LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY ANALYSIS FOR THE MILK PRODUCED IN A GREEK COMMERCIAL DAIRY CATTLE PRODUCING FARM

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1 . 1,. 1,,. 2 1 ( ), ( ),, 95 &., 38333, 2.,,.,, ,, bartzanas@ireteth.certh.gr cradle-to-farm-gate (LCI).,,,. LCI. :, cradle-to-farm-gate LC, LC,, LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY ANALYSIS FOR THE MILK PRODUCED IN A GREEK COMMERCIAL DAIRY CATTLE PRODUCING FARM V. Anestis 1, T. Bartzanas 1,, C. Kittas 2 1 Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Institute for Research and Technology Thessaly (IRETETH), Department of Agrotechnology, Dimitriados 95 and P. Mela Str., 38333, Volos 2 University of Thessaly, School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, Fytokou Str., N. Ionia, Magnesia, bartzanas@ireteth.certh.gr Abstract The objective of this study is to present a cradle-to-farm-gate Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) for the milk production in a Greek commercial dairy cattle producing farm. The results revealed that the enteric fermentation of cattle, the excretion and storage of manure and slurry application in ryegrass production were the most important contributing processes at the farm level to the total methane, nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions in this partial lifecycle of cow-milk. Further country-specific research is required in order to improve of the quality of the LCI results for the specific product. Key words: Environmental impact assessment, cradle-to-farm-gate LC, LC, Dairy cattle production, Greece Καινοτομία και Νέες Τεχνολογίες στη Γεωργική Μηχανική και τη Διαχείριση Φυσικών Πόρων Θεσσαλονίκη 8-9 Οκτωβρίου

2 1.. ISO (LCA) (.. (Finkbeiner et al., 2006)) (van der Werf and Petit, 2002),., LCA,. Cederberg and Mattsson (2000), Basset-Mens and van der Werf (2005), Thomassen et al. (2008b) O'Brien et al. (2012). LCA. LCA (Gerber et al., 2013)., LCA., cradle-to-farm-gate (LCI). LCI LCA LCI, ( ) (, ). cradleto-farm-gate, (.. de Boer (2003)). : (foreground system) (background system).,,, ( ).,,. (.. Cederberg and Mattsson (2000), Thomassen et al. (2008b).), ( ),. 1. (co-products),. (reference flow) 508

3 (functional unit). (IDF, 2010), 1 kg (FPCM). (attributional modelling) LCI, (.. Thomassen et al. (2008a)). (multifunctionality) :,., (economic allocation) (physical causality) (IDF, 2010).. : ) ( ) (57.4% ), ) ( ) (5.7% ) ) (allocation factors) 88.3% 11.7%, (LCI),.., 2013 (1 Αγροτικές κατασκευές 509

4 - 31 )., 1. (slurry),, 5., ha 925 / 105 #, 25 /ha, 10 /ha 62.5 / 76.9 / / / / / 18.7 / kwh/ 910 / 25 # 45 #,, LCI SimaPro, v PhD (PRé-Consultants, 2014). - Ecoinvent 3 (Ecoinvent, 2015) Agri-footprint (Blonk- Consultants, 2015). (,, ),.,,. Ecoinvent., Vellinga et al. (2013).. (1): = (activity data) (Emission factor) (1) 510

5 (EF s) /,, / CH 4 Y m kg CH 4 /( * ) IPCC (2006a) DMI (, MCF kg CH 4 /( * ) IPCC (2006a) VS 365 B ) MS 100 N 2 O 0.01 kg N 2 O-N/kg N. EMEP/EEA (2013) 0.01 kg N 2 O-N/kg N. IPCC (2006b) N 2 O, 0.01 (Frac Gas = 22.5%) kg N 2 O-N/kg N. IPCC (2006a) 0.01 (Frac Gas = 29.3%) kg N 2 O-N/kg N. IPCC (2006b) (Frac Leach-(H) = 30%) kg N 2 O-N/kg N. &. NH kg NH 3 -N/kg TAN * EMEP/EEA (2013) 0.2 kg NH 3 -N/kg TAN *. EMEP/EEA (2013) 0.55 kg NH 3 -N/kg TAN *. EMEP/EEA (2013) - NO 3 / ( ) 0.3 kg NO - 3 -N/kg N. IPCC (2006b) P 2 O 5 Pgw Pgwl F kg P gw 2 O 5 -P/(ha* ) Nemecek and ( ) Kägi (2007) P P F kg P 2 O 5 -P/(ha* ) Nemecek and P ( ) ( ) ro rol ro * TAN: (Total Ammoniacal Nitrogen) Kägi (2007) Per 1000 Ser Pcs Fr F kg P/(ha* ) Nemecek and erw Kägi (2007) 3. SimaPro v PhD (PRé-Consultants, 2014). 3 1 kg FPCM,... Cederberg and Flysjö (2004) Thomassen et al. (2008b),,, -.. LCA : LCI LCA. Αγροτικές κατασκευές 511

