( Carassius auratus gibelio)

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1 30 3 Vol. 30,No ACTA HYDROBIOLOGICA SINICA May, , (11, ;21 ;, ) :, 69d, 1182 % 2132 % 2182 % 3132 % 3182 % 4132 % 4182 %7, 3, 3h, 3132 %,, 3182 %, ( P < 0105) 2132 %,,( P < 0105) (AST) 4182 %, (ALT) 1182 % 4182 %,3132 %, ( P > 0105) 2182 %,4182 % ;,,, ( P < 0105), 3127 %, 8152 % : ; ; ; ; :S96317 :A : (2006) ( Carassius auratus gibelio) 20 80, ( Cyprinus carpio var. singuonensis) ( Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch) ) [1 ],,,,,,,,, [2 4 ],,,,,,, [5 ],,, 1 111,, 7 ( 4182 % ) ;,( 1, : ; : :(2001BA505B06) : (1978 ),,,,,,, ac. cn, Tel/ Fax :

2 ) 28 32g, 3, 20 15d, (9 :00 15 :00), 24 25, 12L/ 12D ( 8 : : 00), ph 614 7, > 6mg/ L, < 012mg/ L, < 011mg/ L, h, , 1 Tab11 Formulation and composition of the experimental diets 1, 2, [6] ; 1182 % 2132 % 2182 % 3132 % 3182 % 4132 % 4182 %7 3,, 6mol/ L NaOH [20], 3mm,60-4 Ingredient experimental diet Content ( %) Control diet White Fishmeal (USA) Fish oil Soybean oil Starch starch Cellulose Vitamin premix Mineral premix Choline Chloride Chromic oxide 1100 Crystalline L2amino acids (Met) Chemical composition(in dry matter) Dry matter ( %) Crude protein( %) Crude lipid( %) Ash( %) Energy(kJ/ g) (mg/ kg ) : B 1,20 ; B 2,20 ; B 6,20 ; B 12,01020 ;,5 ;,50 ;,100 ;,100 ;,011 ;,64512 ; C,100 ; A,110 ; D,20 ; E,50 ; K,10 ;,1000 Vitamin premix(mg/ kg diet) :thiamin, 20 :riboflavin, 20 ; pyridoxine, 20 ; cyanocobalamine, ; folic acid, 5 ; calcium patotheniate, 50 ; inositol, 100 ; niacin, 100 ; biotin, 011 ; Starch, ; ascorbic acid, 100 ; Vitamin A, 110 ; Vitamin D, 20 ; Vitamin E, 50 ; Vitamin K, 10 ; Choline chlo2 ride, (g/ kg ) :,1 ;,15 ;,32 ;,20 ;,215 ;,315 ;,01353 ;, ;,01031 ;,01001 ;,01003 ;,0145 Mineral premix(g/ kg diet) :NaCl, 1 ; MgSO 4 7H 2 O, 15 ; KH 2 PO 4, 32 ; Ca (H 2 PO 4 ) 2 H 2 O, 20 ; FeSO 4, 215 ; C 6 H 10 CaO 6 5H 2 O, 315 ; ZnSO 4 7H 2 O, ; MnSO 4 4H 2 O, ; CuSO 4 5H 2 O, ;CoSO 4 6H 2 O, ; KIO 3, ; Starch, 0145.

3 3 : ( % ) Tab12 Composition of crystalline L2amino acids premix( %dry matter) Arg His Thr Val Ile Leu Phe Trp Lys Asp Gly Ala ( % ) Tab13 Composition of the essential amino acids for the experimental diets( %dry matter) Control Lys Met Arg Thr Val Ile Leu Phe His : Analytical result of the amino acids in the diet L,, 15d 7, (9 :00 15 :00), 24h, ( g),,, 20,3 ( P > 0105) 3, 10,,,, 22 3, 12L/ 12D ( 8 : :00),pH 612 7, > 6mg/ L, < 012mg/ L, < 011mg/ L 114 ( 9 : :00), 1h, 70 ;, 70-4,1h,,,pH,,, 115, 3h, 5,

