* * * * * Mortlock ,**/ Horne and Goldman, bee and Kneen, +32, ; +33- and Inouchi,,**1 TKN,**. +.. * + -3* 20,

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1 The Quaternary Research 3 0 p -03-2,,*+* +,,a * * * * * +, - TKN,** + SiO, Al, O-, : I Mortlock and Froelich, +323 Bradbury, +333 ; Battarbee,,*** ; Prokopenko et al,,**+ a ; Kuwae et al,,**,**/ Takemura, +33* ; Meyers et al, +33- ; Yasuda et al,,** ; Nakagawa et al,,**2 Horne and Goldman, Prokopenko et al,,**+ a ;,**/ Meyers et al, +33- ; Battar-,**- ; Kuwae et al,,** ; Yamada,,** ; Iwamoto bee and Kneen, +32, ; +33- and Inouchi,,**1,**3 1 1,*+* 3,/ * + -3* 20, : *, -2+ +* -** *- -3* 20, *,-1 **0+, +/ * a Corresponding author : tak-itoh@hotmail co jp

2 /* m, Prokopenko et al,,**+ a ;,**- ; Kuwae et al,,** TKN +321,** :,**0 SiO, Al, O- SiO, Al, O- +,** ;,**1 II ,* 1-* m + TKN,** +321 Fig + Geologic map of the Takano Formation, showing the TKN,** core drilling site Geologic map is after Kimura ( +321)

3 ,*+* +, III,**1,** Asoo, Asoo- Asoo TKN,** NJ22 BW+00,**0 /5** -*+ cm TKN*-*+ cm 33,**1 Asoo, Asoo- Asoo BW+00 cm +04* ka, +--4* ka, 224* ka, -34/ ka,**1 -** cm 5*** cm, Asoo,**0, Asoo- /+ cmky, Asoo- Asoo -3 cmky, Asoo BW+00 - cmky Asoo, BW+00 -* ka +0* ka -** cm 5*** /5** cm -** 5*** cm IV,,**0,**1 Fig, Lithology and an age modelofthe Takano Formation Columnar section is simplified from that of Tawara et al (,**0) Anage model is after Nagahashi et al (,**1) TKN,** + cm +*/,,**0 + cm / +* cc / g *4+ mg *4*/ - gcm -** 5*** cm / cm + XRD

4 MXP- Cu Ka * kv,,* ma,, 0*, q, +, q PC MacDi# Petschick,,*** Ka, JCPDS Joint Committee on Powder Di# raction Standards, ** 5*** cm / cm +* cm + OpaloA Eisma and van der Gaast +31+ OpaloA bulge Opalo A bulgecpsabc, + Tada and Iijima +33, A,, B +0 C -3 - Fig - Depth profiles of particle density from OpaloA the Takano Formation OpaloA bulge Opalo A +* -,4 gcm - JAMSTEC XRF 5*** -51+* cm, TATSCANF,,53/,5-** cm,,5*0/ +52-* cm, +50** -+2 cm,53/,5-** cm -,4 gcm -* kv, *4*+ ma, 1 mm +* +,340 ka, ++*4+ 3/4/ ka, , ka, 104/ s wt Na *42 wt Mg *4, wt * ka Al *4+ wt Si *4,- wt P *4*/ -51+*,53/ cm,,5-**,5*0/ cm, wt K *4* wt Ca *4,3 wt Ti +52-* +50** cm +,340 ++*4+ ka, *4*, wt Mn *4*+ wt Fe *4,, wt 3/4/ 2340 ka, 2-4, 104/ ka Sakamoto et al,,**0 -** 5*** cm, / cm +* cm + XRD / +* cm +** -** V -, +0-3 OpaloA + OpaloA *** cm,4,,41 gcm +0-3