6 3. kg FPCM / (% ) ( kg FPCM) 0.69 m 3 (1.1%) (68%) 1.27 m 2 ( ) * (24.7%) (3.7%) (40%) ( ) * (48.7%) 6.7 MJ ( ) (13.2%) (31.9%) (14.7%) CO 2 ( ) g ( ) (7.3%) (57.8%) (16%) CH 4 ( ) 35.4 g - (56.2%) - (, ) (39%) N 2 O ( ) 0.91 g - - (18.8%) - - (8.1%) - - (3.7%) - - (1.3%) ( ) * (49.7%) NH 3 ( ) 10 g - (30.4%) - (26.1%) - (3.1%) ( ) * (23.7%) PM ** ( ) 0.76 g (PM10 ) (16.9%) (PM2.5 ) (11%) (PM10 ) (2.3%) (PM2.5 ) (0.1%) (PM10 ) (4.5%) (PM2.5 ) (4.5%) (24.5%) (16%) NO - 3 ( ) 35.1 g - (3.3%) ( ) * (65.9%) (15.5%) P ( ) 0.62 g - (25.1%) (53.8%) * :,,, ** PM: PM10 PM2.5 *** HM: Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr Hg (.. Huijbregts (1998)). ( ) ( )., 512

7 .. ( ).. ( ),. LC,.. ( (LCIA)). 4. cradle-to-farm gate LCI.,.,,,... LCI. -. ICT-AGRI ERANET SILF GreenSheep. Basset-Mens, C. & van der Werf, H. M. G., Scenario-based environmental assessment of farming systems: the case of pig production in France. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 105 (1 2), Blonk-Consultants, Agri-footprint [Online]. Available at: [Accessed: January 2015]. Cederberg, C. & Flysjö, A., Life cycle inventory of 23 dairy farms in south-western Sweden. The Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology (SIK). Gothenburg, Sweden, Αγροτικές κατασκευές 513

8 Cederberg, C. & Mattsson, B., Life cycle assessment of milk production a comparison of conventional and organic farming. Journal of Cleaner Production, 8 (1), de Boer, I. J. M., Environmental impact assessment of conventional and organic milk production. Livestock Production Science, 80 (1 2), Ecoinvent, Ecoinvent version 3 [Online]. Available at: [Accessed: January 2015]. EMEP/EEA, Manure management. EMEP/EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook Technical Guidance to Prepare National Emission Inventories, European Environment Agency. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 65 p. Finkbeiner, M., Inaba, A., Tan, R., Christiansen, K. & Klüppel, H.-J., The New International Standards for Life Cycle Assessment: ISO and ISO The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 11 (2), Gerber, P. J., Steinfeld, H., Henderson, B., Mottet, A., Opio, C., Dijkman, J., Falcucci, A. & Tempio, G., Tackling climate change through livestock - A global assessment of emissions and mitigation opportunities. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO). Italy, Rome, 115 p. Huijbregts, M. J., Application of uncertainty and variability in LCA. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 3 (5), IDF, A Common Carbon Footprint Approach for Dairy. The IDF Guide to Standard Life Cycle Assessment Methodology for the Dairy Sector. International Dairy Federation. Brussels, 40 p. IPCC, 2006a. Chapter 10: Emissions from Livestock and Manure Management. In: Eggleston, H. S., Buendia, L., Miwa, K., Ngara, T. & Tanabe, K. (eds.) 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Vol. 4 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use, The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 89 p. IPCC, 2006b. Chapter 11: N 2 O Emissions from Managed Soils, and CO 2 Emissions from Lime and Urea Application. In: Eggleston, H. S., Buendia, L., Miwa, K., Ngara, T. & Tanabe, K. (eds.) 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Vol.4 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use, The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 54 p. Nemecek, T. & Kägi, T., Life cycle inventories of agricultural production systems. Final report ecoinvent v2.0, Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories. Dübendorf, 360 p. O'Brien, D., Shalloo, L., Patton, J., Buckley, F., Grainger, C. & Wallace, M., A life cycle assessment of seasonal grass-based and confinement dairy farms. Agricultural Systems, 107 (0), PRé-Consultants, SimaPro 8 [Online]. Available at: [Accessed: 18 December 2014]. Thomassen, M., Dalgaard, R., Heijungs, R. & Boer, I., 2008a. Attributional and consequential LCA of milk production. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 13 (4), Thomassen, M. A., van Calker, K. J., Smits, M. C. J., Iepema, G. L. & de Boer, I. J. M., 2008b. Life cycle assessment of conventional and organic milk production in the Netherlands. Agricultural systems, 96 (1 3), van der Werf, H. M. G. & Petit, J., Evaluation of the environmental impact of agriculture at the farm level: a comparison and analysis of 12 indicator-based methods. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 93 (1 3), Vellinga, T. V., Blonk, H., Marinussen, M., van Zeist, W. J., de Boer, I. J. M. & Starmans, D., Report 674. Methodology used in FeedPrint: a tool quantifying greenhouse gas emissions of feed production and utilization. Wageningen UR Livestock Research. Wageningen, 108 p. 514

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