øp ÿew : tim- -b-w ti-c-f-øn-se G-I kq-cy-t {Xw ÿn-xn-sn-øp - ÿew : tim -bw Pn -bnse B-Zn-Xy-]pcw Kn -kv _p- n C-Sw t\snb tem-i-øn-se G- hpw sndn-b ]-ip-h - w : sh- q ]ip (tim -bw Pn -bn-em-wv sh- q ) Sq-dn-kv- v ti-{µßƒ Ip-acIw C-e-ho-gm]q nd C n- I v am p v, IS-b- q ae, Xm n- md F o ae-\n-c-iƒ n-s-bn ÿnxn-sn-øp hnt\mz k mc ti{µw : Ce-ho-gm-]q- nd No Confusion B-Zy k-ºq -Æ km- c-xm Pn : F-d-Wm-Ipfw C- y-bn-se B-Zy k-ºq -Æ km- c-xm ] -Ww : tim bw km- -c-x-bn G- hpw ap- n-ep- Pn : tim bw km- -c-x-bn- c mw ÿm-\w : ]-Ø-\w-Xn- A- -c-ti-c-f ]- -Xn-bn-eq-sS 100% km -c-x t\sn-b I-c-sh- q ]- -mbøv ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : I-Æq ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy C km -c-x ]- mb-øv : {io-i-wvt-]pcw (I-Æq ) C- y-bn-se B-Zy I-ºyq- km- -c-xm Pn : a-e- pdw cm-py-sø BZy HIV/AIDS km- c-xm Pn : ]m-e- msv ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy \n-b-a-km- c-xm {Km-aw : H p- c ]-Ø-\w-Xn- km- -c-x-bn c mw ÿm\-øv \n - p- Pn : ]-Ø-\w-Xn- kwÿm-\sø B-Zy t]mfn-tbm hn-ap- Pn : ]-Ø-\w-Xn- P-\-kwJym h-f - m-\nc- v s\-k- o-hv tc-j-s -SpØn-b Pn : ]-Ø-\w-Xn- Xo - m-s-\ Sq-dn-k-Øn-\v t]-cp-ti- Pn : ]-Ø-\w-Xn- ]-Sb-Wn I-em-cq-]-Øn-\v {]-i-kv-xam-b Pn : ]-Ø-\w-Xn- P-e-ssh-Zyp-X ]- -XnIƒ i-_-cn-kn-cn a-wn-bm aq-gn-bm I- m-sv a p h-kv-xp-xiƒ ]-Ø-\w-Xn- Dƒ-s -Sp- {]-tz-i-߃ {]m-no-\-ime-øv `c-ww \-SØn-b cm-p-hw-i-w : ] -fw cm-phwiw th-epø-ºn Z-f-h Po-h-Xym-Kw sn-bvx- ÿew : ]-Ø-\w-Xn- Pn -bn-se a-æm-sn- Ip-am-c-Kp-cp-tZ-h {]-Xy- c- m sszhk` (PRDS) ÿm]n ÿew : C-c-hn-t]-cq

h -j-øn F m Zn-h-khpw I-YI-fn A-c-tß-dp- t {Xw : ]-Ø-\w-Xn- Pn -bn-se Xn-cp-h {io-h -`-t {Xw ti-c-f-øn-se G- hpw henb t^m-d-kv- v Un-hn-j : ]-Ø-\w-Xn- Pn -bnse dm n ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy dn-k - v h-\w ÿn-xn sn-øp Xv : ]-Ø-\w-Xn- -bn-se tim- n-bn- hn-t\m-z-k- m-cni-sf B-I -jn- p- B-\- q-sn-\v {]-i-kv-xam-b ]-Ø-\w-Xn- -bn-se ÿ-e-am-wv : tim n `u-a-kq-n-i ]Z-hn t\snb tem-l- -Æm-Sn `B-d p-f I-ÆmSn \n -Ωn- p -Xv : ]-Ø-\w-Xn- -bn-se B-d- p-f-bn Icnºv Kth-jW ti{µ-øns Bÿm\w : Xncp-h Sq-dn-Ãv ti-{µßƒ N-c - p v ln -tãj Khn s]-cp-t -\-cp-hn s]-cp-t -\-cp-hn sh- - m- w ÿn-xn sn-øp -Xv : ]-ºm-\-Zn-bn \-ZnIƒ ]-ºm-bm- a-wn-a-e-bm A -tim-hn-em- ]-º-bp-sS {][m\ t]m-j-i-\-zn-i-ƒ : I n, A-gp-X, I- m- m, I m ]-cp-a-e-zzo-]v ÿn-xn-sn-øp Xv : ]-º-bn- P-e-Øn-se ]q-cw F- p hn-ti-jn- n- -s -Sp- B-d p-f D-{X- m-xn h- I-fn A-c-tß-dp -Xv : ]-º-bn- Z n-w `-Ko-c-Yn F- -dn-b-s -Sp \Zn : ]-º i-_-cn-a-e Xo - m-s-\-ti{µw ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : ]-ºm XocØv G-jy-bn-se G- hpw hen-b {In-kv-Xp-a-X k-tωf-\w : ]-Ø-\w-Xn- Pn -bn-se tim-g-t -cnbn \S- p am-c-a I sh j ti-c-f-øn-se G- hpw h-en-b ln-µp-a-x k-tωf-\w \-S- p - ÿew : ]-Ø-\w-Xn- Pn -bn sndptim p-g B-e p-g B-e p-g ] -Ww ]-Wn-I-gn- n- hy- n : Xn-cp-hn-Xm- q Zn-h-\m-bn-cp- cm-pm- ti-i-h-zmkv h- w-i-fn-bp-ss \m-sv F -dn-b-s -Sp Pn : B-e p-g s\-lv-dp-t{sm-^n h- w I-fn- v th-zn-bm-ip - Imb : B-e- p-g-bn-se ]p- -a-s- m-b (1952 apx ) th-ei-fn F- I-em-cq-]-Øn-\v {]-i-kv-xam-b Pn - : B-e p-g a-e-ifpw h-\-`q-anbpw C m-ø Pn - : B-e p-g ti-c-f-øn kw-c n-x h-\-`q-an-bn m-ø G-I Pn : B-e p-g I-gv-k {]-`p In-g- n-s sh-\o-kv F- v hn-ti-jn n Pn : B-e p-g

B-e- p-g-bp-ss kmw-kv-imcn-i X-e-ÿm-\w : A-º-e p-g ti-c-f hm- {Sm kv-t]m - v tim - -tdj-s B-ÿm-\w : B-e- p-g I-b t_m -Un-s B-ÿm-\w : B-e p-g ti-{µ I-b K-th-j-W ti{µw ÿn-xn-sn-øp - ÿew : B-e- p-g- Pn -bn-se I-e-hq- I-b hy-h-km-b-øn H- mw-ÿm-\-øp- Pn : B-e p-g B-e- p-g-bn-se B-Zy I-b- {Km-aw : h-b-em ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy-sØ I-b ^mœ-dn (Um-dm-kv sa-bn ) ÿm-]n-x-amb-xv : B-e- p-g-bn 1859) ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy-sØ t]m-kv v Hm-^o-kv ÿm-]n-x-a-mb-xv : B-e- p-g-bn- (1857) ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy-sØ ko-^p-uv ]m - v ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : A-cq ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy kn- -{Km-aw : N-µn-cq ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy Xm-]-ssh-Zyp-X-\ne-bw ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : Im-bw-Ip-fw cm-po-hv-km- n-bp-ss t]-cn \m-a-ic-ww sn-ø-s - Xm-]-ssh-Zyp-X \n-e-b-w : Im-bw-Ip-fw Xm-]-ssh- Zyp-X-\nebw ti-c-f Im - q ayq-kn-bw ÿn-xn-sn-øp - ÿew : Im-bw-Ipfw ti-{µ \m-fnti-c K-th-j-W-tI{µw ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : Im-bw-Ip-fw s\ p-k-th-j-w ti{µw ÿn-xn-sn-øp - ÿew : a-s m-ºv F- v Ir-jn- v {]-i-kv-xam-b ÿ-ew : Hm-Wm- pi-c ti-c-f-ø-n-s ]- n-{km-aw F- -dn-b-s -Sp - ÿew : \q-d-\msv ti-c-f tã- v ssh-tdmf-pn C -kv- n- yq- v ÿn-xn-sn-øp - Pn : B-e p-g Km- m-c-øn \n- p e-`n- _p- -{]-Xn-a-bn ]-cm-a -in- -s - B-e p-g Pn -bn-se {]mno-\ _p- ti{µw : {io-aq-e-hmkw sx- n-s Zzmc-I, Z- n-w-ti-c-f-øn-se Kp-cp-hm-bq F- -dn-b-s -Sp- B-e p-g Pn -bn-se t {Xw : Aº-e- pg {io-ir-jv-w-t {Xw (]m - m-b-k-øn-\v {]-i-kvxw) ti-c-f-øn-s ]g-\n F- -dn-b-s -Sp -Xv : kp-{_- -Wy- {Xw ti-c-f-øn-se G- hpw hen-b Np-a -Nn-{Xw : K-tP{µ-tam- w (Ir-jv-W-]p-cw sim- m-c-øn ) ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy ^nenw ÃpUntbm : B-e p-g DZ-bm ÃpUn-tbm a-lmi-hn Ip-am-c-\m-im ] -\-bm- n sh- v t_m- -]-I-S-Øn a-c-w-s - ÿ-e-w : Ip-am-c-tImSn (1924) B-e- p-g- Pn -bn-se Ip- -\m-sns\ hn-ti-jn- n- p -Xv : ti-c-f-øn-se tlm-f v (k-ap-{z \n-c- n -\n- p Xm-sg ÿn-xn-sn-øp- -Xn-\m ) ti-c-f-øn-s s\ -d F- p hn-ti-jn- n- -s - ÿ-ew : Ip- -\m-sv Ip -\m-sns CXn-lm-k-Imc F -dn-b-s -Sp hy n : XIgn inh-i- -c- n \-Zn-Iƒ a-wn-a-e-bm A -tim-hn-em ti-c-f-øn-se G- hpw hen-b Im-b- : th-º-\m- v Im-b (B-e pg) th-º-\m- v Im-b-en-se c- v _- p-iƒ : X-Æo -ap- w _ v, txm- - n kv-]n th

ti-c-f-øn-se G- hpw hen-b _- v : X-Æo -ap w Ip- -\m- n-se A-[n-IP-ew I-S-en-te- v H-gp- p- -Xn-\v \n -Ωn- kv-]n -th- : txm- - n kv-]n th B-e p-g Pn -bp-ss {]-[m-\ Zzo-]v : ]m-xn-cm-aw m-kv \n -Ωm-W-Øn\p-]-tbmK-n p- I-Æm-Sn-a-W-en-\v {]-i-kv-xam-b ÿ-ew : tn -Ø-e sim w ti-c-f-n-cn-{x-øn tx h- n F- -dn-b-s - n-cp- ÿ-ew : sim w th-wm-sv cm-p-hw-i-øn-s X-e-ÿm-\-w : sim w sim w \-K-c-sØ - n hn-h-c-߃ \ -Ip- N-cn-{X-tc-J- : X-cn-km - n imk\w (ÿm-wp c-hnh Ω - A.D 849) sim w \K-cw ]-Wn I-gn- n- - hy- n- : km-]n Cutkm C-_v-\p _-ØqØ tem-i-øn-se an-i- A- v Xp-d-ap-J-ß-fn H- m-bn Xn-c-s -Sp-Ø ti-c-f-ønse Xp-d-ap-Jw : \o- -I-c,- sim w Hm- n-d-i-fn- v {]-i-kv-xam-b Pn - : sim w P-b-knw-l-\mSv, tz-inw-k-\m-sv F- nß-s\ A-dn-b-s -Sp- Pn - : sim w C -a-ss\ v, tam-twm-ssk- v \n-t -]-߃- v {]-i-kv-xam-b Pn - : sim w I-fn-a \n-t -]-߃- v {]-i-kv-xamb sim w Pn -bp-ss {]-tz-iw : Ip -d sn-ωo h-f -Ø-en H mw ÿm-\-øp- Pn : sim w F- v D -]m-z-\-øn H mw ÿm-\-øp- Pn : sim w I-iph- n hy-h-k-mb-øn H mw ÿm-\-øp- Pn : sim w G- hpw Iq-Sp-X I-iph- n ^m-œ-dn-i-fp- Pn - : sim w ti-c-f-øn G- hpw Iq-Sp-X ^mœ-dn sxm-gn-em-fn-i-fp- Pn : sim w Ct m t\m -ho-pn-b s{]mpœv \S- n-em- nb ti-c-f-øn-se Xp-d-ap-Jw : \o- -I-ctI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ Xo-ctZi t]m-eo-kv kv-t -j : \o -I-c A- -ap-sn Im-b-en-s\ I-S-ep-am-bn _- n- n- p -Xv : \o -I-c Agn {]-knu v t{sm-^n h- wi-fn A-c-tß-dp -Xv : A- -ap-sn- m-b-en ti-c-f-øn-se G- hpw hen-b ip -P-e X-Sm-Iw : im-kv-xmw-tim- Imb Im-b-en-s cm- n F- -dn-b-s -Sp- Im-b- : im-kv-xmw-tim- Imb ti-c-f-øn-se G- -hpw h-epxpw B-Zy-tØ-Xpam-b P-e-tk-N-\ ]- -Xn- : I -S sim w Pn -bp-ss {][m-\ \-Zn- : I -S-bm ti-c-f-øn-se G- hpw hen-b c- ma-sø Im-b- : A- -ap-sn Imb ti-c-f-øn-se G- hpw hen-b sd-bn -th Zp-c- -w : s]-cp-a Zpc w (1988 A- -ap-sn Im-b-en ) sim w ] -Ww ÿnxnsnøp- Xv : A- -ap-sn Im-b-en-s Xo-c-Øv B-Zy I-Ωyq-Wn- n Sq-dn-kw ] -Xn B-cw-`n -Xv : A- -ap-sn Im-b-en-se a -tdm Xp-cp-Øn- C- y-bn-se B-Zy Ct m Sq-dn-kw ]- -Xn- : sx -e (sim w) e- w-ho-sv ]- -Xn- v Xp-S- w-ip-dn -Xv : Nn-X-d {Km-a-Øn {Km-a-hnI-k-\ C -Ãn- yq- v ÿn-xn-sn-øp - ÿew : sim- m-c -c G-jy-bn-se B-Zy _- ^vssf ]m - v ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : sx -e ti-c-f-øn G- hpw Iq-Sp-X Nq-Sv A-\p-`-h-s -Sp ÿ-ew : ]p-\-eq

I- K-th-j-W ti{µw ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : B-bn-cw-sXßv ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy Xp-Wn-an v ÿm-]n-x-amb-xv : sim w Pn (1881) ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy-sØ t]- an v : ]p-\-eq t]- an {]-ikv-x No-\-sIm- m-cw ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : sim w Pn -bn C- y-bn-se B-Zy kp-\m-an ayq-knbw ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : A-go (sim- w) sn -cpwn h\y-pohn kt Xw ÿnxn-sn-øp ÿew : ]Ø\m-]pcw Xan-gv\m-Sp-ambn tic-fsø _ n- n- p Bcy- msv ÿnxn-sn-øp- Xv : sim w Pn n-bn tem-i-øn-se G- hpw hen-b ]- n-in-ev-]w ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : N-S-b-aw-Ke-sØ P-Um-bp]m-d t\- Nz ]m - n (sim w) Pn -bnse {][m\ ÿm]-\-߃ Ip d skdm-anivkv Ip d ticf C Ãn- yq v Hm^v dqd Uh-e-]vsa v C y sdb F Øv ^mivsdn Nhd Imjyp Uh-e-]vsa v tim -td-j {Smh Iq ssπhpuv C -kv{sokv ]p\-eq tic-f- an-\d kv B v sa kv enan- Uv Nhd Sq-dn-Ãv ti-{µßƒ sx- e Ct m Sq-dnkw B-{i-aw Sq-dn-kv- v