A Croy Lesson 23 TENSE Present, Future, Imperfect, Aorist, Perfect, Pluperfect VOICE Active, Passive, Middle MOOD Indicative, Infinitive, Participle PERSON Ω,, NUMBER, TENSE => KIND of action CONTINUING (ongoing, linear) COMPLETED (with result or ongoing effect) Time >> Quality v v INDICATIVE MOOD Past Concurrent Future SIMPLE (affirmation of action w/out regard to duration or completion) Continuing Imperfect Present Future and TIME of action Past Concurrent Simple Completed Aorist Pluperfect Present Perfect Future (Future Perfect) Future TENSE => Kind of action and time of action PRESENT: I am loosening, I loosen FUTURE: I will be loosening, I will loosen IMPERFECT: I was loosening AORIST: I loosened using the verb λύω PERFECT: I have loosened PLUPERFECT: I had loosened VOICE => relation of subject to action ACTIVE: subject performs action I loosen PASSIVE: subject is acted upon I am being loosened (by ) MIDDLE: action of subject relates back to subject I loosen myself KIND of action: Continuing, Completed, Simple TIME of action: Past, Concurrent, Future 1
PERSON => identifying subject,, NUMBER, I We you you (y all) he / she / it they TENSE Present, Future, Imperfect, Aorist, Perfect, Pluperfect VOICE Active, Passive, Middle MOOD Indicative, Infinitive, Participle PERSON,, NUMBER, TENSE Present, Future, Imperfect, Aorist, Perfect, Pluperfect VOICE Active, Passive, Middle MOOD Indicative, Infinitive, Participle, Subjunctive, Imperative, Optative PERSON,, NUMBER, MOOD => manner in which action is regarded by subject INDICATIVE: simple assertion I loosen INFINITIVE: to loosen PARTICIPLE: loosening SUBJUNCTIVE: hypothetical or potential Should I loosen IMPERATIVE: command Loosen! OPTATIVE: expressed as a hope Would that I loosen Indicative conveys reality We study Greek. Subjunctive conveys contingency, uncertainty, doubt, expectation, volition, intention, desire, hypothetical, potential Let us study Greek. If we study Greek in order that we may study Greek. Should we study Greek? No way we will ever study Greek! PRESENT Tense - Active INDICATIVE - SUBJUNCTIVE λυω λυω λυεις ς λυει λυοµεν λυωµεν λυετε λυητε λυουσι(ν) λυωσι(ν) 2
KEY SIGN: theme vowel lengthened to ω / η ENDINGS: Primary for all forms TENSES: Present and Aorist (and Perfect 10x in NT) TENSE ASPECT: Present: Ongoing Aorist: Simple TENSE CODES: σα for AOR (but w/ contraction > ω / η) θη / η for AOR PASS Stem change for AOR NO AUGMENT NEGATIVE: µη PRESENT Tense - Active λυω λυωµεν ς λυητε λυωσι(ν) PRESENT Tense Middle/Passive/Deponent INDICATIVE - SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT Tense Middle/Passive/Deponent INDICATIVE - SUBJUNCTIVE λυοµαι - λυοµεθα - λυοµαι λυωµαι λυοµεθα λυωµεθα - λυεσθε - - λυεσθε λυησθε λυεται - λυουνται - λυεται λυηται λυουνται - λυωνται PRESENT Tense Middle/Passive/Deponent Active PRESENT - AORIST λυωµαι λυωµεθα λυω λυσω λυωµεν - λυσωµεν λυησθε ς - λυσῃς λυητε - λυσητε λυηται λυωνται - λυσῃ λυωσι(ν) - λυσωσι(ν) 3
Active AORIST PRESENT Tense Middle/Passive/Deponent Guess what the Aorist forms will look like? λυσω λυσωµεν λυωµαι λυωµεθα λυσῃς λυσητε λυησθε λυσῃ λυσωσι(ν) λυηται λυωνται AORIST Tense Middle/Deponent PRESENT Tense Active How will you form the Aorist Passive? λυσωµαι λυσωµεθα λυω λυωµεν λυσῃ λυσησθε ς λυητε λυσηται λυσωνται λυωσι(ν) ΑΟRIST Tense - Passive PRESENT Tense - Active λυθω λυθωµεν λυω λυωµεν λυθῃς λυθητε ς λυητε λυθῃ λυθωσι(ν) λυωσι(ν) 4
