CHAPTER Υ. THE INFINITIVE.

Transcript

1 CHAPTER Υ. THE INFINITIVE. 41. The infinitive is originally a verbal noun, expressthe simple idea of the verb. As a verb, it has voices tenses; it has a subject (expressed or understood), h may define its number and person; it may have an ct and other adjuncts; and, further, it is qualified by rbs, and not by adjectives. It may have av in a ntial sense. It thus expresses the verbal idea with h greater definiteness than the corresponding substan- ; compare, for example, ττράττειν and πράξαι with ς, as expressions of the idea of doing. 42. The origin of the infinitive in a verbal noun is beyond tion. In the oldest Sanskrit certain verbal nouns in the e express purpose, that is, the object to or for which someis done, and are almost identical in form with the equivalent itives in the older Greek. Thus vidmdne, dative of vidman, ledge (from root vid), may mean for knowing or in order to (old English for to know); and in Homer we have FlSpcvai ttic isetv) from the same root FiS. So Sanskrit ddvdne, e of davan, giving (from root da), is represented in Greek by Cyprian SoFevai (= Attic δονναι) from root So. 1 It is safe ssume, therefore, that the Greek infinitive was originally loped in a similar way, chiefly from the dative of a primitive al noun; that in the growth of the language this case-form me obscured, its origin as a dative was forgotten, and it Whitney (Sanskrit Grammar, p. 314) says of these primitive Sanskrit es: " It is impossible to draw any fixed line between the uses classed as

2 THE INFINITIVE [743 to be used for other cases of the verbal noun, especially ccusative; that it was allowed to take an object, like the sponding verb, and afterwards a subject (in the accusative) ke the agent more distinct; that in course of time, as lation to the verb became closer, it developed tenses like of the verb, so as to appear as a regular mood of the verb. final step, taken when the use of the definite article was ished, was to allow the half-noun and half-verb to have the e and so be declined like a noun in four cases, while it still ed its character as a verb. This last step was taken after r; but the earlier stages were already passed, more or less edly, before the Homeric period, so that they cannot be historically. Thus, although the infinitive in Homer resome of its uses as a dative more distinctly than the infinitive, it is hardly possible that those who used the ric language retained any consciousness of the original ; for the infinitive was already established as an accusative nominative, it had formed its various tenses to express t, past, and future time, and it could even be used with 3). Indeed, the condition in which the infinitive appears irect discourse in Homer seems utterly inconsistent with any ious survival of its force as a dative (see examples in 683). 3. The later addition of the article enlarged the uses of finitive and extended it to new constructions, especially to se with prepositions. It thus gained a new power of taking cts, not merely single words, but whole dependent clauses. examples in 806.) In all the constructions which were oped before the article came into use with the infinitive, en it is the subject or the object of a verb, or follows tives or nouns, the infinitive continued to be used regularly ut the article, although even in these constructions the e might be added to emphasise the infinitive more especially oun, or to enable it to carry adjuncts which would otherbe cumbrous; in other words, all constructions in which riginal force of the noun had become obscured or forgotten the article began to be used generally remained in their al form. On the other hand, newer expressions, in which finitive was distinctly felt as a noun in the structure of the ce, generally added the article to designate the case. 4. The subject of the infinitive, if expressed, is in the ative. The most indefinite infinitive, so far as it is a verb, at least have a subject implied; but as the infinitive has

3 INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT, PREDICATE, ETC. 299 ous to die, may imply a subject in any number or person, rding to the context, while αποθνήσκεις or απέθανε is restricted ou or he as its subject. Still, in the former case, άποθανεΐν have an implied subject in the accusative; and if this is pointed out by the context, we can supply τινά or τινάς, as times appears when a predicate word agrees with the omitted ct, as in φι,χάνθρ^ον ttvcu Set (sc. rtva), one must he humane, ii. 15, and 8p ώντας ήδιον θανεΐν (sc. τινά?), it is sweeter to die, EUR. Hel The infinitive of indirect discourse, which s to have been developed originally by the Greek language, always refer to a definite subject, as it represents a finite in a definite mood, tense, number, and person. Other itives, both with and without the article, may have a subject ever the sense demands it, although sometimes the meaning e leading verb makes it impossible to express an independent ct, as in πειράται μανθάνειν, he tries to learn. In general, the subject of the infinitive is the same as the subject or t of the leading verb, or when it has been clearly expressed here in the sentence, it is not repeated with the infinitive. 1 A. INFINITIVE WITHOUT THE ARTICLE. Infinitive as Subject, Predicate, or Appositive. 45. The infinitive may be the subject nominative of a verb, or the subject accusative of another infinitive. especially common as subject of an impersonal verb or τί. It may also be a predicate nominative or accusaand it may stand in apposition to a noun in the native or accusative. Kg. νέβη αυτοί έλθει ν, it happened to him to go. Ονκ ένεστι τοντο ι, it is not possible to do this. 'Αδύνατον εστί τοντο ποιήσαι. αντφ μενειν, he might have remained (i.e. to remain was possible ). Αεί μενειν. Ου μήν γάρ τι κακόν βασιλευέμεν, for it few exceptional cases are quoted by Birklein (p. 93) in which the ve with the article appears to have a subjective genitive, like an ry verbal noun, instead of a subject accusative. These are γιγνύακω ων άτειλά.s ούχ Ίμτον σωφρονίζουσας ή &\\ων τό ήδη κο\άξειν, Χεν.. 7, 24 ; τό εΰ φρονειν Αύτων μιμεΐσθε, DEM. xix. 269 ; and el τη s τίθνηκε τό τούς άδικοΰντας μισέϊν, Ib In the first case the lism between τούτων and δ,λλων caused the anomaly ; in the second, has a partitive force, as if it were τοΰτο αύτων μιμεΐσθε ; and in the msw is separated from the infinitive by the verb, and the idea is r the hatred of evil-doers has died out (i.e. disappeared from) the state. e of these cases would a subject accusative be the exact equivalent of nitive. For undoubted examples in later Greek, see Tram, of Am.

4 THE INFINITIVE [743 bad thing to be a king. OcL L 392. 'Αεί γάρ ήβψ rots γέρονσιν θεΐν. AESCH. Ag Πολύ γάρ ρ$ον έχοντας φνλάττειν ήσασθαι πάντα πέφνκεν. DEM. il 26. (Compare i. 23, quoted 0.) 'Ηδύ πολλούς έχθρούς έχειν; Id. xix Δοκεΐ οικοάγαθον είναι 6? οικεΐν τόν έαντον οικον. XEN. Oec. L 2. Φησϊ τοντο ποίησαt, he says that it is necessary to do this. (Here αϊ as accusative is subject of δεΐν.) To γνωναι έπιστήμην που ν έστιν, to learn is to acquire knowledge (pred. nom.). PLAT. Theaet.. Εννέβη τους Άθηναίονς θορνβηθήναι, it chanced that the ians fell into confusion. THUC. V. 10. Ού φάσκων άνεκτον εΐναι σθαι κρατεΐν βοχτιλέα των πόλεων. Id. viii 52. (Here κραασιλέα τών πόλεων is subject of ξνγκεΐσθαι, which is subject of the whole being object of φάσκων.) Ets ο'ιωνός άριστος, σθαι περί πάτρης, one omen is best, to fight for our country. IL 43. r the subject infinitive in indirect discourse, see 751. Infinitive as Object. 46. The infinitive may he the object of a verb, generally aring as the accusative of the direct object, sometimes e accusative of kindred meaning. Here belong (1) the itive after verbs of wishing, commanding, and the like in indirect discourse), and (2) the infinitive in indirect urse as the object of verbs of saying and thinking. r the infinitive iii indirect discourse, see 751. Object Infinitive not in Indirect Discourse. 47. The verbs which take the ordinary object infinitive n general the same in Greek as in English. Any verb e action directly implies another action or state as its t, if this object is to be expressed by a verb and not noun, may take the infinitive. ch are verbs signifying to wish, ask, advise, entreat, exhort, nd, persuade, compel, teach, learn, accustom, cause, intend, begin, t, effect, permit, decide, dare, prefer, choose ; those expressing ness, unwillingness, eagerness, caution, neglect, danger, postponeforbidding, hindrance, escape, etc.; and all implying ability, desert, qualification, sufficiency, necessity, or their opposites.