hn-t Pv a tdm Xp-cpØv P-Sm-bp m-d tdm-kva-e X- -t»-cn hn-f- p-amsw Ip-f-Øp p-g ]m-e-cp-hn sh- - m w t]m - v-ko-kp-im 1518- ]-Wn-I-gn- n txma-kv tim- A-dn-b-s -Sp -Xv : X- -t»-cn-tim- B-cy- m-hn-\p k-ao-]w ÿn-xn-sn-øp- {]-ikv-x sh- - m- -w : ]m-e-cphn ti-c-f-øn-se G-I Zp-tcym-[-\ t -{Xw ÿnxn-sn-øp ÿew : ae\-s hn-{k-l-tam, Np- º-etam C m-ø t -{X-w : Hm- nd ]-c-{_- -t {Xw I-Y-I-fn-bp-sS ]q - -cq-]am-b cm-a-\m- w cq-]-s -Sp-Ønb-Xv : sim- mc- -c X-ºp-cm th-ep-x-ºnz-f-h {_o- o-jp-im -s -Xn-sc ]p-d-s -Sp-hn- k-a-cm-lzm-\-w : Ip- -d hn-fw-_cw (1809) N- -ºn-kzm-an-bp-sS k-am-[n ÿ-ew : ] -\ Xn-cp-h-\ -]pcw ti-c-f-øns X-e-ÿm-\-w : Xn-cp-h-\- -]pcw ti-c-f-øn-s sx-s -b- -Øp- Pn - : Xn-cp-h-\- -]pcw P-\-km{µ-X G- hpw IqSn-b Pn : Xn-cp-h-\- -]pcw P-\-kw-Jy IqSnb tim - -td-j : Xn-cp-h-\- -]pcw

ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy tim - -td-j : Xn-cp-h-\- -]pcw (1940) sim- m-c-ß-fp-ss Pn -sb- v A-dn-b-s -Sp -Xv : Xn-cp-h-\- -]pcw ]q Æ sam-ss_ I-W-Œn-hn- n-bp- B-Zy C- y Pn : Xn-cp-h- -]p-cw ]-ªn-Iv {Sm kv-t]m - v kw-hn-[m-\-øn-\v Xp-S- -an- Pn (\Kcw) : Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-cw (1938) Xn-cp-h-\ -]p-cw Pn -bp-ss A-]-c-\m-a-ß-ƒ : A-\- -]p-cn, {io-tem-i-ssh-ip-wvtw a-c- o\n, amº-gw D-Xv-]m-Z-\-Øn H mw ÿm-\-øp Pn : Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-cw kz-tz-im-`n-am-\n ]-{X-Øn-\v {]kn o-i-cww Bcw-`n ÿew : A- p-sx-ßv Im-b-ep-Iƒ sh mb\n, B- p-fw, thfn, CS-h, \-Sb-d, A- p-sxßv, ITn-\w-Ipfw, Sq-dn-Ãv ti-{µßƒ A-K-kv-Xya-e s]m -ap-sn in-h-kncn (h - e) timh-fw _o v t\- n-b _o v h e _o v sx- ti-c-f-øns Du- n- : s]m -apsn `B-bv ` cm-pm- - m-cp-ss X-e-ÿm-\w : A-K-kv-Xy-a-e or s]m-xn-bn -ae B-bv cm-pm- - m-cp-ss ]n Im-e X-e-ÿm-\w : hn-gn w {_n- o-jp-im -s -Xn-sc ti-c-f-øn \-S- B-Zy I-em-]w : 1697 se A- p-sx-ßv I-em]w {_n- o-jp-im -s -Xn-sc C- y-bn \-S- B-Zy kw-lsn-x I-em-]w : 1721-se B- n-߃ I-em]w hn-gn- w Xp-d-ap-J-Øn-s in-ev-]n : D-Ωn-WnXºn Ip-am-c-\m-im-s kv-amc-iw ÿn-xn-sn-øp - ÿew : txm- -bv- - a-lmi-hn D- q-cn-s kv-amc-iw ÿn-xn-sn-øp - ÿew : P-KXn ]m-]-\m-iw _o- v ÿn-xn-sn-øp - ÿew : h -e s\-bv-øp-] -Ww, Z- n-w-ti-c-f-øn-se am- -à F- nß-s\ A-dn-b-s -Sp- ÿ-ew : _m-e-cm-a- ]pcw ti-{µ In-g-ßphn-f K-th-j-W-tI{µw ÿn-xn-sn-øp - ÿew : {io-imcyw \m-fnti-c K-th-j-W-tI{µw ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : _m-e-cm-a-]pcw ti-{µ a- y-k-th-j-w ti{µw ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : hn-gn w C- y C -Ãn- yq v Hm-^v kv-t]-kv ssiv-t\mf-pn ÿn-xn-sn-øp Xv : h-enba-e en-izn-uv s{]m- -j kn-ãw sk ÿn-xnsn-øp -Xv : h-en-ba-e ti-c-f`m-j C -Ãn- yq- v ÿn-xn-sn-øp - ÿew : \f-µ ln-µp-ÿm em- -Iv-kv ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : t]-cq -S cm-po-hv Km- n sk t^m _-tbm-ssiv-t\mf-pn ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : Xn-cp-h-\- -]pcw ti-c-f-øn-se GI ssk\n-i kv-iqƒ : I-g- q- w ti-c-f-øn-se G- hpw hen-b P-bn : ]q-p p-c sk -{S P-bn kwÿm-\sø BZysØ Xpd Pbn : Im m- -S-bv -Sp-Øp s\ p-im tøcn

C- y-bn-se B-Zy _-tbm-f-pn- ]m - v ÿn-xn-sn-øp - ÿew : A-K-kv-Xym -IqSw ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy ssk-_ t]m-eo-kv kv-t -j ÿn-xn-sn-øp - ÿew : ] w C- y-bn-se B-Zy Un.F.F _m tim-un-mv ti{µw ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : ]pø -txm- v Xn-cp-h-\- -]pcøv Cw- o-jp-im \n -Ωn- ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy tim : A- p-sxßv ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy I-ºyq- -h-xvir-x ]- mbøv : sh- -\msv C- y-bn-se B-Zy ssiv-t\m-]m v : I-g- q w (1990) ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy k - -I-emim-e : Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq k - -I-em-ime (1937), 1957- ti-c-f I-emime F- m nti-c-f-øn-se BZy kv-t]m -Sv-kv kv-iqƒ ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : sp.hn cm-p kv-t]m -Svkv kv-iqƒ ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy-sØ am-pn-iv A- Z-an ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : ]q-p- p-c Xn-c-am-e-bn \n- v ssh-zyp-xn D-ev-]m-Zn- n- p- C- y-bn-se BZy ]- -Xn- : hn-gn- w ] -Xn ti-c-f-øn-se B-Zy ap-x-e-h-f -Ø ti{µw : s\-øm (1976) ti-c-f-øn-se G- -hpw D-b-c-ap- c- ma-sø sim-sp-ap-sn- : A-K-kv-Xym -IqSw (1869 ao- D-bcw) Xn-c-h-\- -]p-cw Pn -bn-se G- hpw \of-ap \Zn : hm-a-\-]p-cw B Xpº tdm - v hn-t -]-W-tI{µw ÿn-xn-sn-øp Xv : Xn-cp-h-\- -]pcw ti-c-f-øn-se G-I knw-l-k-^m-cn ]m - v ÿn-xn-sn-øp -Xv : s\øm A-]-c-\m-a-߃ or hn-ti-j-w-߃ A-]-c-\m-a߃ or hn-ti-j-w-߃ ti-c-f-øn-s ]-g-\n