4 h,, 2, - 20, AST ALT 3, 3, 1 %, 3000r/ min 15min, 4 ; ( ),, Cr 2 O 3, [7 ] : 105,, 550 3h, Phillipson ( Phillipson microbomb calorime2 ter, Gentry Instruments Inc1, Aiken, U. S. A. ) (2 1) [8 ] ;Cr 2 O 3 2, 3h, Bolin [6 ], ( P < 0105),, 24h 6mol/ L HCl h,, mg/ ml , 3h,6h 9h, ; 8 %, ( P < 0105),, 3h 6h ( P < 0105),, 018 % 200 9h, ; ; 7 (Diacetyl monoxine) ( P < 0105), ( P > 0105) [9 ] ALT AST Hgrder [10 ] 117 Statistica 610 (One2way ANOVA), (Duncanπs procedure) (Broken2line), 2 9h 12h 24h ( P < 0105), 15h ( P > 0105), ( P > 0105) 1 Fig. 1 Plasma free lysine content in gibel carp after feeding 211 1, 3h, ( mg/ ml), ( P < 0105) ; 3 6h,,, 24h, 414mg/ ml 7,6h,,6h 2 Fig. 2 Plasma free methionine content in gibel carp after feeding 213 4, 3132 %,

5 3 : % ( P < 0105) ( P < 0105), 2132 %, ( P < 0105) 2182 % 4 ( ) 3 Tab14 Effect of different dietary lysine levels on growth and feed utilization of gibel carp (mean S. E. ) ( % ) IBW(g) FBW(g) SGRw( %/ d) FR( %/ d) FCE( %) ab ab a a a a b b ab ab a a b b a a ab ab a a ab ab a a ab ab a a 3 ( P < 0105) Means with different superscripts are significantly different ( P < 0105). IBW(g) :initial body weight. FBW(g) :final body weight. ( %/ ) = 100 (Ln - Ln ) / ; SGRw :specific growth rate in wet weight ( %/ d) = 100 (Ln(FBW) - Ln(IBW) ) / days. ( %/ ) = 100 / ( ( + ) / 2) / ; FR :feeding rate ( %/ d) = 100 feed intake/ (initial body weight + final body weight) / 2) / days. ( %) = 100 ( ) / ; FCEw :feed conversion efficiency in wet weight ( %) = 100 wet weight gain / total feed intake. 5 ( ) 3 Tab15 Effect of different dietary lysine levels on apparent digestibility coefficients in gibel carp (mean S. E. ) ( % ) ADCd( %) ADCp ( %) ADCe ( %) b b a a ab b b b b b a b b b 3 ( P < 0105),Means with different superscripts are significantly different ( P < 0105). ( %) = 100 (1 - Cr 2 O 3 / Cr 2 O 3 ) ; ( %) = 100 (1 - Cr 2 O 3 / ( Cr 2 O 3 ) ) ; ( %) = 100 (1 - Cr 2 O 3 / ( Cr 2 O 3 ) ) ; ADCd :Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter ( %) = 100 (1 - Cr 2 O 3 in the diet/ Cr 2 O 3 in the feces) ; ADCp :Apparent digestibility coefficients of crude protein( %) = 100 (1 - Cr 2 O 3 in the diet crude protein content in feces/ (Cr 2 O 3 in the feces crude pro2 tein in the diet) ) ; ADCe :Apparent digestibility coefficients of gross energy( %) = 100 (1 - Cr 2 O 3 in the diet gross energy content in feces/ (Cr 2 O 3 in the feces gross energy in the diet) ).

6 , ( P < 0105), 3127 %, 8152 % ( 3) 2132 % 4132 %, 1182 % 3132 % 3182 % 4182 % ( P < 0105), 2182 % ( P > 0105), 3182 % ( P > 0105), 2132 % 2132 %, ( P < 0105), 4182 % %, ( GW/ BW),, ( P > 0105) (AST) 4182 %, (ALT) 1182 % 4182 %,3132 %, ( P > 0105) 2182 %,4182 % ;,,, ( P < 0105) 4,,, ( P > 0105) 215 (Broken2line), y = 01042x (x < 3127 %) y = x (x > 3127 %) 3 Fig. 3 Effect of lysine levels in diets on specific growth rate of gibel carp 4 Fig. 4 Effect of lysine levels in diets on plasma free amino acids of gibel carp 6 ( ) 3 Tab16 Effect of different dietary lysine levels on physiological and biochemical parameters of gibel carp (mean S. E. ) ( % ) / ( %) CW/ BW / ( %) HSI AST(U/ g) ALT(U/ g) Hb(g/ 100ml) ab ab ab a b ab ab RBC( / L) (mg/ 100ml) b ab b b ab a ab 3 ( P < 0105),Means with different superscripts are significantly different ( P < 0105) CW/ BW: (Carcass weight/ body weight 100) ;HSI : (Hepatosomatic index) ; AST:(glutamic2oxalacetic transaminase) ;ALT:(glutamic2pyruvic transaminase) ; Hb : (Haemoglobin) ;RBC: (Red blood cell).