5 ORDINARY OBJECT INFINITIVE 301 σθαι. Αίρούνται πολεμεΐν. Ή πόλις κινδυνεύει διαφθαρήναι, ity is in danger of being destroyed. Δύναται άπελθεΐν. Tois ξνμις έφραζαν ίέναι ές τον Ίσθμόν, they told the allies to go to the us. THUC. iii. 15. Δέομαι ύρών συγγνωμην ροι έχειν. Είπε ηγούς έλέσθαι, he proposed to choose generals. Άπαγορεύουσιν ΐς ρή τοίτο ποιήσαϊ, they forbid them to do this (815, 1). Τ l κωλύΰτον βαδίζειν ϊίποι βούλεται, what will prevent him from marching er he pleases? Άξιω λαρβάνειν τούτο, I claim the right to take Άξ ιούται θανεΐν, he is thought to deserve death. Ού πεφυκε δουν, he is not born to be a slave. Άναβάλλεται τούτο ποιεΐν, he ones doing this. αούς δ' Άτρείδης άπολυραίνεσθαι άνωγεν, and the son of Atreus ed the hosts to purify themselves. II. i Boύλομ' εγώ λαόν εμμεναι ή άπολέσθαι, I wish that the people may be safe, rather that they perish. II. i "Έ,πειθεν αΰτον πορεύεσθαι. XEN. vi. 2, 13. Εδο ε πλείν τον Άλκιβιάδην, it was decided that iades should sail. THUC. vi. 29. Φυλακήν είχε ρήτ' έκπλεΐν α μήτ έσπλεΐν, he kept guard against any one's sailing out or im, 1). Id. ii. 69. Τι δητα μελλεις μή ού γ εγ ων ίσκ ειν το πάν,* do you hesitate to speak out the whole? AESCH. Prom his use of the infmitive is too familiar to need more ibustratiom tenses commonly used are the present and aorist (87), for examples hich see 96 ; for the perfect see 109 and 110 ; for the exceptional re see 113 ; and for the infinitive with αν (seldom used in this truction) see 211. For μή and μή ού with the infinitive (as used e) see The poets, especially Homer, allow an infinitive after y verbs which commonly do not take this construction. meaning of the v rb, however, makes the sense clear. E.g. δύρονται οΐκόνδε νέεσθαι, they mourn (i.e. long) to go home. II. 90. Επευφήμησαν Αχαιοί αίδεΐσθαι ιερή a, the Achaeans ed with applause, (commanding) that they should reverence the priest. 22. "Οφρα τις έρρίγησι κακά ρέξαι, that one may shudder (dread) evil. II. iii "Εκτορα μεΐναι μοίρα πέδησεν, Fate bound red) Hector to remain. II. xxii. 5. or the infinitive of direct object after verba of fearing and caution, 73. For the infinitive (not in indirect discourse) after χράω and r verbs meaning to give an oracle, see When a noun and a verb (especially εστί) form an ession which is equivalent to any of the verbs above mened (747), they may take the infinitive. Some other express with a similar force may have the infinitive. E.g. ναγκη εστι πάντας άπελθεΐν. Κίνδυνο; ήν αύτψ πάθεΐν τι. ος εστι μοι τούτο ποιήσαϊ. Φόβος εστίν αύτψ έλθεΐν. Οΰ ς ειμί τάφανή γνωναι, I am not enough of a prophet to decide, etc.

6 THE INFINITIVE [743 ήν, κώλνμα ούσα (ras πύλας) π ροσθείναι, a wagon, which d them from shutting the gates. THUC. iv. 67. So έπεγένετο δέ τε άλλοθι κωλύματα μή ανξηθήναι, obstacles to their increase. 6. (See 815, 1.) Tots στρατιώταις ορμή ένέπεσε έκτειχίσαι ίον. Id. iv. 4. To ασφαλές και μενειν και άττελθείν αϊ ρεξονσιν, safety both to remain and to depart. Id. vi. 18. "Εχοντα σθαι φύσιν, capable by nature of being tamed ( = πεφνκότα σθαι). PLAT. Polit, 264 A. Tis μηχανή μή ουχί πάντα καταναι ε'ις το τεθνάναι; Le. how can it be effected that all things shall destroyed in death? Id. Phaed. 72 D. (See 815, 2.) Αέδοικα ά καί χαλεπά ε'ις άνάγκην έλθωμεν ποιεί ν, lest we may come ecessity of doing. DEM. L 15. "Ωρα άπιεναι, itistime togoaway ή άπιεναι, we must go away). PLAT. Ap. 42 Α Ελπίδας έχει ποιήσαι (= έλπίζει τοντο ποιήσαι), he hopes to do this. But ον έλειν, THUC. ii 56 (798). Οί δέ ζώντες αίτιοι θανείν, living are those who caused them to die. SOPH. Ant "We lso have αίτιοι τον τούτονς θανείν or αίτιοι το τούτονς θανείν. 1.) So in phrases like πολλού (or μικρόν) δέω ποιεΐν τι, I want r little) of doing anything; παρά μικρόν ήλθον ποιεΐν τι, they thin a little of doing anything ; where the idea of ability, inability, iency appears : so in THUC. vii. 70, βραχύ γάρ άπέλιπον διακόνέσθαι. So έμποδων τοΰτφ εστίν έλθείν (= κωλύει τούτον it prevents him from going; where τοΰ έλθείν may be used (807). infinitive depending on a noun is generally an adnominal with the article τοΰ. See the examples above, and In laws, treaties, proclamations, and formal commands, the ve is often used in the leading sentences, depending on ord like έδοζε, it is enacted, or κελεύεται, it is commanded ; ay be either expressed in a preceding sentence or under- E.g. ας δέ των ιερών χρημάτων αιρείσθαι μέν έκ τών με^/ίστων ν' τήν δέ αΐρεσιν τούτων καί τήν δοκιμασίαν γίγνεσθαι ή τών στρατηγών έγίγνετο, and (it is enacted) that treasurers of ed funds be chosen, etc. PLAT. Leg. 759 E. So in most of the enuine or spurious) standing as quotations in the text of the as in DEM. xxiii. 22 : δικάζειν δέ τήν εν Ά ρε lot πάγω φόνον ματος έκ προνοίας, κ.τ.λ. See AH, Αν "ETTJ δέ είναι ονδα5 πεντήκοντα, and that the treaty shall continue fifty years Άκούετε λεφ TOUS οπλίτας νννμενί άνελομένονς θώπχ πάλιν οίκαδε. AR. Αν Infinitive in Indirect Discourse.. The infinitive in indirect discourse is generally the