5 ,*+* +, 373 Fig XRD profiles of the some samples from the Takano Formation +*/4, cps Opalo A -4 0/*4+ cps - +* Na, O Na, O 3 Fe, O- MgO *4/ Al, O- 24-,4, +14/ SiO, PO, / *4,,4- *43 K, O *4/, CaO *4 4- *43 TiO, *4/ +4 +4* MnO * *41 *4+ Fe, O-/4* ,4 SiO, Al, O- 2 Fe, O-+ MgO, P, O /, K, O, CaO, TiO,, MnO + / Al, O- SiO, Fe, O- Al, O- 0Al, O-MgOr * 12 n--/ p*4**+ K, O r*40, n--/ p Fig / / Al, O- SiO, Fe, O- SiO, Stratigraphic profiles of Al O, SiO and Fe O contents in the Takano Formation, -,, - Note that SiO content is plotted using inversion axis,

6 Fig 0 0 Al O, - Scatter diagrams of the several major elements versus Al O contents, - *4**+ TiO, r*42 n--/ p*4**+ SiO, r*4, n--/ p*4**+ MnO r*4/- n--/ p*4**+ P, O/ r*4/ n Al, O- --/ p*4**+ FeO, - r*4- n--/ p AlO, - TiO, *4**+ *4*+ K, O MgO Al, O- CaO *4*, 0 / XRD VI + Si, Mn, Fe Al, O- SiO, MnO Al, O- P, O/ Fe, O- MgOK, OTiO, SiO, MnO XRD P, O/ Fe, O- 0 OpaloA Opalo A SiO, nh, O Al OpaloA Al OH- Al,

7 ,*+* +, * * ka SiO AlO OpaloA,, - Fig 1 Temporal profiles of SiO /Al O ratio and opaloa/quartz ratio,, - Big Watab Lake Stevens et al,,*** Al, O- XRD Katsuta et al,,**0 Sapota SiO, OpaloA et al,,**0 Lake Jues Voigt et al, SiO, Al, O-,4/ 24/,**2-4- Si +, ++/ ka, ka, 2001 ka Fe ka MgO 1oa Opalo MgOAl, O- *4*0 A*4- +4 *4// 0 XRD +-* ++, ka, +*223 ka, 201/ ka, /2 2 ka 1obSiO, Al, O- OpaloA Ca, Mn, Mg Lim et al,,** MgO Mg, SiO, +5*2+ -5,,- cm BSi Opalo A Mortlock and Froelich +323 Opalo CT Murata Kakuta et al,,**0 BSi -4* and Nakata, +31 ; Tada and Iijima, +33,,34, +*4* XRD SiO, Al, O- OpaloA BSi OpaloCT 2 SiO, Al, O- Opalo A r*4/- n--/ p*4**+ 2oaBSi OpaloA r SiO, Al, O- *4/ n-*+ p*4**+ 2b

8 Fig 2 2 Correlation between the several proxies of the Takano Formation BSi SiO, Al, O- r*40/ n-*+ p *4**+ 2o c r*40 n-*+ p*4**+ 2d SiO, BSi SiO, Al, O- +*,**0 r *42* n-+3 p*4**+ 2oe BDP3- BSi,**0 * / SiO, Prokopenko et al,,**+ b particle density +33,**/ ; Ikehara et al,,**0 BSi BSi r *43*,**/ Opalo A,4*,40/,40,,410 BSi BSi

9 ,*+* +, 377 SiO, Al, O- Tp+** TbTbTc, - SiO, Al, O- Tb Tc Horne and Goldman, +33 TOC TN TOC TN,5*** mm Sampei and Matsumoto,,**+ ;,**- +5/** -5*** mm Heusser and Morley, +331,**0 Igarashi and Oba,,**0 SiO, Al, O- SiO, Al, O- +, ++/ ka, ka, 2001 ka +,- ++1 ka, 3/ 3* ka, 2/4/ 124/ ka 3 SiO, Al, O- 3o a Tp , ka, +*222 ka, 201/ Tp ka, /1 2 ka 3ob +,- ++, ka, 3222 ka, 201/4/,**1 Igarashi and ka, 1/ 01 ka 3oc Oba,**0 SiO, Al, O- Tp REDFIT Schulz and Mudelsee,,**, 3 SiO Al O Tp,, - Fig 3 Comparison among Al O /SiO ratio, Tp index, and sum of Cryptomeria and Sciadopytis frequencies, -,

