(Ng et al., 2001b; Napier et al., 2002) (Hannun and Luberto, 2000),

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1 Chinese Bulletin of Botany (5): w w w.chinbullbotany.com doi: /j.issn * ; (2009) (sphingolipids) (Ng et al. 2001b; Napier et al. 2002) (Hannun and Luberto 2000) 3 : 1 N- (ceramide) ( ) (Lester and Dickson 1993) (Sakaki et 2 : al. 2001; Lynch and Dunn 2004) 1 20 (Karlsson1970; Sperling et : ; : : 863 (No.2006AA 02Z129) (No ) (No.2005DKA21006) * ydq@xtbg.ac.cn

2 620 44(5) 2009 al. 2003) (Conyza canadensis) 4- (sphingosine d18:1) hydroxysphing-8-enine (4-hydroxysphinganine t18:0) : C 27 C 6 C 9 (Sperling et al. 2003) (W arnecke and Heinz 2003; Do et al. 2005) 9 ( 1)(Sperling and Heinz 2003; Lynch and Dunn 2003; Dunn et al. 2004) (Lynch and Dunn (Wright ) 4 - et al. 2003; Lynch and Dunn 2004) hydroxysphing-anine 4-hydroxysphing-8-enine 8-sphinganine (d18:1 8 ) 48- sphingadienine (d18:2 4 ) 4-hydroxy-8-sphingenine (t18:1 8 ) (Sperling et al. 2003) C 5 1 (Sperling and Heinz 2003; Lynch and Dunn 2003; Dunn et al. 2004) Figur e 1 Structures of common long-chain base in plants (Sperling and Heinz 2003; Lynch and Dunn 2003; Dunn et al. 2004)

3 : α (Wright et al. 2003; Bromley et al. 2003; Liang et al. 2003) C 16 C 20 C 22 C 24 α- (Bohn et al. 2001; Mukhtar et al. 2002; Morales et al. 2007) 3-3 : ) N- ( 2) (Sperling and Heinz 2003; Lynch A - 3- (sphinganine-1-phosphate) -1- ; 4- ( ); ( (Sperling and Dunn 2003; Dunn et al. 2004) and Heinz 2003; Lynch and Dunn 2004; Dunn et al. 2 (Sperling and Heinz 2003; Lynch and Dunn 2003; Dunn et al. 2004) Figur e 2 Sphingolipids metabolic pathw ay in plants (Sperling and Heinz 2003; Lynch and Dunn 2003; Dunn et al. 2004)

4 622 44(5) ) (Hancock 2006; Maryse et (Futerman and Hannun 2004) al. 2007) (Mukhtar et (Wang et al. 2002) al. 2002) ( 24- ) (Okazaki et al.1989) 2 ( ; )(Mongrand et al. 2004; Markham et al. -1- (Kolesnick 2006) and Hemer1990); ; (Lavie et al.1997) 3 (Lynch and Dunn 2004) 3.2 (Chen et al. 2006) (Ng et al. 2001b; Napier et al. 2002) (Lynch and Dunn 2004) (Sperling et al. 2003) 3.1 (Mukhtar et (Bleicher and Cabot 2002) al. 2002; Sperling et al. 2003) -1-2 (Gurr et al. 2002) 140 (Lynch and -1- Dunn 2004) (Sanchez and Hia 2004) (Bhat and Panstruga 2005; Borner et al. 2005; Maryse et (Luo et al. 2004) (W arnecke and Heinz 2003) al. 2007) (Stone et al. 2000)