7 INFINITIVE IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE 303 εται), or of such a verb as φαίνεται, it appears, or δοκεΐ, it (see 754). Here each tense of the infinitive represents the ponding tense of the indicative (with or without av) or the e (with av). (See 664, 2.) examples see 683 and 689. For the various tenses of the ve with av, representing the indicative or optative with av, see 0.. Verbs of hoping, expecting, promising, swearing, and a few of like meaning, form an intermediate class between this uction and that of 747. For examples of the infinitive (in onstructions) after these verbs, see Of the three common verbs signifying to say, φημί is rly followed by the infinitive in indirect discourse, εΐπον or is and the indicative or optative, while λέγω allows construction. The active voice of λέγω, however, generally ι or is. Exceptional cases of ότι or is after φημί are very rare and : one occurs in LYS. vii 19, os φησιν is lyi μέν παρειστήκειν ίκέται έξέτεμνον τά πρέμνα. See also XEN. Hell. vi. 3, 7, and Gorg. 487 D (where a clause with ότι precedes φηs). Cases of εΐπον with the infinitive of indirect discourse are less rare, ways exceptional. See II. xxiv. 113, xviii. 9, quoted in 683 ; i. 30 ; THUC. vii. 35 ; PLAT. Gorg. 473 Α, εΐπον το άδικεΐν τοΰ θαι κάκιον εΐναι. A remarkable case of οΰ μή with the infiniter είπε occurs in EUK. Phoen (quoted in 296). Έ,ΐπον e active voice of λέγω take the infinitive chiefly as verbs of rndimg (747).. After many verbs of this class in the passive both a personal impersonal construction are allowed : thus, we can say λέγεται ς έλθεΐν, Cyrus is said to have gone, or λέγεται τον Κΰρον έλθεΐν, aid that Cyrus went. Δοκέω in the meaning I seem (videor) has the personal construction, as in English ; as οΰτο5 δοκεΐ e seems to he. When an infinitive with av follows a personal verb κέω, this must be translated by an impersonal construction, to e English idiom : thus, ΔΟΚΕΐ TIS άν έχειν τοΰτο must be transt seems that some one would have this, although TIS is the subject εΐ, since we cannot use would with our infinitive to translate ν. 5. When an indirect quotation has been introduced by an ive, a dependent relative or temporal clause sometimes the infinitive by assimilation, where we should expect an tive or optative. The temporal particles is, &We, έπεί, έπειδή, l as the relative pronouns, are used in this construction. otus uses even εί, if, and διότι, because, in the same way.

8 THE INFINITIVE [743 τά δέ, ως οΰ πανεσθαι, άκεα δίζησθαι (λέγονσι), and afterwards, it did not cease, they say that they sought for remedies. HDT. L 94. we should expect is ονκ έπανετο.) Ώς 8' άκοΰσαι τονς παρόνόρνβον γενέσθαι (φασίν), they say that, when those present heard it, as a tumult. DEM. xix 'Επειδή Se γενέσθαι επί TQ ο'ικίφ άθωνος, (έφη) άνεωγμένην καταλαρ.βάνειν την θνραν. PLAT. 174 D. "Εφη δέ, επειδή ον έκβήναι την φνχήν, πορενεσθαι. p. 614 Β. So is φαίνεσθαι, as it appealed, 359 D. Λέγεται ωνι, οτε δη άλάσθαι αντον, τόν Άπόλλω ταντην τήν γήν ο'ικειν. THUC. II Καί όσα αν μετ' εκείνων βονλενεοΰδενός ύστερον γνώμη φανήναι (έφασαν). Id. i 91. (Here οντο would be the common form.) 'Ηγουμένης δή αληθείας ν ποτε φαΐμεν αΰτή χορόν κακών άκολονθήσαι, άλλ' υγιές δίκαιον ήθος, ο> καί σωφροετννην έιτεσθαι. PLAT. Rep. 490 Ο. γάρ δή δεΐν πάντως περιθεΐναι άλλφ τέιρ τήν βασιληίην, (έφη) ερον εΐναι Μήδων τέψ περιβαλείν τοΰτο, for if he was bound έδει) to give the kingdom to any other, etc. HDT. i Et ών τώ θεψ τοΰτο μή φίλον, if this were (= et ήν) not pleasing to d. ii. 64. So iii. 108 (εί μή γίνεσθαι = ε'ι μή έγίνετο, had ot occurred) ; vii. 229 (et άπονοστήσαι, if he had returned) ; ii. et είναι, if he was); iil 105 (ε'ι μή προλαμβάνειν = εί μή βάνοιμεν). Ύιμάν δέ Σαμίονς έφη, διότι ταφήναί οι τόν δημοσίη υπό Σαμίων. Id. iii In some cases, particularly when the provisions of a law are, a relative is used with the infinitive, even when no infinitive es. E.g. ηκεν εφ' οΐς έξεΐναι άποκτιννΰναι, he enacted on what conditions llowed to kill. DEM. XX Καί διά ταΰτα, άν τις άποκτείνη ήν βουλήν δικάζειν έγραφε, καί οΰχ άπερ, άν άλω, εΐναι, and not enact what should be done if he should be convicted. Id. xxiii. (Here εΐναι, the reading of Cod. 2, is amply defended by the preexample, in which all allow έξεΐναι.) Αέκα γάρ άνδρας προσείλοντο ξνμβονλονς, άνεν ών μή κνριον είναι άπάγειν στρατιάν έκ τής THUC. Ν In narration, the infinitive often appears to stand for the tive. It depends, however, on some word like λέγεται, it, expressed (or at least implied) in something that precedes. κομένονς δε TOUS Φοίνικας Is δή τόάργος τοΰτο, διατίθεσθαι ρτον, and (they say) that the Phoenicians, when now they had come Argos, were setting out their cargo for sale. HDT. i. 1. (Here σθαι is imperfect) "'Αλλ', ω παί," φάναι τόν Άστνάγην, άχθόμενοι ταΰτα περιπλανώμεθα." "Άλλά και ire," φάναι ρον, "ορώ," κ.τ.λ. Καί τόν Άστνάγην επερέσθαι, "καί τίνι τεκμαιρόμενος λέγεις;" ""Οτι σέ," φάναι, "ορώ," κ.τ.λ. Πρδϊ δέ τον Άστνάγην ε'ιπεΐν, κ.τ.λ. Καί τον Κΐ'ρον ειπείν, κ.τ.λ.