Z- nw ti-c-f-øn-se Kp-cp-hm-bq sx- n-s Zzm-c-I ti-cf ssi-em-kw Z n-w Im-in sx- K-b A-\- -]p-cn, `q-tem-i-ssh-ip-wvtw P-b-knw-l-\mSv, tz-inw-k-\m-sv tx -h- n ti-c-f-øns Nn-dm-]q- n kw-km-cn- p- I-Y-I-fn ti-c-f-øns Du- n ]m-h-ß-fpss Du- n sx- ti-c-f-øns Du- n ti-c-f-øn-s Iq -Kv I-cn-º-\-I-fp-sS \m-sv ti-c-f-øn-se tlm-f- v In-g- n-s sh-\o-kv Z n-w ti-c-f-øn-se am- -à s\-bv-øp-]- -Ww Im-b-en-s cm- n \m-a߃ kp-{_- -Wy-t {Xw {io-ir-jv-w-t {Xw (A-º-e- p-g) I-Æq X-fn- -d-ºv I-Æq X-fn- d-ºv cm-p-cm-tp-iz-cn t {Xw h-b-\m-sv Xn-cp-s\ n Xn-cp-s\ n Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-cw sim w sim w e- nsn b- -Km\w dm-wn-]pcw (a-g-øpae) s\ n-bmºxn s]m -apsn am-temw ]m-e- msv Ip- -\msv B-e p-g _m-e-cm-a-]pcw _m-e-cm-a-]pcw im-kv-xmw-tim- -Imb

XSm-I \-K-cw sim w ti-c-f-øn-s a- -\-Zn Ip- ymsn (tim-gn-t msv) k-]v-x`m-j kw-k-a-`q-an Imk -timsv ssz-h-øn-s \m-sv Imk -timsv \-Zn-I-fp-sS \m-sv Imk -timsv tim- -I-fp-sS \m-sv Imk -timsv a-e- p-d-øn-s Po-h-tc-J Nm-en-bm h-b-ep-i-fp-ss \m-sv h-b-\msv ]q-c-ß-fp-ss \m-sv Xr-»q sx-ø-ß-fp-ss \m-sv I-Æq Xn-c-I-fp-sS \m-sv I-Æq- ti-c-f-øn-s \-bm-{k A-Xn-c- - n (Xr-»q ) Z n-w ssi-em-kw Xr-»q h-s- pw\m-y t {Xw Z n-w Zzm-c-I Kp-cp-hm-bq ap-cn-nn ]-Ø-\w sim-sp-ß q (Xr-»q ) ap-nn, ap-cn-nn-\-k-cw sim-sp-ß q (Xr-»q ) ap-kn-cn-kv sim-sp-ß q A-iv-a-Iw sim-sp-ß q ssl-td- n-s I-hm-Sw tim-x-awkew kp-k- -hy-rv-p-\ I-e-h-d C-Sp n ti-c-f-øn-s ]-g- q-s C-Sp n Z n-w `-Ko-c-Yn ]-º ti-c-f-øn-s s\ -d Ip- -\msv (B-e- p-g) K-th-j-W-tI-{µw ÿ-ew Pn ti-{µ txm- hn-f K-th-j-W ti-{µw Ip-Uv-ep Imk -tkm-uv sx-ßv K-th-j-W ti-{µw ]o-en-t m-sv Imk -tkmuv Ip-cp-apf-Iv K-th-j-W ti-{µw ]- n-bq I-Æq C- n K-th-j-W ti-{µw A-º-e-hb h-b-\msv Im- n K-th-j-W ti-{µw Nq-t h-b-\msv ti-{µ kp-k- -hn-f K-th-j-W ti-{µw aq-gn- timgn-t msv s\ v K-th-j-W ti-{µw ]- m-ºn ]m-e- msv ssi-x-n- K-th-j-W ti-{µw sh- m-\n- -c Xr-»q hm-g K-th-j-W-tI-{µw I-Æmd Xr-»q ]p -ssøe K-th-j-W ti-{µw Hm-S- m-en F-d-Wm-Ipfw s\ v K-th-j-W ti-{µw ssh- ne F-d-Wm-Ipfw sk -{S a-ssd ^n-j-do-kv dn-k - v C -Ãn- yq- v sim n F-d-Wm-Ipfw ti-{µ I-b K-th-j-W ti-{µw I-e-hq B-e p-g ti-{µ-\m-fnti-c K-th-j-W ti-{µw Im-bw-Ip-fw B-e p-g s\ v K-th-j-W ti-{µw a-s m-ºv B-e p-g I- K-th-j-W ti-{µw B-bn-cw-sXßv sim w