PRESENT Tense - Active PRESENT Tense of εἰµὶ λυω λυωµεν ὦ ὦµεν ς λυητε ᾖς ἦτε λυωσι(ν) ᾖ ὦσι(ν) Hortatory Subjunctive Deliberative Questions Emphatic Negation (Strong Future Denial) (Prohibition with µη >> Lesson 26) With ἵνα clauses: Purpose, Substantive, Result, Substitute for Infinitive Future / Present General Condition Hortatory Subjunctive First Person << Let us ἐλθωµεν Let us go ἀγαπῶµεν ἀλλήλους Let us keep on loving one another (1 John 4.7) Deliberative Subjunctive Questions of possibility, desirablity, or necessity. Not questions for information Look for ; << should, would ἐλθωµεν; Should we go? Deliberative Subjunctive τί ποιῶµεν ; John 6.28 Present Subjn > What are we to be doing? τί ποιήσωµεν; Luke 3.10 Aorist Subjn > What should we do? τί ποιοῦµεν ; John 11.47 Present Indic> What do we do? 5
Emphatic Negation Use of οὐ µή with Aorist Subjunctive << No way! Never! οὐ µή ἐλθωµεν. We will never go! οὐ µὴ εἰσέλθητε εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν. Matthew 5.20; 18.3 Purpose (introduced with ἵνα or ὅπως) Answers why? Look for ἵνα or ὅπως << In order that ἡµεις ἐσµεν καλος ἵνα ἐλθωµεν We are being good in order that we may go Substantive (often introduced with ἵνα) Answers what? After ideas of wishing, urging, striving, commanding, requesting, or the like << that θέλεις εἴπωµεν πῦρ καταβῆναι ἀπὸ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ; Do you wish that we call fire to come down from heaven? Luke 9.54 Conditional Statements Simple Condition: If, then Protasis ( If part) is assumed to be real (or regarded as true for the sake of argument; can almost translate with because ) εἰ + Indic If I study (and I m implying that I do), then I do well. Conditional Statements Future or Present General Condition: If, then Protasis ( If part) is assumed to be potential or possible, a hypothetical or general situation ἐαν + Subjn > Future or Present << If I study (but I m not saying that I will), then I will do well. If I study (but I m not saying that I will), then I do well. Future Condition: ἐαν + Subjn then Future Present General Condition ἐαν + Subjn then Present ἐαν ἐλθωµεν If we go, we will die. If we go, we are idiots. If we go 6
Lesson 23 - Vocabulary Hortatory Subjunctive: Let us Deliberative Questions: Should? Emphatic Negation (Strong Future Denial): Never (Prohibition with µη >> Lesson 26) With ἵνα clauses: Purpose (in order that), Substantive (that), Result (so that), Substitute for Infinitive Future / Present General Condition: if ἀγοράζω ἄν γραφή, -ῆς, ἡ ἐάν ἵνα κώµη, -ῆς, ἡ µηδέ µηκέτι ὅπως ὅταν ὅτε οὐκέτι ὡς Croy 23 - Exercises P&R: 1-7 + 8-14 NT: 1, 3, 4 + 2, 5-8 α γαπω µεν Possible confusion with Alpha contracts Present Active INDIC or SUBJN 1 ἀγαπῶµεν ἀλλήλους. (INDIC) We are loving one another. (SUBJN) Let us be loving one another. ἀγαπησῶµεν ἀλλήλους. (AOR SUBJN) Let us love one another. ἀγαπῶµεν ἀλλήλους; (INDIC) Are we loving one another? >> Yes or No? (SUBJN) Should we be loving one another? >>??? 1 John 3.18 α γαπω µεν µὴ ἀγαπῶµεν λόγῳ µηδὲ τῇ γλώσσῃ ἀλλὰ ἐν ἔργῳ και α ληθειά. Has to be SUBJN with µὴ >> Let us not be loving α γαπω µεν ου µὴ ἀγαπῶµεν πενν στατε. Has to be SUBJN with ου µὴ >> We will never be loving 7
α γαπω µεν ο Χρι στος α πε θανεν ἵνα ἀγαπῶµεν ἀλλήλους. Has to be SUBJN with ἵνα α γαπω µεν ει ἀγαπῶµεν ἀλλήλους, ὁ θεὸς ἐν ἡµῖν µένει. INDIC with ει >> If / Since we are loving ἐὰν ἀγαπῶµεν ἀλλήλους, ὁ θεὸς ἐν ἡµῖν µένει. SUBJN with ἐὰν >> If we are loving (and maybe we are, maybe not) ἐὰν ἀγαπῶµεν ἀλλήλους, ὁ θεὸς ἐν ἡµῖν µενει. SUBJN with ἐὰν >> If we are loving one another, God will remain in us. John 20.31 ταῦτα δὲ γέγραπται ἵνα πιστεύητε πιστεύσητε ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, 8