7 3 : ( Salmo gairdneri R1) ( Oncorhynchus punctatus) ( Anguilla anguilla) ( Tilapia nilotica), ( Cyprinus carpio) ( Ictalurus punctatus),, ph,, Steven, 2h, 4h Schlisio & Nicolai, 12 24h Ok I H [11 ] ( Oncorhynchus mykiss), 4h,24h Watan2 abe [12 ] ( Seriola quinqueradiata), 3h Mu2 rai,6h,24h, 3h,, Watanabe Cowey & Walton,,,,,,,, 3h, ( 4182 %),, Stockland 312,, 3127 %, 8152 %, ( Salmo salar L. ) 611 %, ( Oncorhychus tschawytscha) 510 %, 517 %, ( Labeo rohita ) 5188 % 5168 %, ( Catla catla) 6120 %, 611 % ( Megalobrama amblyocephala) 7168 % [13 ] ; ( C1 mrigala) 5175 % [14 ] ( Leiocassis longirostris) 6154 % [15 ], [16 ] [17 ], [18 ], 22, 313,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, [19 ],,, Berge [20 ], - Berge [21 ],,, ;, Chiu (Na +, K + ),, 3h

8 254 30, ( 4),,,,,, ( Hb),,(O 2 ) (CO 2 ),, ;, AST ALT,, AST ALT,, 4182 %,,,,, 3132 %, /,,, : [ 1 ] Jiang Y G, Liang S C, Chen B D, et al. Biological effect of hetero2 logoussperm on gynogenetic offspring in carassius auratus gibelio[j ]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 1983, 8 : 1 13[,,,..,1983,8 : 1 13 ] [ 2 ] Cai C F, Liu Y, Chen L Q, et al. Metabolic responses of allogy no2 genetic gibelio carp after cral administration of different doses of glu2 cose[j ]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2003, 27 : [,,,.,,2003,27 : ] [ 3 ] Cai C F, Wu K, Pan X F. The effects of proteinnutrition on growth and immunological activity of allogynogenetic silver crucian carp[j ]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2001, 25 : [,,..,2001,25 : ] [ 4 ] Ye Y Z, Zhou J F, Wang Z W, et al. Comparative studies on the DNA content from three strains of crucian carp, Carassius auratus[j ]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2004, 28 : [,,,. DNA.,2004,28 : ] [ 5 ] Small B C, Soares J H. Quantitative dietary lysine requirement of ju2 venile striped bass Morone saxatilis [ J ]. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2000, 6 : [ 6 ] Yan A S, Xiong C X, Zhou ZJ, et al. The contain of meat ratio and evaluation of nutrient on gibel carp[j ]. Water Conservancy and Fish2 ery, 1998, 3 : 16 19[,,,..,1998,3 : ] [ 7 ] Williams S. Official Methods of Analysis. 14 th [ M]. Washington : Science press. 1984, 1018 [ 8 ] Bligh E G, Dyer W J. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification[j ]. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, 1959, 37 : [ 9 ] Zhu X L, Jia L Z, Zhang M Y. Heamatological studies on the grass carp. Year2round changes in nine heamatological parameters[j ]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 1985, 9 : [,,. 1.,1985,9 : ] [10 ] Bergmeyer, Hans2Ulrich. Methods of enzymatic analysis[m]. Verlag Chemie, Gmbh press. 1981, 3 : , [11 ] Ok I H, Bai S C, Park GJ, et al. The patterns of plasma free amino acids after force2feeding in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Wal2 baum) with and without dorsal aorta cannulation[j ]. Aquaculture Re2 search, 2001, 32 : [12 ] Watanabe T, Aoki H, Shimamoto K, et al. A trial to culture yellowtail with non2fish meal diets[j ]. Fisheries Science, 1998, 64 : [13 ] Cowey C B, Walton M J. Studies on the uptake of 14 C2amino acids derived from both dietary 14 C2protein and dietary 14 C2amino acids by rainbow trout[j ]. Journal of Fish Biology, 1988, 33 : [ 14 ] Imtiaz A, Mukhtar A K. Dietary lysine requirement of fingerling Indi2 an major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala ( Hamilton) [ J ]. Aquaculture, 2004, 235 : [15 ] Xie S Q, He X Q, Yang Y X. Quantitative lysine requirement by long snout catfish fingerlings[j ]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 1997, 21 : 1 7[,,..,1997, 21 : 1 7 ] [16 ] Kim K I, Kayes T B, Amundson C H. Requirements for lysine and arginine by rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ). Aquaculture, 1992, 106 : [17 ] Simmons L, Moccia R D, Bureau D P, et al. Dietary methionine re2 quirement of juvenile Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (L. ) [J ]. Aqua2 culture Nutrition, 1999, 5 : [18 ] Akiyama T, Oohara I, Yamamoto T. Comparison of essential amino acid requirements with A/ E ratio among fish species[j ]. Science, 1997, 63 : Fisheries [19 ] Ling D. The reseach development of fish nutrition[m]. Beijing :Sci2 ence press, 1993, [.. :,1993, ]