9 INFINITIVE AFTEK ADJECTIVES ETC 305 hich follow, depend on λέγεται in 4.) Καϊ τον κελεΰσαι and he commanded him to give it. Id. i. 3, 9. So in HDT. i. 24 y of Arion and the dolphin is told in this construction, the es all depending on λέγουο-ι at the beginning. Infinitive after Adjectives, Adverbs, and Nouns.. The infinitive may depend on adjectives denoting fitness, desert, qualification, sufficiency, readiness, and pposites; and, in general, those expressing the same s as the verbs which govern the infinitive (747). mitted subject of the infinitive is the same as the tive to which the adjective belongs. E.g. τοί ποιε ίν, able to do. Αεινός λέγειν, skilled in speaking. στι ταντα λαβείν, he deserves to receive this. "Αξιος τιμάσθαι, o be honoured. Οΰχ οΐός τε ήν τοντο ίδεΐν, he was not able to ΤΙρόθυμος λέγειν, eager to speak. 'Έτοιμος κίνδννον υποready to endure danger. τοκλέα, ΐκανώτατον ειπείν και γνωναι και πράξαι. Lis. Αΐ γάρ εύπραξίαι δειναί σνγκρύψαι τά τοιαΰτα ονείδη. DEM. Κυρίαν έποίησαν έπιμελεΐσθαι τής ευταξίας, they gave it opagus) power to superintend good order. Isoc. vii. 39. Βίην δέ ι 7;σαν προσφέρειν. HDT. iii Μαλακοί καρτερεΐν, inate to endure. PLAT. Rep. 556 Β. Ταπεινή υμων ή διάνοια εΐν ά εγνωτε, your minds are too dejected to persevere, etc. THUC. Inthe lasttwoexamples, p-αλακοί and ταπεινή govern the infinitive idea of inability implied in them.) Χρήματα πορίζειν εύπορώυνή. An. Eccl Σοψώτεροι δή συμφοράς τάς τών πέλας διαθρεΐν ή τύχας τάς οίκοθεν. EUR. Fr Επιστήμων τε και σιγάν. PLAT. Phaedr. 276 Α. Τάλλα ενρήσεις ΰπονρτας ήμάς οΰ κακούς. AR. Pac examples of nouns followed by the infinitive in a similar sense,. (See also 766.) The infinitive, after τοιούτος οίος and τοσ-οΰτο; όσος, depends idea of ability, fitness, or sufficiency which is expressed in these ations. The antecedent may be omitted, leaving oios with the e in the sense of able, fit, likely, and όσος in that of sufficient. οΰτοι οίοι πονηρού TIVOS έργου έφίεσθαι, capable of aiming vicious act. XEN. Cyr. i. 2, 3. Τοιαΰτα; οίας χειμώνός τε και θέρους ίκανάς εΐνα.ι. PLAT. Bep. 415 Ε. "Εφθασε ν όσον Ιϊάχητα άνεγνωκέναι τό ψήφισμα, it came enough nce (of the other ship) for Baches to have already read the decree t that he had read it is inferred, but not expressed : see 584). iii. 49.

10 THE INFINITIVE [743 an (as) to be always changing. XEN. Hell. il 3, 45. Οΰ yap ήν ώρα το πεδίον άρδειν, for it was'not the proper season to irrigate the land. An. il 3, 13. Νεμόμενοί τά αυτών έκαστοι όσον άποζήν, each vating thevr own land enough (to an extent sufficient) to live upon it. C, i. 2. 'Ελει'.πέτο της νυκτός όσον σκοταίους διελθεΐν τό πεδίον, was left enough of the wight for crossing the plain in the dark XEN. iv. 1, 5. his construction suggests at once tlie analogous use of όντως ώστε ώστε alone, in the sense of so as, with the infinitive (see 593). e, as with ώστε, the subject of the infinitive is not restricted as it In Homer, the pronominal adjectives τοΐος, τοιόσδε, τοιούτος, ς, τηλίκος, and ποίος, without a relative, sometimes take an itive in the same way (759) ; as ημείς δ' ον νύ τι το ίο ι άμννέμεν, we are not able to keep it off, Od. ii. 60 ; ποίοι κ' εΐτ Όδυσσηι εμεν; Od. xxi See also IL vi. 463; Od. iii 205, vil 309, Certain impersonal verbs (like ενεστι, πρέπει, προσήκει), ch regularly take an infinitive as their subject (745), are used in the iciple in a personal sense with the infinitive, the participle having force of one of the adjectives of 758. Thus τά ενόντα ειπείν is valent to ά ενεστι ειπείν, what it is permitted to say; τά προσ-ήκοντα ναι is equivalent to ά προσήκει ρηθήναι, what is proper to be said, it represented a personal construction like ταΰτα προσήκει ρηθήναι, things are becoming to be said. E.g. ατίδών τό πλήθος τών ενόντων ειπείν, seeing the number of s that may be said. Isoc. v Τόν θεόν καλεί ουδέν προσήέν γόοις παραστατεΐν, she is calling on the God who ought not e present at lamentations. AESCH. Ag (Προσήκοντα is used adjectives meaning fit, proper.) Φράζ", έπεϊ πρέπων έφυς προ ε φωνεΐν. SOPH. Ο. Τ. 9. So τά ήμΐν παραγγελθέντα διεξελ- ( = ά παρηγγέλθη ήμΐν διεξελθεΐν). PLAT. Tim. 90 Ε In the same way (761) certain adjectives, like δίκαιος, αίριος, έπιτήδε ιος, έπίδοξος, maybe used personally with infinitive; as δίκαιος έστι τοΰτο ποιεΐν, it is right far him to do (equivalent to δίκαιον έστιν αντόν τοντο ποιεΐν). E.g. ημί πολλφ μειζόνων έτι τούτων δωρεών δίκαιος είναι τύγιν, I say that I have a right to receive even far greater rewards these. DEM. xviii. 53. Έδόκουν επιτήδειοι είναι ύπεξαιρεθήthey seemed to be convenient persons to be disposed of. THUC. viil 70. πεύεσθαι έπικαίριοι, important persons to be taken care of.. Cyr. viii. 2, 25. Τάδε τοι εξ αΰτών επίδοξα γενέσθαι, it is to xpected that this will result from it. HDT. i. 89. Πολλοί έπίδοξοι τό τοΰτο πείσεσθαί είσι, it is to be expected that many will suffer same thing. Id. vi. 12 (for the future infinitive see 113).

11 INFINITIVE AFTER ADJECTIVES ETC. 307 ning to a particular action; as αίσχρον όράν, disgraceful ok upon. The infinitive is here regularly active or le, even when the passive would seem more natural. omitted subject of the infinitive (except when it is ive) is distinct from that of the adjective. E.g. ίσχρον yap τόδε y εστί και έσσομένοισι πυθέσθαι, for this is ceful even for future men to hear. II. ii So II. i. 107 and Τους yap ΰπέρ τούτων λόγους εμοϊ μεν αναγκαιότατους προ ειηγούμαι, υμΐν δέ χρησιμωτάτους άκοΰσαι, i.e. most necessary for speak, and most useful for you to hear. DEM. xxi. 24. ΦΟβερόν ολεμήσαι, a terrible man to fight against. Id. ii. 22. (Οικία) ένδιαιτάσθαι, a house most pleasant to live in. XEN. Mem. iii. Χαλεπώτατα εΰρεΐν, hardest to find: ρ</.στα εντυγχάνειν, t to obtain. Ib. i. 6, 9. (Πολιτεία) χαλεπή συζήν, a form of ment hard to live under: άνομος δέ (μοναρχία) χαλεπή και βαρύξυνοικήσαι. PLAT. Polit. 302 Β and Ε. Λόγος δυνατός καται, a speech capable of being understood (which it is possible to under-. Id. Phaed. 90 D. Ό χρόνος βραχύς άξίως διηγήσασθαι, the s too short for narrating it properly. Id. Menex. 239 Β. Ή οδός εια πορευομένοι ς καϊ λέγειν καί άκονειν, convenient both for ng and for hearing. Id. Symp. 173 Β. Πότερον δέ λοΰσασθαι τερον; which of the two (waters) is colder for bathing? XEN. Mem., 3. ssive.) (Κύνες) αΐσχραί όράσθαι (instead of όράν). Id. Cyn. 'Έστι δ' ό λόγος φιλαπεχθήμων μεν, ρηθήναι δ' οΰκ ασύμ- Isoc. xv e infinitive with adjectives (here and in 758) shows distinct of its origin as a dative, though this origin was already forgotten. 2 (end) and (a) The infinitive after the comparative with ή depends on ea of ability or inability implied in the expression. E.g. γάρ νόσημα μείζον ή φέρειν, for the disease is too heavy to bear. Ο. T (See 763, above.) Ή ανθρωπινή φύσις ασθενεή λαβείν τέχνην ών αν ή άπειρος, human nature is too weak to the art of those things of which it has no experience. PLAT Theaet. (See 758.) "Ωστε or ως is sometimes expressed before this infinitive ; as in ell. iv. 8, 23, ήσθοντο αΰτόν ελάττω έχοντα δύναμιν ή ώστε ίλους ώφελεΐν, and Cyr. vi. 4, 17, τάς ασπίδας μείζους έχουσιν οιεΐν τι και όράν. (See 588.). The infinitive may be used after adverbs which correspond to jectives of 763. E.g. εβουλεύετο αΰτψ πώς άν τοις μέν εύνοις κάλλιστα ίδεΐν ποιοΐτο λασιν, τοις δέ δυσμενέσι φοβερώτατα, he took counsel with him might proceed forth in a manner most splendid for the friendly to