5 : 623 (SAMs) DNA Ca 2+ (Sperling and Heinz 2003) (fumonisin B1 FB1) AAL (Tonnetti et al. 1999; Ng and Hetherington 2001a; Sylvie et al. 2005) (Avena sativa) (Gechev et al. 2004) FB1 (Tonnetti et al.1999) FB1 (Arab idopsis thaliana) Dunn 2004) (Stone et al. 2000) 3.4 (Liang et al. 2003) (H 2 O 2 ) ( ) (Dunn et al. 2004) AAL H 2 O 2 (Commelina communis) -1- Ca 2+ (Ng et al. 2001b) (Gechev et Cu 2+ (Triticum aestivum) al. 2004) AAL Cu 2+ (Berglund (Lynch and Dunn 2004; Gechev et al. 2004) ; Lynch and Dunn 2004) (nervonic acid) (Lynch and Dunn 2004) (Kawaguchi et (acd11) al. 2000) K + (Sperling et al. 2003; Lynch and et al. 2002) (Sp erling et a l. (E)-sphing-4-enine 3.5 (Bromley et al. 2003) -1- ; -1- ( He un g et a l.

6 624 44(5) ) 4.1 (L yn ch a nd Dunn 2004) (Oryza sativa) - (Lynch and Dunn 2004; Grennan 2007) IPT1 - (Venable et al. 2006) (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (Sperling et al. 2003) -1- IPT1 (Dahlia pinnata) (Xia et al. 2000; Morita et al. 2000) ( ) 3 T- DNA ( ) (Sperling et al. 2003; Lynch and mirna396 3 Dunn 2004) 4 (Liu and Yu 2009) (Sperling et al ) T-DNA (L ia ng et al. 2003)

7 : 625 ( 2008) (Ogretmen and Hannun 2004) (Isatis indigotica) 2 (Lynch and Dunn 2004) (Li et al. 2007) (Amorphophallus konjac) ) (sp hinga nine kinas e) (c era mi de kinase) (ceramide synthase) (Saba 2006) (microarrays Northern blots) 4.4 ( K i ma t a (2008) (Heung et al. 2006) (2009). (Gutierreza et al. 2004) Berglund AH Quartacci MF Calucci L Navari-Izzo F Pinzino ( Sc h m el z ) C Liljenberg C (2002). Alterations of w heat root plasma (Kobayashi et al. 1997) membrane lipid composition induced by copper stress result in changed physicochemical properties of plasma membrane lipid vesicles. Biochi m Biophys Acta (FTY720) Bhat RA Panstruga R (2005). Lipid rafts in plants. Planta 223 5