10 SiO, Al, O-Tp +-* +,- ka/ 3 katp SiO, Al, O- 3 SiO, Al, O- Tp SiO, Al, O- +* Horne and Goldman, SiO, Al, O- +33 Welch overlapping segments 0dB bandwidth *4+ Welch3/ false- Proko- alarm level penko et al,,**+ a ;,**/ Fig +* Periodicities of SiO,/Al, O- ratio variation in Meyers et al, +33- ; the Takano Formation,**- ; Kuwae et al,,** ; Yamada,,** ; Iwamoto The number of Welch overlapped segments is four, and the spectral window uses a Welch-type The 0o and Inouchi,,**1,**/ db band-width determines the frequency resolution (*4+) Broken line denotes upper 3/ false alarm level of the red-noise background,**-,5,10,*5-,/ Kuwae et al,** +,51*0 +5+2* +5*1 32* 2** 00, +* +** -** 2** 00,,5,10,*5-,/,-5*** +35*** +,51*0 +5+2* 32* SiO, Al, O- Bond et al, * +,- ka / 3 ka SiO, Al, O- Bond et al, +331 Kellogg,,** SiO, Al, O-

11 ,*+* +, 379 Tp, Savrda and Bottjer, +320 JAM- STEC, VII Battarbee, RW (,***) Palaeolimnological approaches + Al, O- TiO, MgO K, O SiO, P, O/ MnO Fe, O- SiO, MnO Fe, O - OpaloA to climate change, with special regard to the biological record Quaternary Science Review, +3, +*1 +, Battarbee, RW and Kneen, M J ( +32, ) The use of electronically counted microspheres in absolute diatom analysis Limnology and Oceanography,,1, Bond, G, Showers, W, Cheseby, M, Lotti, R, Almasi, SiO, Al, O- SiO, Al, O- P, demenocal, P, Priore, P, Cullen, H, Hajdas, I and Bonani, G ( +331) A pervasive millennial-scale cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and Glacial climates Science,,12, +,/1 +,00, Bradbury, JP ( +333) Continental diatoms as indicators of long-term environmental change Stoermer, SiO, Al, O- EF and Smol, JP (eds) The diatoms : Application

12 for the environmental and earth sciences : ,, no Cambridge Univ Press Katsuta, N, Takano, M, Kawakami, S, Togami, S, Eisma, D and van der Gaast, S J ( +31+ ) Determina- Fukusawa, H, Kumazawa, M and Yasuda, Y (,**0) tion of opal in marine sediments by Xo ray di# rac- Climate system transition from glacial to interglation Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, /, -2, cial state around the beginning of the last termina- -23 tion : Evidence from a centennial- to millennial- Heusser, L and Morley, J ( +331) Monsoon fluctu- scale climate rhythm Geochemistry, Geophysics, ations over the past -/* kyr : High-resolution evi- Geosystems, 1, Q +,**0, doi : +*4+*,3 /,**0 GC **+-+* dence from northeast Asia/northwest Pacific cli- Kellogg, CE (,**) Climate and soil US Department mate proxies (marine pollen and radiolarians) Qua- of Agriculture (ed) Climate and man :,0/,1+, Uniternary Science Reviews, +0, /0/ /2+ versity Press of the Pacific Horne, A J and Goldman, CR ( +33 ) Limnology / p, McGraw-Hill inc 3-,/,/1 Igarashi, Y and Oba, T (,**0) Fluctuations in the +33- East Asian monsoon over the last + ka in the, :,/,/, northwest Pacific based on a high-resolution pollen analysis of IMAGES core MD *+,,+ Quaternary Science Reviews,,/, +1 +/3,**-, Ikehara, K, Ohkushi, K, Shibahara, A and Hoshiba, +3/,* M (,**0) Change of bottom water conditions at intermediate depths of the Oyashio region, NW,**/ Pacific over the past,*5*** yrs Global and Planetary Change, /-, 123+,+ Iwamoto, N and Inouchi, Y (,**1) Reconstruction of +++ /330*3 millennial-scale variations in the East Asian summer,**- monsoon over the past -** ka based on the + total carbon content of sediment from Lake Biwa,, -*/ -+3 Japan Environmental Geology, /,, +0* Kuwae, M, Yoshikawa, S, Tsugeki, N and Inouchi, Y,**/ (,**) Reconstruction of a climate record for the 0/* past +* kyr based on diatom valve flux data from 133, Lake Biwa, Japan Journal of Paleolimnology, -,, Joint Committee on Powder Di# raction Standards +3-3 (JCPDS) ( +33- ) Mineral powder di# raction file data- Lim, DI, Hung, HS, Yang, SY and Yoo, HS (,**) book : Sets +, +-30p, International Centre for Sequential growth of early diagenetic freshwater Di# raction Data, Swarthmore, PA, USA siderites in the Holocene coastal deposits, Korea Kakuta, N, Kumon, F and Tawara, T (,**0) Recon- Sedimentary Geology, +03, +*1 +,* struction of paleoclimate around the late MIS / e Meyers, PA, Takemura, K and Horie, S ( +33-) Reinperiod based on biogenic silica contents of Takano terpretation of Late Quaternary sediment chronol- Formation in the southern margin of Nagano City, ogy of Lake Biwa, Japan, from correlation with Japan Hoyanagi, K, Takano, O and Kano, K (eds) marine glacialointerglacial cycles Quaternary Reth +1 International Sedimetoloical Congress Ab- search, -3, +/ +0, stracts : +- Mortlock, RM and Froelich, PN ( +323) A simple,**1 method for the rapid determination of biogenic opal in pelagic marine sediments Deep-Sea Re-