12 THE INFINITIVE [ Certain nouns, which correspond in meaning to adjectives h take the infinitive as in 763, may themselves have the same truction. E.g. αύμα ίδίσθαι, a wonderful thing to behold (like θανμαστον Ιδέ-. Od. viii See the examples under In Homer, verbs expressing excellence or fitness sometimes take iting infinitive, like adjectives of similar meaning. E.g. κτορος ήδε γυνή, os άριατενεσκε ρ,άχεσθαι, this is the wife of r, who was the first ( = άριστος ήν) in fighting. II vi 460. Όμην έκέκαστο όρνιθας γνωναι και άναίσιρα ρνθήσασθαι, he led all of his age in knowledge of birds and in declaring fate. Od. ii. Οΐ περϊ μέν βουλήν Δαναών, ιτερϊ δ' έστέ μάχεσθαι, ye who the Danai in counsel and excel them in battle. 11 i 258. (Here ήν shows that μάχεσθαι was already felt as a limiting accusative, ithstanding its primitive force as a dative. See 763, and 742, end.) 68. Even in Attic Greek a limiting infinitive, like the Homeric itive just mentioned (767), is sometimes found. EspeciaBy άκονειν, σαι, in sound, and όράν, 'ιδεΐν, in appearance, are used in this way. οκεΐs o v τ ι διαφέρειν αντονς Ιδεΐν χαλκέως φαλακρον καϊ όν; do you think that they differ at all in appearance from a bald tinker? FLAT. Bep. 495 Ε. Άκονσαι παγκάλως έχει, it is very to hear. DEM. xix. 47. ΤΙράγματα παρέξονσιν (οί ίπποι) έπιμέαι, the horses will be troublesome to tend. XEN, Cyr. iv. 5, The Homeric use of όμοιος, equal, like, with the infinitive ngs here. E.g. ενκότεροι χιόνος, θε'ιειν δ' άνέμοισιν όμοιοι, (horses) whiter than, and like the winds in swiftness (lit. to run). II. x Οΰ γάρ ς όροΐος επ ισπ έσθαι ποσϊν ήεν, ανδρών τρεσσάντων, for none was him for following with his feet when men fled. Η xiv Infinitive of Purpose The infinitive may express a purpose. E.g. ρώων άνδρα έκαστον (ει) έλοίμεθα olvοχοευειν, if we should se every man of the Trojans to be our cup-bearers. H ii 127. Χέρνιβα μφιπολος προχόω έπέχευε φέρουσα, νίφασθαι, ie. brought and ed water for washing. Od. i So II. i. 338, 6os άγειν, and II., 108. Τήν έξ'αρείου πάγου βουλήν έ έσπασαν έπιρελεΐσθαι ενκοσρίας, i.e. to guard good order. Isoc. vii. 37. Οί άρχοντες, ονς εΐλεσθε άρχειν μον, the rulers, whom you chose to rule me. PLAT. 28 Ε. Δεκα δε τών νεών προΰπεμψαν ες τον μέγαν λιμένα πλεντε και κατασκέφασθαι, καϊ κηρνξαι, κ.τ.λ., be. they sent them ail and examine, and to proclaim, etc. THUC. vi. 50. Tovs ιππέας

13 INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE 309 ν βονλωνται, i.e. to do ivith them whatever they pleased. Id. ii. 4. υλοίμαθά το> άπιτράφαι ή παΐδας παιδαΰσαι ή χρήματα διασώif we should wish to entrust to any one either children to instruct or to keep. XEN. Mem. i. 5, 2. θαάσασθαι παρήν τά; γυναίκας φαρονσας, women bringing (something) to drink. Id. Hell. vii. 2, ήν πόλιν καί τήν ακραν φνλάτταιν αντοΐς παράδωκαν, they ed the city and the citadel to them to guard. Ib. iv. 4, 15. "Os γαρ ς λάθη, τοΰτον άφίατα τοΐς θαοΐς κολάζαιν. DEM. XIX. 71. θύρα ή άμή άνάψκτο είσιέναι τψ δαομάνψ τι άμοΰ. XEN. Hell, 14. Οΰκ eτχον άργΰριον απισ-ιτίζασθαι, they had no money to rovisions. Id. An. vii. 1, 7. Άριστάρχψ έ'δοτε ήμ'αραν άπολοαι, i.e. a day to defend himself in. Id. Hell. i. 7, 28. 'Έμαυοι ίμμαλατάν παρ'αχαιν οΰ πάνυ δέδοκται, i.e. to practise on. Phaedr. 228 E. Ois ανανδαιμονήααι τε ό βίος ομοίως και ευτήσαι ξυναματρήθη, i.e. for enjoyment as well as for death.. ii Here, as in 763, the infinitive is generally active or middle, where the passive would seem more natural; as κταναΐν αμοί οσαν, they gave her to me to be killed. ΕΠΕ. Tro (a) The infinitive is thus used in prose chiefly after verbs ying to choose or appoint, to give or take, to express the purpose hich anything is given or taken; and also after those signifying d or bring. (See examples in 770.) With the last class the participle is still more common (840). A final clause after c, may also be used in the same sense. In poetry, the same construction, occurs after verbs of motion, ΐΐμι, ήκω, and βαίνω; and also after αίμί, άπαιμι, and ι μι (to be, to be at hand), expressed or understood. E.g. λά τις αίη ειπείν Άτρα'ιδτ/ Άγαμ'αμνονι, ποιμάνι λαών, but let one go to tell Agamemnon. Od. xiv Βή δέ θάαιν, and he to run. II. ii Οΰδέ TIS έ'στιν άρήν και λοιγόν άμΰναι, there any one to keep off curse and ruin. II. xxiv Πολλοί σοι Αχαιοί άναιρέμαν ον κε δΰνηαι, i.e. for you to slay whomsoou can. II. vi Ού γάρ απ' άνήρ οίος Όδυσσεί>5 έ'σκεν, άπό οίκου άμΰναι. Od. ii. 59. Μανίάνειν γάρ ήκομαν, for come to learn. SOPH Even in prose, the infinitive occasionally occurs after α'ιμί in sense, as in PLAT. Phaedr. 229 Α, εκεί σκιά τ εστί, καί πόα ζασθαι ή άν βουλώμαθα κατακλιθήναι, there is grass to sit etc. See also XEN. An. ii 1, 6, πολλαί δέ καί πάλται καί άμαξαι φάρασθαι 'άρημοι, i.e. they were left to be carried away. 3. In Homer and Herodotus είναι is often introduced to denote pose, where in Attic Greek a simple noun, connected directly the leading verb, would be sufficient. E.g. ρηκα, τόν ποτά οί Κινΰρης δωκα ξαινήιον είναι, i.e. which they