8 626 44(5) Bleicher RJ Cabot MC (2002). Glucosylceramide synthase and apoptosis. Biochi m Biophys Acta Bohn M Heinz E Lüthje S (2001). Lipid composition and fluidity of plasma membranes isolated from corn (Zea mays L.) roots. Arch Biochem Biophys Borner GH Sherrier DJ Weimar T Michaelson LV Hawkins ND MacAskill A Napier JA Beale MH Lilley KS Dupree P (2005). A nalysis of detergent-resistant membranes in Arabidopsis: evidence f or plasma membrane lipid raf ts. Plant Physiol Br om ley PE Li YO Mur phy SM Sumne r CM Lynch DV (2003). Complex sphingolipid synthesis in plants: characterization of inositolphosphorylceramide synthase activity in bean microsomes. Arch Biochem Biophys Che n M Han G Dietrich CR Dunn TM Cahoon EB (2006). The essential nature of sphingolipids in plants as revealed by the f unctional identif ication and characterization of the Arabidopsis LCB1 subunit of serine palmitoyltransferase. Plant Cell Do JH Park TK Choi DK (2005). A computational approach to the inference of sphingolipid pathw ays f rom the genome of Aspergillus fumi gatus. Curr Genet Dunn TM Lynch DV Michaels on LV Napie r JA (2004). A post-genomic approach to understanding sphingolipid metabolism in Arabidopsis thal iana. Ann Bot Futerman AH Hannun YA (2004). The complex life of simple sphingolipids. EMBO J Gechev TS Gadje v IZ Hille J (2004). An extensive microarray analysis of A AL-toxin-induced cell death in Arab idopsi s thaliana brings new insights into the complexity of programmed cell death in plants. Cell Mol Life Sci Grennan AK (2007). Lipid rafts in plants. Plant Physiol Gurr MI Harwood JL Frayn KN (2002). Lipid biochemistry: an introduction. In: Guschina IA Harw ood JL eds. Complex Lipid Biosynthesis and Its Manipulation in Plants 5th edn. Oxford: Blackw ell. Gutier reza E Wanga T Fehrb WR (2004). Quantification of sphingolipids in soybeans. JAOCS Hancock JF (2006). Lipid rafts: contentious only from simplistic standpoints. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol Hannun YA Luberto C (2000). Ceramide in the eukaryotic stress response. Trends Cell Biol Heung LJ Luber to C Poeta MD (2006). Role of sphingolipids in microbial pathogenesis. Infect Immun Kar lsson KA (1970). Sphingolipid long chain bases. Lipids Kaw aguchi M Imai H Naoe M Yas ui Y Ohnishi M (2000). Cerebrosides in grapevine leaves: distinct composition of sphingoid bases among the grapevine species having different tolerances to freezing temperature. Bi osci Biotechnol Biochem Kimata H (2006). Improvement of atopic dermatitis and reduction of skin allergic responses by oral intake of konjac ceramide. Pediatr Dermatol Kobayashi T Shimizugaw a T Os ak abe T Watanabe S Okuyama H (1997). A long-term feeding of sphingolipids aff ected the levels of plasma cholesterol and hepatic triacylglycerol but not tissue phospholipids and sphingolipids. Nutr Res Kolesnick RN Hemer MR (1990). Characterization of a ceramide kinase activity from human leukemia HL-60 celles separation from diacylglycerol kinase activity. J Biol Chem Lavie Y Cao H Volner A Lucci A Han TY Geffen V Giuliano AE Cabot MC (1997). Agents that reverse multidrug resistance tamoxifen verapamil and cyclosporin A block glycosphingolipid metabolism by inhibiting ceramide glycosylation in human cancer cells. J Biol Chem Le s t e r RL Dick s on RC (1 993). Sphin golip ids w ith inositolphosphate-containing head groups. Adv Lip Res Li X Sun DD Chen JW He LW Zhang HQ Xu HQ (2007). New sphingolipids from the root of Isati s indigotica and their cytotoxic activity. Fitoterapia Liang H Yao N Song JT Luo S Lu H Greenber g JT (2003). Ceramides modulate programmed cell death in plants. Gene Dev Liu DM Yu DQ (2009). MicroRNA (mir396) negatively regulates expression of ceramidase-like genes in Arabidopsis. Prog Nat Sci Luo YG Yi JH Li BG Zhang GL (2004). Novel ceramides and a new glucoceramide from the roots of Incarvillea arguta. Li p- ids Lynch DV Dunn TM (2004). An introduction to plant sphingolipids and a review of recent advances in understanding their metabolism and function. New Phytol Markham JE Li J Cahoon EB Jaworsk i JG (2006). Plant sphingolipids: separation and identification of major sphingolipid classes from leaves. J Biol Chem

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10 628 44(5) 2009 Structure Metabolic Pathway and Function of Sphingolipids in Plants Runhua Liu 1 2 Wenbo Jiang 1 2 Diqiu Yu 1* 1 Xi shuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chi nese Academy of Sci ences Kunming Chi na 2 Graduate School of Chi nese Academy of Sci ences Bei jing Chi na Abstract Sphingolipids are ubiquitous membrane components in eukaryotic cells and in a few bacteria. Recent inf ormation indicated that sphingolipids are an important class of messenger molecules involved in many significant signal transduction pathw ays regulating cell grow th diff erentiation senescence and apoptosis in mammals and yeast. How ever the biological function of sphingolipids in plants has been explored only recently and remains elusive. Increasing investigation has show n that sphingolipids and their metabolites play an important role in plants. In this review w e describe the structure metabolic pathw ay and biological f unction of sphingolipids. Key words bi ological function l ong-chain base metabol ic pathway plant sphingol ipi ds Liu RH Jiang WB Yu DQ (2009). Structure m etabol ic pathway and function of sphingoli pids i n pl ants. Chin Bull Bot * Author for correspondence. ydq@xtbg.ac.cn ( : )