13 ,*+* +, 381 search, -0, ++/ +,0 for reconstruction of paleo-oxygeneration in bot- Murata, K J and Nakata, JK ( +31 ) Cristobalitic tom waters Geology, +, -0 stage in the diagenesis of diatomaceous shale Science, , /01 /02 /3,,// Schulz, M and Mudelsee, M (,**,) REDFIT : Estimat-,**1 TKN,** 0 -*/ -,/ ing red-noise spectra directly from unevenly spaced paleoclimatic time series Computer Geoscience,,2,,+,0 Nakagawa, T, Okuda, M, Yonenobu, H, Miyoshi, N, Stevens, LR, Ito, E and Olson, DEL (,***) Relation- Fujiki, T, Gotanda, K, Tarasov, PE, Morita, Y, ship of Mnocarbonates in varved lake-sediments to Takemura, K and Horie, S (,**2) Regulation of the catchment vegetation in Big Watab Lake, MN, USA monsoon climate by two di# erent orbital rhythms Journal of Paleolimnology,,, +33,++ and forcing mechanisms Geology, -0, 3+ 3 Tada, R and Iijima, A ( +33, ) Lithostratigraphy and Petschick, R (,***) MacDi# Ver,/, Manual URL : compositional variation of Neogene hemipelagic http : //servermacgeologieuni-frankfurtde/rainer sediments in the Japan Sea Proceeding of the html Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, +,1 +,2, Prokopenko, AA, Karabanov, EB, Williams, DF, +,,3 +,0* Kuzmin, MI, Shackleton, N J, Crowhurst, S J, Peck, JA, Gvozdkov, AN and King, JW (,**+ a) Biogenic silica record of the Lake Baikal response to,**0 TOC climatic forcing during the Brunhes chron Quater- ++, /02 /13 nary Research, //, +,- +-, Takemura, K ( +33* ) Tectonic and climatic record of Prokopenko, AA, Karabanov, EB, Williams, DF, the Lake Biwa, Japan, region provided by the sedi- Kuzmin, MI, Khursevich, GK and Gvozdkov, AA ments deposited since Pliocene times Palaeogeog- (,**+ b) The detailed record of climatic events dur- raphy, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 12, +2/ ing the past 1/*** yrs BP from the Lake Baikal drill +3- core BDP 3-, Quaternary International, 2* 2+, /3 Voigt, R, Gruger, E, Baier, J and Meischner, D (,**2) 02 Seasonal variability of Holocene climate : A palaeo- Sakamoto, T, Kuroki, K, Sugawara, T, Aoike, K, limnological study on varved sediments in Lake Iijima, K and Sugisaki, S (,**0) Non-destructive Jues (Harz Mountains, Germany) Journal of Paleo- Xo ray fluorescence (XRF) core-imaging scanner, limnology, *, doi : +*4+**1 /s +*3-- **23,+-1 TATSCANF, Scientific Drilling,,, -1-3 Yamada, K (,**) Last * ka climate changes as de- Sampei, Y and Matsumoto, E (,**+) C/N ratio in a duced from the lacustrine sediments of Lake Biwa, sediment core from Nakaumi Lagoon, southwest Ja- central Japan Quaternary International, +,- +,/, panusefulness as an organic source indicator - /* Geochemical Journal, -/, +23,*/ Yasuda, Y, Yamaguchi, K, Nakagawa, T, Fukusawa, Sapota, T, Aldahan, A and Alo Aasm, I (,**0) Sedi- H, Kitagawa, J and Okamura, M (,**) Environmentary facies and climate control on formation of mental variability and human adaptation during vivianite and siderite microconcretions in sedi- the Late glacial/holocene transition in Japan with ments of Lake Baikal, Siberia Journal of Paleolim- reference to pollen analysis of the SG core from nology, -0,,/,/1 Lake Suigetsu Quaternary International, +,- +,/, Savrda, CE and Bottjer, D J ( +320) Trace-fossil model ++ +3