14 THE INFINITIVE [743 παχείη, τόν ρ' άνδρες πρότεροι θεσα,ν ip.pe.vai οΐρον άρούμης, former men had placed (to be) as a bovmdary of the land. IL xxi. Δαρείος καταστήσας Άρταφερνεα. υπάρχον εΐναι Έαρδίων. V. 25. So in the passive construction : Γέλων ό.π εδέχθη πάετης που el ναι 'ίππαρχος. Id. vil Even in Attic prose, this use of etvai (773) sometimes occurs ; DEM. xxix. 25, μνημονεύονσιν ο,φεθέντα τούτον ελεύθερον είναι they remember his having been then manumitted (so as) to be a free- So άφίησιν αντα δημόσια είναι, he gives them up to be public y, THDC. ii The simple infinitive in Homer may express a result as well urpose, as ώστε is seldom used there in the sense of so as (589). s follows many expressions which would not allow it in Attic. E.g. s τ ap σφωε θεών έριδι ξννεηκε μάχεσθαι; ie. who brought nto conflid, so as to contend? IL i. 8. So i. 151 ; and έριζεμεναι,. 'Αλλ' ότε δή κοίχη νηύς ήχθετο τοΐσι νέεσθαι, when now hip was loaded, so as (to be ready) to sail. Od. xv r the infinitive in consecutive sentences with ώστε or is, and εφ' φ' ωτε, see ; r the infinitive with πρίν, see Absolute Infinitive} 6. The infinitive may stand absolutely in certain parenal phrases, expressing a limitation or qualification of some or of the whole sentence Most frequent are the simple ώς έπος ειπείν and is so to speak ; and is ειπείν or ειπείν with an adverb or other ct, sometimes with an object. E.g. ι έργου, <i>s επος ειπείν, ή οΰδεν05 προσδεονται ή βράχεος πάνυ, f action, so to speak, they need either none or very little. PLAT. Gorg.. Plato uses ώς 4Vos ειπείν 77 times. Ώς ειπείν επος, so to AESCH. Pers. 714: so EUR. Hipp. 1162, Her. 167 (see Or. 1). έ ετυντόμως ε'ιπεΐν, to speak concisely. Isoc. vii 26 : so PLAT. 25 Ε. Ώς συνελόντι ε'ιπεΐν. XEN. Mem. iii. 8, 10. 'i2s ειπείν. Phaedr. 258 E: so Rep. 619 D. Ώς απλώς ε'ιπεΐν, to speak. Isoc. iv Ώς εν κεφαλαίο) ειπείν. PLAT. Symp. 186 C. όλον ε'ιπεΐν -γένος. Id. Crat 192 C. Ώς επί τό παν ε'ι-εΐν. Id. 67 D. So (i>s περί όλης ε'ιπεΐν φνχής, Eep. 557 Ε. "Ώς γε τό τατον ειπείν. Id. Leg. 624 Α. Ώς πόλιν ειπείν, speaking of a Id. Rep Without ώς: τό σύμπαν ειπείν, HDT. il 91; i. 138, vii. 49. 'Es τό ακριβές ε'ιπεΐν. Id. vi. 82. Συν θεώ

15 ABSOLUTE INFINITIVE 311. PLAT. Prot. 317 B. To S' ορθόν ειπείν, άνέπνενσα, SOPH Other verbs of saying are used in the same way with (is. τορώς φράσαι. AESCH. Ag 'fls εκ τον παραχρήμα. PLAT. Crat. 399 D. "Ως -γε εν τφ ννν παρόντι λέγειν. Id. Leg. C. Ώς έν φράζειν. Id. Polit. 282 Β. Ώς προς νμάς είρήσθαι, tween ourselves. Id. Bep. 595 Β. "Ως γε προς σέ είρήσθαι τάληθή. rot. 339 Ε. Ώβ έν τνπψ, μή δι' ακρίβειας, είρήσθαι. Id. Bep.. r is λόγψ ειπείν in Herodotus, see Έμοί Soκεΐν or (less frequently) is έμοί 8οκεΐν means in pinion, it seems to me. Other similar expressions are (ώς) ι, to make a guess; (ώς) σνμβάλλειν, to compare, if we may re; (ώς) άκονσαι, to the ear; ώς ίδεΐν or όσον ίδεΐν, to the eye, pearance; οσον έμέ είδέναι, so far as my knowledge goes; ως ρασθαι, so far as one can judge. E.g. AA' έμοί δοκεΐν, τάχ' ε'ισει, but, methinks, you will soon know. H. Pers. 246 : so SOPH. EL Αντόχθονες δοκέειν έμοί ε'ισι. I Άπεπέμπετο ή στρατιή, ώς έμοί δοκέειν, έπί Λιβύης τροφή. Id. IV Δοκεΐν δ' έμοί. THUC. viii. 64 : so vii. 87., έμοιγε δοκεΐν. PLAT. Men. 81 Α. See Id. Bep. 432 Β, is τωσί δόξα ι. ρος όδ" ίρός, ώς άπεικάσαι. SOPH. Ο. C. 16. Ώς θύραθεν είκά- EUR. Η. Ρ See HDT. i. 34. Ώς μικρόν μεγάλω είκά- THUC. iv. 36. Once είκάσαι alone : SOPH. 0. Τ. 82. "Ύδωρ γε ος έν σνμβάλλειν, i.e. to compare the waters one with the other. iv. 50 (cf. έν προς έν, THUC. ii. 97). "Εστι δέ τοντο οντωσί μέν αι λόγον τιν έχον, i.e. on first hearing it. DEM. XX. 18. Άτοπα, τω γ' άκονσαι. PLAT. Euthyph. 3 Β. 12s γε έντενθεν ίδεΐν, looks from this point. Id. Bep. 430 Ε. Όσ-σ-ον ϊδην. SAPPH. Pr. "Οσα γ' ώδ' ίδεΐν. AR. Pac Ονχ, όσον γέ μ' είδέναι, far as I know. Id. Nub See also Eccl. 350, δ τι κάμ' ι, and Thesm. 34, ώστε (i.e. is τε) κάμ είδέναι, in the same. "i2s γε τω ποδί τεκμήρασθαι. PLAT. Phaedr. 230 Β. e also is γ' έμοί χρήσθαι κριτή, EUR. Ale. 801 ; is γε κατά μήν δόξαν άποφήνασθαι, PLAT. Polit. 272 D. See further, for otus, (a) Here belong ολίγου δεΐν and μικρόν δεΐν, wanting little, t, and the rare πολλοί! δείν, far from. E.g. ολλών λόγων γιγνομένων ολίγον δεΐν καθ' έκάστην έκκληwhen many speeches arre made almost in every assembly. DEM. ix. 1. οί δεΐν όμοιόν έστι τά> όνειδίζειν. Id. xviii. 269 : so Isoc. iv. viii. 44, 89. "Iv' είδήτε πολλοί δείν άξιον όντα, that you may that he is far from deserving, etc. DEM. xxiii. 7 (the only case of

