The microstructure of the proventriculus in the worker honeybee

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1 * 1 2** *** Apis mellifera ligustica L mm mm 50 μm ~ mm ~ mm 5 mm 7 The microstructure of the proventriculus in the worker honeybee Apis mellifera ligustica L. MA Wei-Hua 1 2** SHEN Jin-Shan 1 GUO Yuan 1 WANG Qian 2 CUI Zhi-Fang 2 ZHANG Xiao-Min 2*** 1. Institution of HorticultureShanxi Academy of Agriculture SciencesTaiyuan China 2. College of Life ScienceShanxi UniversityTaiyuan China Abstract The structure of the proventriculus of the worker honeybeeapis mellifera ligustica L. was studied using an anatomical lens and scanning electron microscopy. Our observations revealed that the proventriculus consists of a proventricular fold and stomach valve. The proventricular fold is spherical and comprised of four lips about 0. 8mm long in the crop. Its anterior end is triangular in shapemovableand about mm long and the front of this bears a long structurethe trichodeum. Strumaethe diameter of which is about 50 μmare on the tip of each triangle. The maximum aperture of the proventricular fold is about mm and has the function of adjusting and controlling the passage of food into the midgut. The stomach valve is mm μm in diameter and is a relatively soft tube that inserts 5 mm into the midgut. This structure can prevent the backflow of food from the midgut. Seven kinds of hair structure are distributed in different parts of the proventricular foldthe function of which is separation and filtrationcapture and aesthesis. These observations provide a theoretical basis for comprehending the function of the honeybee digestive system and its significance in insect morphology and taxonomy. Key words Apis mellifera ligusticaproventricular foldmicrostructure. proventriculus crop midgut Snodgrass 1956 Peng Bailey 1952 Marston 1986 * NYCYTX ** mwhuachina@ yahoo. com. cn *** zhangxm@ sxu. edu. cn

2 Apis cerana cerana 2 h 1 h X S Serr o Blatt Roces proventricular Scleroderma sichuanensis fold Pf stomodeal valve Sv Bution 1 midgut Mg 2010 crop Cr Ⅰ ~ 0. 7 mm ~ m 10 ~ 20 μm 1 4 Apis mellifera ligustica L. + Ⅰ 2 hair Ⅰ arrow frame Ⅰ mm XTL-Ⅱ OlympusMVX10 10 Cr crop Pf provent-ricular fold 0. 2 mol / L Sv stomodeal valve Mg midgut 2. 5% Fig. 1 1 The sketch map of proventriculus 2 Fig. 2 The sketch map of the lip

3 arrow tip 0. 3 mm arrow stem 0. 2 mm mm hair 3 /42 /3 1 structure trichodeum St 5 ~ 10 μm Ⅰ Ⅱ μm 5 ~ 8 Ⅱ ~ 70 μm 1. 2 ~ Bailey 1952 Serr o / μm 2 2 structure trichodeum of top-bulge Stb 10 ~ 15 μm 3 μm Ⅱ structure chaeticum Sc 2. 2 Ⅱ proventriculus lip 5 6 ~ 15 μm 0. 5 ~ 1 Ⅰ Ⅰ 2 Ⅱ / Ⅰ 3 4 Ⅱ 2 μm mm 4 structure chaeticum 2 of root-bulge Scb Ⅱ 4 Ⅱ ~ 2. 0 μm 0. 3 mm / μm 2 50 μm strumae Str Ⅱ structure trichodeum St Ⅰ structure basiconicum Sb Ⅱ structure chaeticum Sc Ⅱ 5 Ⅱ ~ 15 μm 1. 0 ~ 1. 5 μm 5 ~ 8 Ⅰ 5 6 structure Ⅱ 2 basiconicum of root-bulge Sbb structure Ⅱ 4 basiconicum Sb 2 ~ 3 μm 7 tufted structure Ⅱ 4 basiconicum Tsb Ⅱ 5 Ⅱ 4 2 ~

4 Snodgrass Ⅰ 0. 6 ~ 0. 7 mm Ⅰ 2 Ⅱ mm 0. 7 mm mm mm mm mm 5 mm ~ mm 10 ~ 20 μm Ⅱ mm ~ 100 μm 3. 2 Bailey Snodgrass 1956 Hair s type Table 1 1 The hair s type and distribution of Apis mellifera ligustica 30 μm In 30 μm range of the triangle inwall edge The front end of proventricular fold ektexine The proventricular fold ektexine On the strumae of the triangle top-bulge Structure trichodeum Structure trichodeum of top-bulge + Structure chaeticum + + Structure chaeticum of root-bulge + + Structure basiconicum + + Structure basiconicum of root-bulge + + Tufted structure basiconicum + + +

5 Bailey 1952 Peng Marston 1986 Serr o References 3 Bailey L The action of the proventriculus of the worker 1 honeybeeapis mellifera L. J. Exp. Biol Ⅰ Blatt JRoces F2002. The control of the proventriculus in Ⅱ the honeybee Apis mellifera carnica L. I. A dynamic process influenced by food quality and quantity J. Insect 4 Physiol Bution MLCaetano FHFowler HG2010. Proventriculus of Ⅰ 2 Ⅱ 1 Cephalotes ants a structural and comparative analysis. Micron Peng YSMarston JR1986. Filtering mechanism of the 5 ~ 6 mm honeybee proventriculus. Physiol. Entomol ~ 0. 7 mm Ⅰ 1 10 ~ μm Serr o JE2000. A comparative study of the proventricular ~ mm 4 structure in corbiculate Apinae HymenopteraApidae. Micron Serr o JE2005. Proventricular structure in solitary bees 70 μm Hymenoptera Apoidea. Org. Div. Evol Serr o JE2007. Proventricular structure in the bee tribe Augochlorini Hymenoptera Halictidae. Org. Div. Evol Snodgrass RE1956. Anatomy of the Honeybee. Comstock 4 Book CompanyNew York

6 Ⅰ PlateⅠ The optical microscope s image of proventriculus of the worker honeybeeapis mellifera ligustica 1. The alimentary canal of Apis mellifera ligustica 6 bar = 3 mm Cr crop Mg midgut Pf proventricular fold 2. The proventricular fold of Apis mellifera ligustica planform 100 bar = 200 μm 3. 4 The four lips of proventricular fold inner wall 80 bar = 300 μm 4. The proventriculus lip inner wall 160 bar = 100 μm

7 Ⅱ PlateⅡ The scanning electron microscope s image of proventricular fold of the worker honeybee Apis mellifera ligustica 1. The proventricular fold of Apis mellifera ligustica planform 100 bar = 100 μm 2. The proventricular fold of Apis mellifera ligustica 150 bar = 100 μm Str strumae 3. The edge of the triangle bar = 30 μm Stb structure trichodeum of top-bulge 4. The strumae of arrow tip bar = 15 μm Sbb structure basiconicum of root-bulge Scb structure chaeticum of root-bulge Tsb tufted structure basiconicum 5. The ektexine of proventricular fold 800 bar = 20 μm Sc structure chaeticum Sb structure basiconicum St structure trichodeum 6. The structure trichodeum of top-bulge on the edge of triangle 800 bar = 20 μm Stb structure trichodeum of top-bulge

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