14 Diatom productivity reconstruction from chemical compositions and paleolimnology of the Late Pleistocene Takano Formation, southern Nagano City, central Japan Takuma Ito*, Shinji Tanizawa*, Fujio Kumon*, Koichi Iijima* +,a, - and Tatsuhiko Sakamoto* A /-m-long lacustrine sediment core was transported to the photic zone, and support taken from the Late Pleistocene Takano For- high diatom productivity in general Thus, the mation, Nagano City, Japan, in,** The cored air temperature might control surface water temsoil sediment consists mainly of homogenous clayey perature, and subsequently afect the strength silt associated with many tephra beds, and its and duration of thermal stratification in the major part is the object of this study, covering lake This phenomenon must be controlled by from +* to * ka in age The variability of dia- a precession cycle, because spectral analysis of tom productivity was reconstructed by chemi- the temporal change in the SiO,/Al, O- ratio recal compositions The SiO,/Al, O- ratio shows a vealed a dominant frequency of,*4- kyr The correlation with biogenic silica content meas- period of high diatom productivity often deured in a part of the same cored sediment This fact indicates that the SiO,/Al, O- ratio can be lays a temperature rise ; however, this fact may reflect the accumulation time of nutrients from regarded as a proxy for past diatom productivity The profile of the SiO,/Al, O- ratio shows a produced by temperature rise Nutrient supsediment ply must depend not only on temperature but greater similarity to that of pollen-based tem- also on rainfall, because rivers transport nutriperature than to that of pollen-based humidity ents from the soil In the case of the Takano This fact implies that the diatom productivity basin with its small catchment, diatom produchas been mainly controlled by temperature tivity appears to be influenced by temperature change in this region When the lake water as a more critical factor than rainfall overturns, stored nutrients in hypolimnion are Keywords : Takano Formation, major element composition, particle density, spectral analysis, diatom productivity, precession cycle * + Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University -++ Asahi, Matsumoto, -3* 20,+, Japan (Present address : Togakushi Museum of Natural History -** Tochihara, Nagano, -2+ +* ) *, * - Denso Co, Ltd + + Showa-cho, Kariya, 2200+, Japan Faculty of Science, Shinshu University Asahi, Matsumoto, -3* 20,+, Japan * Earth and Life History Research Program, Geobiosphere Evolution Research Team, Japan Agency for Marineo Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), +/ Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka,,-1 **0+, Japan * a Corresponding author : tak-itoh@hotmail co jp