16 THE INFINITIVE [743 Here δεΐν is often omitted, leaving ολίγον or μικρόν in nse of almost. E.g. ίγον φρούδος γεγένημαι, I am at/mod gonemyself, AR. Nub. 722, ικρόν κατηκόντισαν άπαντα,ς, they came near shooting them all. xviii In many expressions είναι is used absolutely, and it often to us superfluous. The most common case is that of έκών so far as being willing goes, or willingly, used almost exclusin negative sentences. E.g. τε αντός έφη έκών εΐναι δονλενσειν. HDT. viii See THUC. vi. 14. Έκών γαρ είναι ονδέν ψενσομαι, willingly I will tell hood. PLAT. Symp. 215 Α. ΟΎΚ φμην γε κατ άρχάς ύπό σον ς είναι έξαπατηθήσεσθαι. Id. Gorg. 499 C. (Άνάγκη έχειν) εύδειαν καϊ το έκόντας είναι μηδαμη προσδέχεσθαι τό ψευδοί. p. 485 C: see 336 Ε. One positive sentence occurs, HDT. vii Other cases of absolute εΐναι are τό έπϊ σφάς (έπϊ εκείνοις, έπϊ, κατά τούτον) εΐναι, so far as they were concerned, etc. THUC. iv. ii 48 ; XEN. An. i 6, 9, Hell. iii. 5, 9 ; κατά (εις) δύναμιν ISAE. ii. 32 ; PLAT. Polit. 300 C ; κατά τούτο εΐναι, so far as ns this. Id. Prot. 317 A; τήν πρώτην είναι, at first, HDT.L 153. ecially το ννν είναι, at present {τό belonging to νύν) : see Isoc. 0; PLAT. Lach. 201 C, Eep. 506 Ε ; XEN Cyr. v. 3, 42 ; also ερον εΐναι, to-day, PLAT. Crat 396 E. In Aristotle's ΤΟ τί ήν the εΐναι is probably absolute, and τί ήν may be a "philo- " imperfect (40), the expression meaning the original essence (the was it? "). o expressions have ως: is πάλαια είναι, considering their antiquity, i. 21 ; and ως γ ε διακόνονς είναι πόλεως, considering that they rvants of a state, ie. for servants, PLAT. Gorg. 517 B. 2. Herodotus has a remarkable variety of expressions of ind. Besides those already quoted, see the following : Δέλτα έστι κατάρρντόν τε καϊ νεωστϊ, ως λόγω ειπείν, άνας, and recently, so to speak, has appeared above water, ii. 15. ('Qs ε'ιπείν is peculiar to Herodotus.) Και is έμέ εύ μεμνήσθαι τά νεύς μοι έφη, so far as I renumber rightly what the interpreter told. ii Ώς έμέ κατανοέεiv, as I understand it. ii. 28. Ώς ν έν έλαχίστψ δη λώσαι, πάν εΐρηται' is δε έν πλέονι λόγψ ι, ώδε έχει. ii. 24 and 25. Μετά δέ, οΰ πολλω λόγψ ε'ιπείν, διέφν. i. 61. Ώς έμέ σνμβαλλόμενον εύρίσκειν, so far ind by conjecture, vii. 24. Ώς έμοι δοκέειν σ-νμβαλλομ*νψ. Os εΐναι ταύτα σμικρά μεγάλοισι εη'μβάλλειν, so far as I ΐναι) compare these small things with great ones. iv. 99 : see ii. 10. ύθας είναι, for Scythians, considering that they are Scythians, iv. ς είναι Αιγύπτου, for Egypt, i.e. for a land like Egypt, ii. 8.

17 IN COMMANDS, WISHES, ETC. 313 ; and 'Ροδώττιν is often emended to 'Ροδώποϊ or 'Ροδώτί, neither hich is satisfactory.) 83. The absolute infinitive was probably felt as a limiting ac- tive ; and in AR. Pac. 232, έξιέναι γνώμην έμήν μέλλει, we t substitute έμοί δοκεΐν for γνώμην έμήν. 1 Ώς as used here can ly be expressed in English ; but it resembles some uses of ώστε <i>s with the infinitive after adjectives in 588. It cannot be onstrative, as might be supposed from our inadequate translation ς ε'ιπεΐν, so to speak. nitive in Commands and Prohibitions for the Imperative. Infinitive in Wishes and Exclamations The infinitive is sometimes used in the sense of the nd person of the imperative, especially in Homer. E.g. φ vvv μή ποτέ και (τυ γυναικί περ ήπιος είναι' μή οι μΰθον τα πιφανσκέμεν, ον κ εν είδης, άλλά το μέν φάσθαι, το δέ κεκρνμμένον είναι, now therefore he thou never indulgent to thy wife, Od. xi So II. i. 20, 582, ii. 10, xvii. 501 ; Od. x. 297, xi. xvii. 278, xviii 106, xxii Οΐς μή πελάζειν, do not oach these ( = μή πέλαζε). AESCH. Prom Ilpiv δ' άν τελεν-, έπισχεΐν μηδέ καλέειν κω δλβιον, wait, and do not yet call happy. HDT. i. 32. Σΰ ΔΕ τάς πνλας άνοίξας νπεκθεΐν και εσθαι, and do you open the gates, and rush out and press on. C. V. 9. ΈΆΝ οΐοί τε γενώμεθα ενρεΐν, φάναι ήμάς εξενρηκέναι, say we have found it. PLAT. Rep. 473 Α. Ύοΰτο παρ' ΰμΐν αντοΐς ίως γνώναι, understand this in your oum minds. DEM. viii In the cases of the second person just given (1), the subject the nominative. But when the infinitive is equivalent to third person of the imperative, its subject is in the active, as if some word like δό;, grant, were understood. E.g. ί μεν κεν Μ,ενέλαον 'Αλέξανδρος κακαπέφν η, αΰτδς 'Έ,λένην εχέτω κ' Άλέξανδρον κτείν-η Μενέλαος, Ύ ρ ώας έπειθ' Έλένην άποι, i.e. let him keep Helen himself, and Ut the Trojcms surrender. II. iii Ύενχεα σνλήσας φερέτω, σώμα δέ οίκαδ' εμδν αι πάλιν (sc. αντόν). II. vii. 78. hese examples follow the construction of the infinitive in wishes. 85. The infinitive with a subject accusative is sometimes for the optative in the expression of a wish referring to the e. This occurs chiefly in poetry. E.g. εΰ πάτερ, ή Άίαντα λαχεΐν ή Τυδεος ν'ιάν, Father Zeus, may the ll on Ajax or on the son of Tydeus (= Ai'as λάχοί). II. vii Ζεΰ Ύηλέμαχόν μοι εν άνδράσιν δλβιον είναι, καί ο'ι πάντα γένοιθ'