9 3 : 255 [20 ] Berge G E, Harald S, Einar L. Nutrition of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) :the requirement and metabolic effect of lysine[j ]. Compara2 tive Biochemistry and Physiology Part A, 1998, 120 : [ 21 ] Berge G E, Bakke2McKellep A M, Lied E. In vitro uptake and inter2 action between arginine and lysine in the intestine of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) [J ]. Aquaculture, 1999, 179 : THE UTIL IZATION AND REQUIREMENT OF DIETARY LYSINE FOR JUVENIL E GIBEL CARP ZHOU Xian2Jun 1,2, XIE Shou2Qi 2, XIE Cong2Xin 1, LEI Wu 2 and ZHU Xiao2Ming 2 (11 Fisheries College, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan ; 21 Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Wuhan ) Abstract :Two experiments were conducted to investigate the utilization of crystal amino acids and the dietary requirement of ly2 sine for juvenile gibel carp ( Carassius auratus gibelio). Two kinds of formulated diets supplemented with crystal lysine or methio2 nine were fed to fish and blood were sampled and plasma free amino acids content were determined. A 692day growth trial was conducted to determine the quantitative dietary lysine requirement using diets containing white fish meal as the main source of protein, supplemented with crystalline amino acids. Seven isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets containing graded levels of lysine (1182, 2132, 2182, 3132, 3182, 4132 and 4182g/ 100g, dry diet) were formulated. Fish were randomly stocked in triplicate groups in 5621 indoor flow2through tanks. The fish were fed to apparent satiation during the experiment. The results showed that juvenile gibel carp is able to absorb dietary crystalline lysine and methionine, the highest content of free lysine and free methionine in plasma were observed at 3h after feeding. The highest specific growth rate( SGR), final body weight and carcass weight/ body weight ( CW/ BW) were observed at 3132 % dietary lysine, while hepatosomatic index( HSI) was lowest. The apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter was significantly affected by dietary lysine contents, and the highest value was observed at 3182 % group ( P < 0105). The apparent digestibility coefficients of gross energy was also significantly af2 fected by dietary lysine concentrations, and the highest was observed at 2132 % group ( P < 0105). The apparent digestibility coefficients of crude protein were not significant between the groups ( P > 0105). The activity of liver glutamic2oxalacetic transaminase(ast) and the glutamic2pyruvic transaminase(alt) was not significantly affected by dietary lysine. AST and ALT was highest at 4182 % group. Haemoglobin was highest at 2182 % group, and lowest at 4182 % group. With the increase in di2 etary lysine, the content of serum urea increased significantly ( P < 0105) while the number of red blood cell decreased. The optimal dietary lysine requirement for maximum growth of Carassius auratus gibelio was 3127 % of dry matter or 8152 % of protein based on broken2line regression. Key words : Carassius auratus gibelio ; Lysine ; Absorption ; Utilization ; Requirement