18 . It has been seen that the infinitive without the article THE INFINITIVE [743 ρεσίν ησι μενοινφ. (εΐναι = εΐη is followed by -γένοιτο). Od. xvii. Μή πρίν έπ' ήέλιον δνναι καί έπί κνέφα,ς έλθεΐν. II. ii Ε τοιανταν αΐσαν διακρίνειν έτνραν λόγον άνθροιπων. PIND. 67. θεοί πολΐται, ρή με δουλείας τυχεΐν ( = ρ ή τνχοιμΐ).. Sept Αήμητερ, εϋδαιμ.ονεΐν με Θησέα, τε παΐδ' έμόν. upp. 3. 'Έρμα 'μπολαίε, τάν γυναίκα τάν έμάν ούτω μ' αι τάν τ' έμαντον ματέρα, Ο that I could sell my wife and my at this rate! AR. Ach Τ Ω Ζεύ, έκγενέσθαι μοι Αθητίσασθαι, may it he permitted me to punish the Athenians. HDT.. Όκότεροι δ' άν ήμέων νικήσωσι, τούτους τφ άπαντι στρατοι κάν, i.e. let their victory count for the whole army. Id. ix. 48. s construction, like the preceding (784, 2), is often explained ellipsis of δός, grant; see II. iii. 351, δόϊ τίσαχτθαι. Aristarchus d γένοιτο or είη.. In two passages of the Odyssey, we find the infinitive in a wish ced by at γάρ, once in the sense of the optative and once in a past tense of the indicative, with the subject (understood) in minative: γάρ, τ οίος ε ίο ν οΐός έσσι,... παίδά τ έμήν έχέμεν καί εμος καλέεσθαι, 0 that, being such as you now are, you might have ς) my daughter and be called my son-in-law. Od. vii A* ος Νήρικον είλον,... τοίος έών τοι χθιζος έφεστάμεναι καί άνδρας μνηστήρας- τω κε σφέων γούνατ έλυσα, 0 that I had you yesterday and had punished the suitors; then would I have their knees. Od. xxiv se passages agree in construction with the second person of the ve in commands (784, 1).. The infinitive, with its subject accusative, may be used lamations of surprise or indignation. E.g. παθεΐν τάδε, φεύ, έριέ παλαιόφρονα, κατά τε γάν ο'ικεΐν, φεύ, μύσος, that I should suffer this, alas! I, with my thoughts of d that I should dwell in this land, alas! an unhonoured plague!. Eum 'Αλλά τοΰσδ' έμοί ματαίαν γλώσσαν ώδ' άπανκάκβαλεΐν έπη τοιαύτα, that these should thus cast at me the of their idle tongues, etc. Id. Ag Τ Ω δυστάλαινα, τοιάίύ χρησιμον φωνεΐν. SOPH. Aj Τοιουτονί τρέφειν κύνα, a dog like that I AR. Yesp Τούτον δε νβρίξειν- άναδέ, and that he should be thus insulting, and should draw his DEM. xxi pare Mene incepto desistere victam! VERG. Aen. i. 37. This ve often has the article τό (805). Β. INFINITIVE WITH THE ARTICLE. 1

19 INFINITIVE WITH THE ARTICLE 315 already established in the Homeric language, in nearly all onstructions in which it was most frequently used in later. In this simple form it developed its various tenses, and uses became fixed, especially in indirect discourse ; so that nfinitive gradually came to be more of a verb and less of a. hen the definite article had become common with nouns, s soon prefixed to the infinitive, which thus, with all its utes as a verb unimpaired, was restored to new life as a er verbal noun. 1 As a nominative and accusative, it could sed with τό in all the constructions in which the simple itive was already familiar as subject or object, although here older form was preferred except when it was desired to asise the infinitive especially as a nominative or accusative. in other constructions (especially in the genitive, dative, and ative with prepositions), and in its wonderful capacity for ing dependent clauses and adjuncts of every kind, the ular infinitive appears as a new power in the language, of h the older simple infinitive gave hardly an intimation. s might be expected, the articular infinitive found its chief in the rhetorical language, as in Demosthenes and in the hes of Thucydides. It appears first in Pindar (for τό in xx. 52 and HES. Frag, clxxi. can hardly be the article), but ys as a subject nominative, with one doubtful exception. In ramatists and Herodotus it is not uncommon, being generally minative or accusative with τό, although it occurs also as a ive or dative with του or τω; and it is found even with sitions. In Thucydides (especially in the speeches), we find ominative, accusative, genitive, and dative all used with the est freedom (in 135 cases), besides the accusative, genitive, dative with prepositions (in 163 cases). Its fully developed r of taking dependent clauses must be seen in the Orators, ially in Demosthenes. 2 ns, of Am. PMl."Assoc. for 1878, pp. 5-19; and The Articular Infinitive nophon and Plato, in Am. Jour. Phil., iii. pp ; Birklein, clcelungsgeschichte des substantivirten Infinitive, in Schanz's Beitrage, 7. "By the substantial loss of its dative force the infinitive became verd ; by the assumption of the article it was substantivized again with a d increment of its power." Am. Jowr. Phil. iii. p See the statistics given by Gildersleeve in the Am. Jour. Phil. viii. p. It appears that the average number of articular infinitives in a Teubner f Demosthenes is 1.25 ; of the speeches of Thucydides, 1.00 ; of Xenophon e), 1.02; of Isocrates,.60; of Antiphon,.50; of Aeschines,.30; of eides,.20; of Isaeus,.25; of Lysias,.12. Hypereides even exceeds sthenes. For the actual number of articular infinitives in each author

20 THE INFINITIVE [743 Articular Infinitive as Subject or Object. 9. Although the infinitive, as subject or object of a verb, lly stands without the article, the article may be prefixed ke the infinitive more prominent as a noun in the structure sentence. 0. The infinitive with τό may stand as a subject, especially ν. E.g. γνώναι έποστήμην πον λαβείν εστίν, to learn is to acquire ge. PLAT. Theaet. 209 Ε. TO δίκην διδόναι πότερον πάτί εστίν ή ποιεΐν ; Id. Gorg. 476 D. (In the last two examples ject infinitive has the article to emphasise it, while the predicate ve stands alone.) To δέ παθεΐν εΰ πρώτον άέθλων. PIND. PY. Ούτοι ήδν εστι τό έχειν χρήματα ούτως ώς άνιαραν το λειν. XEN. Cyr. viii. 3, 42. Πολλάκις δοκεΐ το φνλάξαι τοΰ κτήσασθαι χαλεπώτερον είναι, to keep advantages often seems arder than gaining them. DEM. i. 23 (ef. ii 26, quoted in 745, h construction and sense). Τούτο έστι το άδικεΐν, το πλέον λων ζητεΐν έχειν. PLAT. Gorg. 483 C. 'Αλλ' οΐμαι, νΰν μέν εΐ τούτοις τό κατορθοΰν. DEM. ii. 20. Τό γάρ θάνατον ι ονδέν άλλο εστίν ή δοκεΐν σοφον είναι μή οντά' δοκεΐν έναι εστίν ά ούκ orsev. PLAT. ΑΡ. 29 A See also 29 C. ill be seen by comparison that most of these examples would the construction without the article by making the infinitive minent as a subject nominative. Compare οΰτε κλαίειν οντ αι πρέπει, AESCH Sept. 656, with τοΐϊ δ' όλβίοις γε καί το ι πρέπει, Ag The infinitive with τό can stand as an accusative of the object, sometimes as an accusative of kindred meaning. lation of such an infinitive with τό to the verb is often ose than that of the simple infinitive in a similar case (see E.g. σομαι το κατθανεΐν, I shall dare to die. AESCH. Ag τις, έστιν, ος σε κωλύσει τό δράν, who will prevent you from SOPH. Ph So έπισπενδειν τό δράν, EL 467. To δέ σοι παραινώ. Id. Ph Τό δράν ονκ ήθέλησαν, re unwilling to act (would Tiot act). Id. O. C To δ' av ν τήδ' ομού τις άν γννή δνναιτο, what woman would be able with her? (to live with her what woman could do it T). Id. Tr. To νπο οίνου μή σφάλλεσθαι έπιμελεΐσθαι, to take care not pset by wine. XEN. Rep. Lac. v. 7. Αΐσχύνονται τό τολμάν. oph Σννεθίζεσθαι ταΐς φνχαΐς το τήν πατρίδα LYCURG Καί Ή-ISS δή τό άρχιχονς εΐναι ανθρώπων